In this chapter we consider aspects of phonology for bimodal bilinguals, whose languages span distinct modalities (spoken/signed/written). As for other bilinguals, the primary issues concern the representation of the phonology for each language individually, ways that the phonological representations interact with each other (in grammar and in processing), and the development of the two phonologies, for children developing as simultaneous bilinguals or for learners of a second language in a second modality. Research on these topics has been sparse, and some have hardly been explored at all. Findings so far indicate that despite the modality difference between their two languages, phonological interactions still occur for bimodal bilinguals, providing crucial data for linguistic theories about the locus and mechanisms for such interactions, and important practical implications for language learners.

This chapter examines section 51(xxxi) of the Australian Constitution, which functions as: (1) a head of federal legislative power empowering the Commonwealth to compulsorily acquire property from individuals and States; and (2) as a limitation on federal legislative power restricting the power of the Commonwealth to acquire property otherwise than on just terms. The High Court has given a broad interpretation of the concept of ‘property’, which includes the full range of property rights recognised by the general law, such as real and personal property, intellectual property, and choses in action. The High Court has also given a broad interpretation to the concept of ‘acquisition’, but has emphasised that mere deprivation or taking of property without some countervailing benefit accruing to another does not amount to an acquisition.

We analyse the difficulties and opportunities of managing firm activities across national borders. Firms can enter foreign markets via six entry modes, where three are non-equity-based (exporting, licensing, franchising) and three are equity-based (greenfield investments, acquisitions, joint ventures). First, we discuss the advantages of and risks associated with each entry mode. We show how transaction costs theory, real options theory and institutional theory can help explain the optimal entry mode. Second, we include time and show how firms dynamically learn about markets to reduce their liability of foreignness. Third, we discuss the digital aspect, where we show that digital firms are different in various ways, but the arguments used to explain the entry mode still apply. Fourth, we discuss the challenge to balance pressure for global integration, cost effectiveness and standardisation with the pressure to make local adaptations. We evaluate four possible strategies, in particular for international HRM and marketing.

This chapter covers personal property, which is a broad category and a developing one. It is the most important type of property today in the commercial world, partly because of its breadth. The chapter starts by placing personal property in the wider area of property, distinguishing it from land or interests in land. Whether something is land or personal property can have important consequences for its ownership, or security interests over it. We will also examine the test applied to decide whether something that was goods has become a ‘fixture’, and thus part of the land. Second, we will look at the usual classifications within personal property, which have legal consequences. Possession, and its acquisition or loss, plays a crucial role when considering ownership of personal property. Lastly, what can be done when a holder’s rights in personal property are interfered with? We will look at the main remedies available to enforce those rights.

Relying on the methodology explained in Chapter 3, Chapter 5 clarifies the duty bearer of the weapons review obligation — ‘a High Contracting Party’ — and considers the process and standard of review covered by the terms ‘study, development, acquisition or adoption’, ‘to determine’, ‘in some or all circumstances’ and ‘this Protocol or … any other rule of international law’. It concludes that the Article 36 obligation rests on each State Party to Additional Protocol I and allows for variations in terms of form and procedure. While the establishment of a standing or permanent mechanism is not required as a matter of law, States regularly developing or purchasing weapons must adopt a certain internal approach or coherent national measures to examine the legality of new weapons. The legal standard of review indisputably comprises treaty and customary law of armed conflict. However, the proposition advanced in the legal literature to extend the review scope to human rights is unlikely to enhance protection already offered under the law of armed conflict and thus justify the inclusion of such rights in the Article 36 analysis. [181 words]

This chapter reports on the status of heritage languages (HLs) in Canada in usage, in research, and in education. It begins with an overview of HLs in Canada and the current ethnolinguistic vitality (demographics, institutional support, and status) of these language varieties. This includes an overview of programs to teach HLs (or to use HLs as the medium of instruction) in primary, secondary, and post-secondary contexts. Census information is provided to profile the distribution of HL speakers across major cities and all the provinces and territories of Canada, and the status of the HLs. The next section surveys publications about HLs in Canada including overviews, studies from the domain of sociolinguistics (language variation and change) that rely on spontaneous speech corpora, acquisition studies employing experimental methodology, and research on pedagogical approaches, noting primary findings from each. Specific information is provided about heritage varieties of Cantonese, German, Greek, Italian, Inuktitut, Korean, Mandarin, Russian, Spanish, Tagalog, and Ukrainian.

In this chapter we consider more closely what we mean by a word. We begin by contrasting the differences between the mental lexicon and dictionaries. We then introduce students to the methods and techniques that psycholinguists use for studying the mental lexicon. We look at reaction time experiments, brain imaging, and the ways in which we can study individuals with aphasia and genetic disorders that affect lexical knowledge. Students are introduced to how children acquire morphology. We then look at English past tense morphology in the context of the ‘storage versus rules’ debate, considering what experimentation, brain imaging, and the study of aphasia and genetic disorders tell us about this controversy. The chapter ends with a brief history of dictionaries.

The General Framework requires case studies to progress its development. Case studies of HCI design knowledge can be successful or unsuccessful. Successful case-studies are considered to fall within the scope of the design knowledge being applied. Unsuccessful case studies are considered not to fall within its scope. Thus, successful and unsuccessful case studies together define the scope of the application of HCI design knowledge.Case studies are of two types: of the framework itself and of the HCI knowledge, acquired with its support by means of HCI research. In turn, these two types of case study can be divided into acquisition and validation case studies. The latter types of case study have yet to be carried out for the General Framework, comprising concepts of discipline, general as common, general problem, particular scope, general research, general knowledge and general practices. However, on the basis of case studies reported in the literature, and the validation proposal made here, suggestions are made as to the research needed to conduct such case studies.

This chapter provides a critical review of the research on L2 learners’ lexical stress production and perception conducted over the past three decades, which has sought to explain cross-linguistic variability in L2 learners’ ability to reach target-like generalizations in their stress placement and to encode stress lexically. The chapter begins with a discussion of generative approaches to the study of lexical stress in L2 learners, which focused on the influence of the native-language (L1) phonological grammar on L2 learners’ stress placement. These approaches were subsequently challenged by the seminal work of Susan Guion and colleagues, which examined the influence of statistical regularities on L2 learners’ (and native speakers’) stress placement in novel words. The chapter then discusses phonological approaches to L2 learners’ perception and processing of lexical stress, focusing on Peperkamp and Dupoux (2002)’s Stress Parameter Model and the predictions it made for the encoding of stress in lexical representations by listeners from different L1 backgrounds. These approaches were later refined in studies investigating the importance of phonetic cues to lexical contrasts in the L1 for determining whether L2 learners can perceive lexical stress. The chapter concludes with directions for future research on L2 lexical stress.