Search filters are single-concept systematic search strategies created by experts. Filters are a valuable resource for systematic searchers. Typically, filters are designed for a single database in a single interface. If researchers do not have access to that specific interface, the existing filter will be unusable without translation. Filter translation is a complex process that requires an understanding of information retrieval concepts, as well as the unique indexing and search functionality of databases and interfaces. The authors undertook a project to translate an APA PsycInfo search filter for Randomized Controlled Trials/Clinical Controlled Trials (RCT/CCT), developed by Canada’s Drug Agency, from the Wolters Kluwer Health Ovid interface to the EBSCO Information Services EBSCOhost interface. We present here a guide for translation, from the first principles of systematic searching to fine details of the relevant database and interfaces, based on our experience and illustrated by a worked example. We discuss each element of a systematic search in a stepwise process, addressing both the underlying information retrieval concepts and the technical strategies for effective translation between the two interfaces. We end with a discussion on translation challenges, with some guidance on how to mitigate potential impacts on sensitivity. While we have endeavored to explain the workings of this process accessibly for researchers who are not experts in systematic searching, anyone undertaking a search translation project should work with a trained information specialist if they lack information retrieval expertise or are unfamiliar with the inner workings of the database, the original interface, and the destination interface.

The enforcement of labor informality is subject to electoral motivations, and political parties on the left and right have different incentives to do so. While leftist governments are more lenient not to harm their informal electorate, right-wing incumbents face an electoral dilemma: the part of its constituency that benefits from informal work is in favor of a permissive attitude, but another section demands a tough hand to deal with the unfair competition that informal work represents. Taking Chile as a case study and drawing on panel data on labor inspections, this article explores the electoral drivers behind enforcement. Our estimations, robust to fixed-effect and panel event-study approach, reveal that the left does not forbear, but the right carries out selective enforcement, concentrating inspections in competitive districts and accelerating the pace of control as presidential polls approach. The article concludes with policy recommendations to limit the electoral bias.

The music written for submission to the music degrees of English universities during the nineteenth century forms a significant body of works which, while important, present challenges for the historian, music analyst, and performer. Changes to the nature of music degrees, including the compositional exercises, during the nineteenth century received a mixed reception, which illustrates concerns over the separation of the ‘academic’ and ‘aesthetic’ elements of music, as well as deeper anxieties about the state and status of English music and composition. This paper examines in detail a small selection of exercises by William Crotch, F. A. G. Ouseley, and William Pole, considering the contextual and ontological problems raised by the works in light of the changing nature of music histories, narratives, and values.

The maritime expansion of the early modern period and the discovery of new continents necessitated a profound revision in traditional cosmology, bringing into question the millennia-old practices that were framed around that cosmology. Among these practices was astrology, which in the early modern period reached an unprecedented level of popularity through the development of the printing press. The application of the astrological corpus in tropical and southern latitudes questioned many of the foundational Ptolemaic concepts. At the core of this problem was the reversal of the seasons in the southern hemisphere. Since Ptolemy had firmly grounded the natural explanation of astrological attributes of the zodiac and the planets on the seasonal qualities, their reversal would imply a complete change in the zodiacal and planetary properties. Authors such as Girolamo Cardano, Tommaso Campanella and Athanasius Kircher addressed this matter, but it never became a central point of debate in the astrological literature of the period. However, practitioners in the New World, whose empirical view was very different to that of European authors, reached different conclusions. This problem offers an example of the difficulty in reconciling traditional authority with new knowledge. At the same time, it exposes the sharp contrast between the theoretical perspective of Europe-based authors and the actual experience of astrologers practising in the New World.

Systematic searches of published literature are a vital component of systematic reviews. When search strings are not “sensitive,” they may miss many relevant studies limiting, or even biasing, the range of evidence available for synthesis. Concerningly, conducting and reporting evaluations (validations) of the sensitivity of the used search strings is rare, according to our survey of published systematic reviews and protocols. Potential reasons may involve a lack of familiarity or inaccessibility of complex sensitivity evaluation approaches. We first clarify the main concepts and principles of search string evaluation. We then present a simple procedure for estimating a relative recall of a search string. It is based on a pre-defined set of “benchmark” publications. The relative recall, that is, the sensitivity of the search string, is the retrieval overlap between the evaluated search string and a search string that captures only the benchmark publications. If there is little overlap (i.e., low recall or sensitivity), the evaluated search string should be improved to ensure that most of the relevant literature can be captured. The presented benchmarking approach can be applied to one or more online databases or search platforms. It is illustrated by five accessible, hands-on tutorials for commonly used online literature sources. Overall, our work provides an assessment of the current state of search string evaluations in published systematic reviews and protocols. It also paves the way to improve evaluation and reporting practices to make evidence synthesis more transparent and robust.

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) systems, such as large language models, image synthesis tools, and audio generation engines, present remarkable possibilities for creative expression and scientific discovery but also pose pressing challenges for privacy governance. By identifying patterns in vast troves of digital data, these systems can generate hyper-realistic yet fabricated content, surface sensitive inferences about individuals and groups, and shape public discourse at an unprecedented scale. These innovations amplify privacy concerns about nonconsensual data extraction, re-identification, inferential profiling, synthetic media manipulation, algorithmic bias, and quantification. This article argues that the current U.S. legal framework, rooted in a narrowly targeted sectoral approach and overreliance on individual notice and consent, is fundamentally mismatched to address the emergent and systemic privacy harms of generative AI. It examines how the unprecedented scale, speed, and sophistication of these systems strain core assumptions of data protection law, highlighting the misalignment between AI’s societal impacts and individualistic, reactive approaches to privacy governance. The article explores distinctive privacy challenges posed by generative AI, surveys gaps in existing U.S. regulations, and outlines key elements of a new paradigm to protect individual and collective privacy rights that (1) shifts from individual to collective conceptions of privacy; (2) moves from reactive to proactive governance; and (3) reorients the goals and values of AI governance. Despite significant obstacles, it identifies potential policy levers, technical safeguards, and conceptual tools to inform a more proactive and equitable approach to governing generative AI.

The starting point for this article is Holton’s (2017) claim that there are no anti-factive attitude verbs (in Indo-European languages). In a first step, I argue that the German verb “wähnen” (as used by Frege and his contemporaries) is a counter-example. However, it seems as though anti-factives are rarer than factives, which raises the question of how to account for that observation. Since Holton’s explanation, as well as a seemingly promising neo-Gricean explanation, turns out to be unsuccessful, I turn to the question of whether the rarity of anti-factives needs to be explained in the first place. I argue that, on closer inspection, anti-factives are not as special as they may appear, and I also argue that the comparative rarity of anti-factives can be explained via the principle of charity.

Political communication on immigration is often highly moralized, with parties making claims to fundamental beliefs about right and wrong. Yet, what drives parties to use this rhetoric remains unexplored. Contributing to research on parties’ positional shifts on immigration, this study examines their strategic use of moral language in immigration discourse. To this end, we develop multilingual moral dictionaries to analyze parliamentary immigration speeches from eight Western democracies over six decades. While party-level factors do not explain moral language use, increased elite polarization on the issue is associated with greater moralization among all parties. Qualitative analysis shows that moral language is used overwhelmingly to attack political opponents, highlighting its divisive nature. These findings serve as a corrective to the notion that extreme, anti-immigrant, opposition parties are the main drivers of the moralization of immigration; instead, the broader political climate crucially shapes party incentives to (de)moralize.

Raymond Williams’ concept of “structure of feelings” with particular reference to the residual form, underpins experiences of deindustrialization in the embodiment of industry, gendering identities, and community values. This is a complex relationship between work, health, community and culture, where working life reached beyond the coalface. This article analyzes the significance of these interconnecting factors through the oral history accounts of former miners and residents within the Kent Coalfield. In drawing on Williams’ concept of “structure of feelings” with particular reference to “residual culture,” it reveals how ill-health was seen as “remarkable” and “traumatic,” yet equally “unremarkable” and “normal.” Having recognized the expectant inevitability of these issues, the discussion focuses on a particular understanding of community culture, social interactions and memories within the context of health and illness, which highlights the centrality embodiment in understanding deindustrialization as a process of change.

Long viewed as an example of effective multilateralism, UN peace operations are facing mounting challenges. Transformations in the landscape of conflict are outpacing their ability to respond. Rising expectations of peacekeeping have led to disenchantment with what they can deliver, while dis- and misinformation tactics undermine the efforts of the UN to make and build peace. As UN peace operations risk becoming another casualty of intensifying international tensions, great power rivalry, and the erosion of the rules and norms that govern international cooperation, we consider the future of UN peace operations. In the debate between a “pragmatic” and an “adaptive” approach to peacekeeping, we argue that a fundamental question is the ability of both alternatives to address three recurring issues that have shaped the effectiveness and legitimacy of peace operations: the mismatch between ambitious mandates and limited resources; the gap between the protection of civilians objective and its implementation in practice; and growing difficulties in honoring the principles of impartiality. We argue that policymakers and researchers should not lose sight of the fact that peacekeeping's legitimacy depends on its adherence to some version of host-state consent and some kind of restriction on when and how force is used. The expectation of civilian populations that the UN stands for protection also means that the UN must continue to safeguard some key norms associated with peacekeeping.

The techniques employed to collect and store trematodes vary between research groups, and although these differences are sometimes necessitated by distinctions in the hosts examined, they are more commonly an artefact of instruction. As a general rule, we tend to follow what we were taught rather than explore new techniques. A major reason for this is that there are few technique papers in the published literature. Inspired by a collaborative workshop at the Trematodes 2024 symposium, we outline our techniques and processes for collecting adult trematodes from fishes and discuss the improvements we have made over 40 years of dissections of 20,000+ individual marine fishes. We present these techniques for two reasons: first, to encourage unified methods across the globe, with an aim to produce optimally comparable specimens across temporal periods, across geographic localities, and between research groups; and second, as a resource for inexperienced researchers. We stress the importance of understanding differences in host biology and the expected trematode fauna, which ultimately enables organised and productive dissections. We outline our dissection method for each key organ separately, discuss handling, fixation, and storage methods to generate the most uniform and comparable samples, and explore ethical considerations, issues of accurate host identification, and the importance and potential of clear record keeping.

The recommended first-line treatment for insomnia is cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBTi), but access is limited. Telehealth- or internet-delivered CBTi are alternative ways to increase access. To date, these intervention modalities have never been compared within a single study. Further, few studies have examined a) predictors of response to the different modalities, b) whether successfully treating insomnia can result in improvement of health-related biomarkers, and c) mechanisms of change in CBTi. This protocol was designed to compare the three CBTi modalities to each other and a waitlist control for adults aged 50-65 years (N = 100). Participants are randomly assigned to one of four study arms: in-person- (n=30), telehealth- (n=30) internet-delivered (n=30) CBTi, or 12-week waitlist control (n=10). Outcomes include self-reported insomnia symptom severity, polysomnography, circadian rhythms of activity and core body temperature, blood- and sweat-based biomarkers, cognitive functioning, and magnetic resonance imaging.

Bibliographic aggregators like OpenAlex and Semantic Scholar offer scope for automated citation searching within systematic review production, promising increased efficiency. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of automated citation searching compared to standard search strategies and examine factors that influence performance. Automated citation searching was simulated on 27 systematic reviews across the OpenAlex and Semantic Scholar databases, across three study areas (health, environmental management and social policy). Performance, measured by recall (proportion of relevant articles identified), precision (proportion of relevant articles identified from all articles identified), and F1–F3 scores (weighted average of recall and precision), was compared to the performance of search strategies originally employed by each systematic review. The associations between systematic review study area, number of included articles, number of seed articles, seed article type, study type inclusion criteria, API choice, and performance was analyzed. Automated citation searching outperformed the reference standard in terms of precision (p < 0.05) and F1 score (p < 0.05) but failed to outperform in terms of recall (p < 0.05) and F3 score (p < 0.05). Study area influenced the performance of automated citation searching, with performance being higher within the field of environmental management compared to social policy. Automated citation searching is best used as a supplementary search strategy in systematic review production where recall is more important that precision, due to inferior recall and F3 score. However, observed outperformance in terms of F1 score and precision suggests that automated citation searching could be helpful in contexts where precision is as important as recall.

We consider the moments and the distribution of hitting times on the lollipop graph which is the graph exhibiting the maximum expected hitting time among all the graphs having the same number of nodes. We obtain recurrence relations for the moments of all order and we use these relations to analyze the asymptotic behavior of the hitting time distribution when the number of nodes tends to infinity.