Ensuring a successful transition to Adult Mental Health Services (AMHS) is fundamental for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients to prevent adverse scenarios in adults (e.g., psychiatric disorders, substance or alcohol abuse). Yet, most European nations do not have appropriate transition guidelines and still fail to adequately support transition processes. This study aims to enquire about the current transition paths in Italy and the perceived experiences of the patients and their clinicians.

The present observational study collected 36 interviews with young adults with ADHD who turned 18 between 2017 and 2021. Simultaneously, two questionnaires were filled in by the clinicians (both from paediatric and AMHS) who were involved in their transition paths. These tools collected information about the transition process, the services that cared for the young adults and well-being indicators such as impairment in daily life, employment status and the presence of sentinel events (e.g., critical stage accesses to the emergency room or hospitalizations). Successful and failed referrals were analysed.

A referral to an AMHS was attempted for 16 young adults (8 before age 18 and 8 when turning 18), and 8 patients (22.2% overall) were successfully taken into the care of the AMHS. Twenty patients were not referred since it was deemed unnecessary (N = 6) or because of the lack of specialized services or compliance (N = 14). At the time of the interview, only nine participants were still under AMHS care. Of eleven individuals with a high need for care (identified by the level of impairment, support needs or sentinel events), five were not followed by a mental health professional at the time of the interview.

For the majority of ADHD young adults, a transition path was never started or completed. While this is partly due to mild levels of impairment, in many cases it was difficult to find a service that could care for the adult patient. Only one out of four young adults are successfully transferred to AMHS care. Creating or improving evidence-based transition guidelines should be a priority of the public health system to ensure healthcare for as many patients as possible. The results of this study will converge towards the need for recommendations for the transition of services from adolescence to adulthood for young people with ADHD for Italian clinical practice.

This survey of 66 specialist mental health services aimed to provide an up-to-date description of pathways of care and interventions available to children with an intellectual disability referred for behaviours that challenge or with suspected mental health problems.

Overall, 24% of services made contact with a family at referral stage, whereas 29% contacted families at least once during the waiting list phase. Only two in ten services offered any therapeutic input during the referral or waiting list stages. During the active caseload phase, services offered mostly psychoeducation (52–59%), followed by applied behaviour analytic approaches for behaviours that challenge (52%) and cognitive–behavioural therapy (41%). Thirty-six per cent of services had not offered any packaged or named intervention in the past 12 months.

With increasing waiting times for specialist mental health support, services need to consider increasing the amount of contact and therapeutic input on offer throughout all stages of a child's journey with the service.

To compare the characteristics of GP referrals to CAMHS prior to and over the entire pandemic.

All accepted referrals to a Dublin-based CAMHS between January 1, 2019, and June 30, 2023, were examined. Referral letters were anonymised in batches, and information was extracted directly onto a designated proforma.

Before the pandemic (January 2019–February 2020), an average of 17.8 referrals were accepted per month, while during and after the pandemic (March 2020–June 2023), this rose to 18.7 accepted referrals per month. Increases were observed in the clinic’s prioritisation of cases during the pandemic period (54.8% v. 41%, p < .001).

Referrals post COVID-19 were older (13.1–13.64 years, p = .010) with a higher proportion of females (50.2% v. 62.1%, p < .001). Internalising disorders increased during the pandemic (68.7% v. 78.7%, p = .001), with self-harm referrals also being notably more frequent (18.5% v. 36.3%, p < .001). Referrals for anxiety (43.0% v. 78.2%, p = .004) and eating disorders (0% v.. 6.2%, p < .001) increased significantly. Referrals for psychosis (8.4% v. 4.8%, p = .032) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (26.5% v. 18.7%, p = .008) decreased after the onset of the pandemic.

Notable increases in referrals for anxiety, depression, self-harm, and eating disorders underscore the impact of the pandemic on youth mental health. Understanding these shifts is crucial for CAMHS to adapt resources and interventions effectively. Clinicians must remain vigilant in assessing and addressing the evolving mental health needs of youths in the post-COVID era, ensuring timely and appropriate interventions, and resources to mitigate long-term consequences.

Worldwide, the division between Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) and Adult Mental Health Services (AMHS) has frequently resulted in fragmented care with an unprepared, non-gradual transition. To improve continuity of care and other service transition experiences, service user input is essential. However, such previous qualitative studies are from a decade ago or focused on one mental disorder or country. The aim of the present study was to learn from service users’ transition experiences and suggested improvements.

Semi-structured interviews were held with young people aged 18–24 and/or parents/caregivers in the United Kingdom, Ireland, the Netherlands and Croatia. Inclusion was based on the experience of specialist mental health care before and after turning 18. Thematic analysis of transcribed and translated interview transcripts was performed using ATLAS.ti 9.

Main themes of service user experiences included abrupt changes in responsibilities, various barriers and a lack of preparation, communication and ongoing care. Young people expressed a great need for continuity of care. Their suggestions to improve transitional care included early and adequate preparation, joint working, improved communication from and between services, overlapping services, staying at CAMHS for longer and designated youth mental health teams.

Young people who experienced care before and after turning 18 suggested either altering the age limits of services or ensuring early preparation and communication regarding the transition and finding AHMS. This communication should include general changes when turning 18. Further considerations include increasing collaboration and overlap between CAMHS and AMHS.

The COVID pandemic has been associated with poorer mental health in youth. This study aimed to evaluate any change in General Practitioner (GP) referral pattern to Child and Adolescent Mental Health (CAMH) services during the first 10 months of Covid-19 and compare with a similar time frame in 2019.

All accepted referrals to a CAMH Service in Dublin during the study time frame were reviewed. Referral letters were batch anonymised and clinical data extracted using a study specific proforma for analysis.

Referral numbers between the two time periods did not statistically differ. Proportionally more females were referred during the pandemic, increasing to 56.9%, n = 99, compared to 43.1%, n = 75 in 2019 (p = 0.01). Referrals were more often designated by the clinician as urgent during the pandemic (61.3%, n = 98) than before (39%, n = 62, p < 0.001). Referrals outlining self-harm or suicidal ideation increased significantly, from 42.1% (n = 67) to 55.9% (n = 90) (p = 0.014). Referrals for externalising problems fell from 2019 rates; ADHD (21.4%, n = 34 vs 11.1%, n = 18; p = 0.013), ASD (26.4%, n = 42 vs 16.1%, n = 26; p = 0.038) and conduct problems (23.3%, n = 37 vs 7.4%, n = 12; p < 0.001). Although numbers for psychosis in 2019 were low (10.7%, n = 17), these also fell significantly in 2020 (2.5%, n = 4; p < 0.001).

The finding of reduced referrals for ADHD and ASD has not previously been reported. With concerns regarding educational loss linked to online learning, it is crucial that these youth are not doubly disadvantaged by delayed referral and education decline.

To establish prevalence of MH disorders among youth (under 18) in Ireland.

A systematic review using pre-defined search terms in PubMed, PsycInfo, Embase and CINAHL was conducted. Empirical studies conducted in Ireland, in youth and focusing on MH disorders were included.

From a total of 830 papers identified, 38 papers met inclusion criteria. Significant variation in rates of MH disorders was evident based on study methodology. Screening questionnaires for general psychopathology reported rates of 4.8–17.8% scoring above clinical cut-offs, with higher rates for ADHD (7.3%). Studies examining depression ranged from 4% to 20.8%, while rates for ‘current’ MH disorder, determined by semi-structured interview, were 15.5%, while ‘lifetime’ rates varied from 19.9% to 31.2%. Fewer than half (44%) of those identified as ‘in need’ of specialist MH services were accessing CAMHS

Data on MH disorders among Irish youth is limited, and studies showed significant variance in rates, making service planning difficult. There is an urgent need for serial epidemiological surveys, with clear operational criteria for clinically impairing MH difficulties. Such studies are essential to understand potential demand and service planning. This is most urgent given the expected increased demand post Covid-19.

Physical activity interventions can confer a range of physical and mental health benefits among young people with mental disorders. In some contexts, such as Ireland, integrated physical activity is not easily available within child and adolescent mental health services. Therefore, an interagency pilot intervention was established in a child and adolescent mental health service in Ireland with the integration of a novel exercise practitioner into the multidisciplinary mental health team.

A qualitative evaluation was conducted to understand the impact of the pilot intervention and to understand issues of implementation that arose throughout.

In-depth qualitative interviews with service users’ parents/guardians (N = 3) and a single focus group with existing service providers (N = 3), framed by the RE-AIM framework were conducted to evaluate the pilot intervention. Data were analysed using thematic analysis to explore themes.

Three overarching themes were identified. These were as follows: (i) Making changes toward healthier physical activity behaviours; (ii) An intervention of therapeutic holism; and (iii) The integrated service delivery.

This research provides insight on the value of a novel integrated exercise practitioner in outpatient young persons’ mental health services in Ireland, indicating an enhanced and complimentary therapeutic service. These findings will be helpful for integrating Exercise Practitioners in this setting going forward.

Transitional age youth (TAY), from 16 to 24 years old, are a particularly at-risk population in mental health. They have specific needs, not currently covered between child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) and adult mental health services (AMHS), mainly because of existing barriers.

This retrospective study was carried out to describe sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of 243 patients who attended a new TAY-tailored outpatient psychiatric program.

Outcomes related to trajectories of psychiatric care were analysed, such as leading symptom, consultation’s referral and requester, and final orientation.

The sample was mainly composed by female; the average age was 18.7 (± 2.0) years. Leading symptoms were divided into three dimensions: internalizing (67.5%), externalizing (21.8%) and psychotic (10.7%). Leading symptom differed according to sex (p<0.001), with internalizing symptoms more frequent in women, externalizing and psychotic symptoms more frequent in men. Patients presenting psychotic symptoms were significantly older than both those with internalizing (p=0.016) and externalizing symptoms (p=0.008). After first assessment, 81.5% of youth were followed-up in our specific outpatient program, without any difference according to sex (p=0.081) or leading symptom (p=0.092). Overall and final psychiatric orientation are showed in the flowchart.

This TAY-tailored psychiatric outpatient program represents an innovative contribution to reinforce CAMHS-AMHS interface in French-speaking Belgium. This study enlightens the importance to enhance clinical expertise in youth mental health. Classical boundaries, determined by artificial variables such as age or type of psychopathology, do not seem to be efficient criteria to achieve a good quality psychiatric evaluation and continuity of care in TAY.

The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest. The study was carried out as part of the University Chair “Psychiatry in Transition in a World in Transition” (Université Libre de Bruxelles - ULB) with the support of Julie Renson Fund, the Queen Fa

Previous literature has highlighted high rates of burnout among doctors and nurses in healthcare settings. Non-clinical and support staff such as administrative, housekeeping and managerial staff are also exposed to the stressors of a health care setting, but fewer studies report on their experiences. Therefore, the aim of this research is to examine occupational stress in all staff working in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) in Ireland and identify risk and protective factors.

Fifty-nine clinical and non-clinical staff (44% response rate) were surveyed. Participants completed the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI) and the Effort Reward Imbalance scale, as well as survey-specific questions.

Both clinical and non-clinical staff were found to experience moderate or high rates of work-related, personal and patient-related burnout (57.6%, 52.2% and 50.8%, respectively). Univariate general linear modelling showed an association between total CBI scores and effort reward index (B = 64 306, t = 3.430, p = 0.001); overcommitment (B = 1.963, t = 3.061, p = 0.003); and an unwillingness to work in CAMHS (B = 28.429, t = 3.247, p = 0.002).

Pre-pandemic levels of stress were high among clinical and non-clinical staff surveyed. Given the anticipated increased demand on CAMHS post COVID-19, urgent action is needed to protect all staff from intolerable levels of occupational stress and burnout.

We report on the case of a 15 year old young person with a known diagnosis of autism presenting with a rapid and acute regression in functional abilities, decline in expressive speech and bizarre posturing. The symptoms first started during lockdown (April 2020) with anxiety related to school work followed by urinary incontinence, insomnia, muttering to self and incongruent smiling. Initial medical investigations including MRI, lumbar puncture and 24hour EEG were inconclusive, so she was referred to Paediatric Liaison for assessment.

We demonstrate the value of a child psychiatry liaison service being involved with young people in an acute medical hospital

This young person had a thorough psychiatric assessment.

Through daily psychiatric assessment and reviews with the young person, her parent, social care, wider community team, school and Paediatric Inpatient ward in order to expand on the understanding of the young person and develop a case formulation. She was started on oral Olanzapine 2.5mg which was gradually increased to 10mg OD with minimal improvement.

Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (CDD or Heller’s Syndrome) is a rare pervasive disorder presenting as a loss of previously acquired skills after at least two years of normal development. Despite no longer being included in DSM-V, it is important for Psychiatrists to have a working knowledge of CDD and consider other differentials when assessing young people.

No significant relationships.

Discontinuity in child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) and adult mental health services (AMHS) constitutes an important challenge in mental health care. In the last decade, efforts have been made to better define the transitioning population and build consensual models for CAMHS-AMHS’ transition.

We aim to present our protocol and transition consultation results on the scope of published literature.

Description of protocol and casuistic of 18 months’ transition consultation at Centro Hospitalar Barreiro-Montijo. The literature found on PubMed was published from 2008 to 2020 and was reviewed using the keywords: transition, CAMHS, AMHS, adolescent, mental health service, young people. Articles with full text available written in English and French were selected. The included clinical studies focused on populations with neurodevelopmental disorders, psychotic disorders, non-suicidal self-harm and suicidal attempts.

Forty-four articles were included, published from 2008 to 2020. 4 articles were excluded on basis of language and diagnosis criteria (eating disorders). Twelve were reviews, 24 were clinical studies and 4 were opinion articles. There are cultural and referral issues that explain the loss of patients in this transition gap. Individuals with history of severe mental illness were more frequently referred than those with neurodevelopmental disorders. Optimal transition is defined as adequate transition planning with a flexible age cut-off and continuity of care following transition.

For the vast majority of service users, transition from CAMHS to AMHS is poorly planned, executed and experienced. Improving transition models is essential to the patients autonomy’ promotion and a stronger adult mental health.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopment disorder characteristically compromising of three persistent symptoms; Inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Within the Tameside and Glossop CCG continuous performance tests from the company QbTech are used to aid diagnosis.

The aim of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of using both the QbCheck (triage tool) and QbTest (diagnostic tool) concordantly in the diagnostic pathway of ADHD in young people.

20 Patients who had undergone both performance tests were identified and then five components evaluated in the QbCheck were then compared to the QbTest results.

In the five areas identified by both the QbTest and QbCheck up to 80% had the same outcomes in the two tests. However, in one area (hyperactivity) only 60% of QbChecks outcomes were replicated by the QbTest. The symptom of inattention most commonly correlated between the two tests. The average wait between tests was 9.8 months. 100% of those who scored on QB Check, received diagnosis of ADHD, suggesting high referrer specificity.

QbCheck diagnostic outcomes are comparable to patients who have undergone both the QbCheck and QbTest, only having one of these continuous performance tests making up the ADHD diagnostic pathway could be cost and time saving in the pathway to diagnosis. As QbCheck can be completed within the child’s school this reduces the number of clinic appointments that need to be attended by patients and their families.

Countries worldwide are experiencing a third wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Government-imposed restrictive measures continue with undetermined effects on physical and mental health.

To compare child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) referrals over 11 months (January–November) in 2020, 2019 and 2018 and examine any impact the different phases of the COVID-19 restrictions might have on referral rates.

Monthly CAMHS Health Service Executive data were examined, covering a catchment population of 260 560 or 12.7% of all youth (age group 0–18 years) in Ireland. The total number of urgent and routine referrals, appointments offered, rates of non-attendances and discharge outcome are presented.

There was a significant drop in referrals in 2020, compared with prior years (χ2 = 10.3, d.f. = 2, P = 0.006). Referrals in 2020 dropped from March to May by 11% and from June to August by 10.3%. From September, both routine and urgent referrals increased by 50% compared with previous years (2018/2019), with the highest increase in November 2020 (180%). Clinic activity also increased from September, with double the number of out-patient appointments offered, compared with previous years (χ2 = 5171.72, d.f. = 3, P < 0.001) and lower (6.6%) rates of non-attendance (χ2 = 868.35, d.f. = 3, P < 0.001).

In 2020, following an initial decline, referrals to CAMHS increased consistently from September. Such unprecedented increase in referrals places further strain on services that are already underresourced and underfunded, with the likelihood of increased waiting lists post COVID-19. It is envisaged that once the pandemic is over, resources will be even more constrained, and CAMHS will be urgently in need of additional ring-fenced funding.

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is common. It usually starts in adolescence, and without treatment can disrupt key developmental milestones. Existing generic treatments are less effective for young people with SAD than with other anxiety disorders, but an adaptation of an effective adult therapy (CT-SAD-A) has shown promising results for adolescents.

The aim of this study was to conduct a qualitative exploration to contribute towards the evaluation of CT-SAD-A for adoption into Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS).

We used interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) to analyse the transcripts of interviews with a sample of six young people, six parents and seven clinicians who were learning the treatment.

Three cross-cutting themes were identified: (i) endorsing the treatment; (ii) finding therapy to be collaborative and active; challenging but helpful; and (iii) navigating change in a complex setting. Young people and parents found the treatment to be useful and acceptable, although simultaneously challenging. This was echoed by the clinicians, with particular reference to integrating CT-SAD-A within community CAMHS settings.

The acceptability of the treatment with young people, their parents and clinicians suggests further work is warranted in order to support its development and implementation within CAMHS settings.

Cognitive therapy, based on the Clark and Wells (1995) model, is a first-line treatment for adults with social anxiety disorder (SAD), and findings from research settings suggest it has promise for use with adolescents (Cognitive Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder in Adolescents; CT-SAD-A). However, for the treatment to be suitable for delivery in routine clinical care, two questions need to be addressed.

Can therapists be trained to achieve good outcomes in routine Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS), and what are the costs associated with training and treatment?

CAMHS therapists working in two NHS trusts received training in CT-SAD-A. They delivered the treatment to adolescents with SAD during a period of supervised practice. We examined the clinical outcomes for the 12 patients treated during this period, and estimated costs associated with treatment and training.

Treatment produced significant improvements in social anxiety symptoms, general anxiety and depression symptoms, and reductions in putative process measures. Seventy-five per cent (9 out of 12) patients showed a reliable and clinically significant improvement in social anxiety symptoms, and 64% (7/11) lost their primary diagnosis of SAD. The total cost to the NHS of the CT-SAD-A treatment was £4047 (SD = £1003) per adolescent treated, of which £1861 (SD = £358) referred to the specific estimated cost of face-to-face delivery; the remaining cost was for training and supervising therapists who were not previously familiar with the treatment.

This study provides preliminary evidence that clinicians can deliver good patient outcomes for adolescents with SAD in routine CAMHS during a period of supervised practice after receiving a 2-day training workshop. Furthermore, the cost of delivering CT-SAD-A with adolescents appeared to be no more than the cost of delivering CT-SAD with adults.

Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the single most frequent reason for attendance at Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) in Ireland. Research has suggested that parents of children with ADHD experience more parenting stress than parents of non-clinical controls, yet routine treatment for ADHD rarely addresses parental well-being. Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) have been found to result in a reduction in parental stress.

An adapted Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) intervention was delivered to parents (n = 23) of children with ADHD recruited from CAMHS and ADHD Ireland.

Following the intervention a significant improvement was documented within the social relationships domain of quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF) and a significant reduction on the child hyperactivity scale of the Strengths and Difficulties (SDQ) questionnaire.

This pilot study suggests that an MBSR intervention is both feasible and effective for parents whose children have ADHD. Larger scale studies need to be conducted before inclusion in routine CAMHS.

A review of the literature demonstrates that relatively little is known about acute psychiatric presentations in children (0–12 years), compared with adolescents or young adults (12 years+). This study aims to review psychiatric presentations of children to a CAMHS Liaison Service at Children’s Hospital Ireland (CHI) at Tallaght University Hospital over a 10-year period.

A retrospective study was undertaken of case notes of all children aged 12 years and under who were referred to the CAMHS Liaison Service between January 2009 and December 2018 (n = 318). Data were anonymised and inputted into SPSSv25 for analysis. The relationships between presentations and methods of self-harm over time were measured using Pearson’s correlation. Associations between categorical variables were analysed using chi-squared tests.

There was a significant increase in presentations of under-12s over the 10-year period (r(8)=0.66, p = 0.02). There was also a significant increase in children presenting with a disturbance of conduct and/or emotions over time (r(8) = 0.79, p < 0.001). There was a significant association between female gender and ingestion (X2 = 12.73, df = 1, p < 0.05) and between male gender and ligature as a method of self-harm (X2 = 5.54, df = 1, p < 0.05). Over half (53%) of children presented with suicidal thoughts and 22% presented with suicidal behaviours. The reported use of ligature as a method of self-harm emerged only from 2012 among cases studied.

Children aged 12 years and under are presenting in increasing numbers with acute mental health difficulties, including suicidal thoughts and behaviours. There is a worrying trend in methods of self-harm, particularly in high lethality behaviours such as attempted strangulation.