Index

Aurélie Basha i Novosejt

doi:10.1017/9781108234108.015

Index

1,000 man troop withdrawal of 1963, 91–92, 118, 127–130, 149

Acheson, Dean, 25, 178

Ackley, Gardner, 190–191

Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), 88

Air Force, US, 42, 148, 198; see also Joint Chiefs of Staff; LeMay, Curtis E.

counterinsurgency and, 66, 84, 86–90, 92, 171

creation of, 17

Farm Gate operations of, 80, 148

Army, US, 17, 28, 148; see also Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS); Wheeler, Earle “Bus” G.

counterinsurgency and, 59, 64, 66, 86–89, 101, 109, 125, 153

President Kennedy’s putative “bias” toward, 66, 87

Alsop, Joseph, 66, 210

Alsop, Stewart, 194–195, 220

Antiballistic missile (ABM) program, 170, 200–201

Ap Bac, battle of, 85, 90, 123

Aubrac, Raymond, 204

Balance of payments, 9–10, 58, 69–73, 93–102, 136, 153–155, 167, 218–219

Cabinet Committee on, 95–96, 100

and defense installations abroad, 4, 72–73, 95, 97, 167

and Vietnam, 8–9, 95–96, 104, 108, 111–113, 117, 134, 166–169, 208, 219

Ball, George W., 117, 159, 178, 187, 192

on balance of payments issues, 98–99

Bell, David E., 63

Berlin crises, 19, 43, 53, 93, 177, 218

Bradley, Omar, 21–22, 27

Brent, Joseph, 156

Brown, Harold, 91

Bundy, McGeorge, 6, 61–62, 77–78, 80, 99–100, 120, 123, 141, 151, 158–159, 166, 171, 175, 177, 181, 183–184, 210

departure from government, 186–188

and the Pleiku attack, 168

Bundy, William P., 43, 117–118, 146–147, 161, 183, 199

as Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs, 146, 148–150, 188

and the October 1963 report, 1, 3, 76, 108, 114, 130

Bureau of the Budget, 21, 27, 50, 190

Bureaucratic politics, theories of, 5, 19, 132

Byrd, Harry F., 155

Cambodia, 89, 91, 110, 202

Canada, 159, 193; see also Ronning, Chester; Seaborn, J. Blair

CBS, 2, 102, 107, 143

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 20, 41, 64, 80, 87, 129–130, 139, 168, 177, 192

projects and inter-agency work in the field, 68–69, 81, 87, 89–90, 109–110, 115, 121, 132–133, 215

China, People’s Republic of, 4, 97–98, 149, 168, 172, 185

Civil defense, 48, 54, 62

Civil-military relations

McNamara’s reforms and, 14, 37–43, 53, 133–134, 200–201, 211

and resource allocation, 7, 10, 15–16, 163, 174, 211

theories of, 15–16, 18, 35–36, 209–212, 214

Clay Committee (Committee to Strengthen the Security of the Free World, 1963), 112–114, 116

Clifford, Clark, 183, 207–208, 221

Cline, Ray, 184

Colby, William E., 89–90, 139

Cold War, historiography of, 6–7, 16

Commander in Chief Pacific Fleet (CINCPAC), 78, 87, 89, 91, 105–106, 113, 128, 158, 213; see also Felt, Admiral Harry D.

Comprehensive Plan for South Vietnam (CPSVN), 74–75, 82, 89–93, 95–96, 105, 108–109, 113–116, 118–119, 121, 124, 127–128, 130, 136–138, 140–141, 150, 153, 210, 212, 219

abandonment of, 148, 155, 163, 210–211

inception of, 85–87, 212, 215

Comptroller, US Department of Defense, 21, 38, 49–50; see also Hitch, Charles J.

Conein, Lucien, 132–133

Cooper, Chester, 130

Council of Economic Advisers, 2, 12, 53–54, 58, 69, 154, 167, 179, 190

Counterfactual reasoning in history, 5, 209–223

Counterinsurgency, 5, 8–9, 46, 64–69, 104, 118–119, 153, 162; see also Hilsman, Roger; Pacification programs in the Johnson administration; Strategic hamlets program; Special Group (CI); Thompson, Robert G. K.

JCS resistance to, 65–66, 86–88, 171

programs in South Vietnam, 5, 81–85, 88–92, 100–101, 110, 115, 121–122, 125–126, 133–134, 145, 150, 153, 156, 163, 181–182, 209, 211, 214–215

Cuba, 45, 218

Bay of Pigs debacle in, 41–42, 93, 145–146, 174

and the Cuban Missile Crisis, 43, 93

de Gaulle, Charles, 77, 149, 167; see also France

Dean, Sir Patrick, 198

Defense Reorganization Act of 1958, 15, 28–30, 37–39, 48, 51, 55, 211

Department of Defense, US, 20; see also Office of the Secretary of Defense

budget of, 19, 21, 25–28, 30, 36, 38, 48, 55, 59, 109–111, 176, 189, 216–218

investments in airlift capabilities, 68, 96–97, 101, 171, 212

relationship to State Department, 5, 13, 18, 21, 23, 25, 38, 42–45, 50, 193–194, 198, 216, 221

role in balance of payments issues, 58, 168, 201, 219

US cultural ambivalence toward, 16, 25

Diem, Ngo Dinh, 68, 77, 79, 84–85, 104, 106–107, 124, 127–132, 144

coup against, 132–133, 139–140, 146, 215, 221

Dillon, C. Douglas, 12–13, 23, 62–63, 103, 166

appointment as Secretary of the Treasury, 54–55

on the balance of payments, 70–72, 93–95, 97–98, 113, 218–219

relationship to President Kennedy, 46, 95

role in the Johnson administration, 154–155, 166–167, 219

Draft Presidential Memoranda (DPM), 11, 38, 49, 165

Dulles, Allen W., 80

Dulles, John Foster, 95, 97

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 15, 21–22, 26–30, 38, 44–45, 57–58, 62–63, 66, 72, 77, 98, 136, 219

farewell address of, 30, 51–52

fiscal attitudes of, 28–29, 48, 54–55, 219

Elliot, T. S., 202

Ellsberg, Daniel, 11, 46, 165, 222–223

Enthoven, Alain, 36, 49–50, 60–61, 101, 175–176, 208; see also Office of Systems Analysis

Europe. see also France; Germany, Federal Republic of (West); Italy

and the balance of payments, 58–62, 70–73, 95–100, 154–155, 167, 200–201, 208

Fall, Bernard B., 83, 181–182, 221–222

Fay, Paul B., 50

Felt, Admiral Harry D., 78, 81, 87, 89, 91, 113; see also Commander in Chief Pacific Fleet (CINCPAC)

Flexible response, 41, 43, 58, 60–62, 66–68, 96, 216–217

European attitudes to, 62, 201

Forrestal, James V., 16–17, 19, 22–24, 30, 54, 195

Forrestal, Michael, 23, 84–85, 90–91, 123, 126, 130, 132, 144, 150–151, 162, 188

France, 60, 97, 167, 201; see also de Gaulle, Charles; Europe

and its war in Indochina, 70, 91, 102–103, 171

Fulbright, William J., 111, 127, 129, 173, 189–190, 195, 218

1966 hearings of, 188–189

Gaddis, John L., 20, 58, 218

Galbraith, John K., 3, 12, 32, 69, 71–72, 91, 94–97, 102–103, 158, 191, 221

Gates, Thomas S., 29–30, 32, 35, 38, 48

Gavin, Francis J., 7–8, 69, 96

Geneva Accords of 1954, 106, 159

Germany, Federal Republic of (West), 19, 97–98, 201

Gilpatric, Roswell L., 12, 38, 42, 45, 50, 53, 64–65, 82, 100–101, 109, 123, 159, 210

Goldberg, Arthur J., 183

Goldwater, Barry M., 35, 143, 160

Goodpaster, Andrew J., 175

Graduated escalation, theories of, 145, 151, 158–159, 161, 173, 175, 178, 190, 214

Gromyko, Andrei, 199

Gruening, Ernest H., 161

Halberstam, David, 32–33, 93

Harkins, Paul D., 80, 87, 91, 109, 115, 117, 122–126, 159

Harriman, W. Averell, 23, 78, 80, 82, 91, 94, 105–106, 132, 150, 181, 183, 188, 191, 194, 198, 204

Harris, Seymour E., 69

Heller, Walter W., 53, 154

Hilsman, Roger, 9, 45, 75, 90–92, 96–97, 121, 126, 131–132, 139, 181–182, 214–216

departure from the Johnson administration, 135–136, 146, 150–152, 219

and strategic concept for South Vietnam, 82–87, 92, 139, 152

Hitch, Charles J., 38, 49, 102

Honey, Patrick J., 125–126, 133, 221

Hoopes, Townsend, 23, 198, 209

House Armed Services Committee (HASC), 51–53, 141, 157

Hughes, Thomas L., 68

Huntington, Samuel P., 16–18, 23, 214; see also Civil-military relations, theories of

International Security Affairs (ISA) office, 7, 42–43, 59, 69, 82, 108, 114, 116, 148, 201

as hub of Vietnam dissent, 181–182, 189–190, 198, 221

Italy, 97, 194

Jackson, Henry “Scoop,” 29

Japan, 19, 95, 97

Johnson, Louis A., 19, 23–25

Johnson, Lyndon B.

attitudes to military tools, 9, 135, 143, 145, 152, 157–158, 171, 174, 178, 196, 216, 219

continuation of JFK policies, 9, 137–139, 141, 144, 150, 152, 188

criticism of “doves,” 184, 189–190, 198

decision-making style of, 136, 142, 150, 153, 165, 178, 183–184, 188, 193, 204, 219, 222

domestic priorities of, 135, 146–147, 149, 154, 157, 160–161, 170, 173, 177, 179, 184, 190, 198–199, 219

embrace of Keynesianism, 5, 8–9, 136, 153–155, 167, 218–220

historians on, 137, 139, 142, 147–148

indecisiveness of, 160, 162–163, 166, 178, 207–208

interest in concealing Vietnam decisions, 147, 160, 163, 166, 174, 177, 207

and label of “McNamara’s war,” 76, 143

and non-military programs in Vietnam, 143, 152, 162

relationship to the JCS, 136, 157, 159, 201

simplistic views on foreign policy, 9, 142, 144

as Vice President, 77, 144

Johnson, U. Alexis, 79, 178, 182

Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), 7

criticism of civilian decision-makers, 22, 40–41, 169, 178, 182, 198, 200, 203

divisions within, 22, 25, 28, 35, 87–89, 148

early years of, 16–20, 29

parochialism of, 19, 23, 38, 51, 211

resistance to McNamara’s reforms, 50, 60–61, 65–66, 98

support for aggressive measures in Vietnam, 81, 157, 166, 168, 172, 178, 181, 192, 207

target list, 158, 162, 192

Jorden Report, 106, 146–147, 168

Kattenburg, Paul M., 182

Kaufmann, William W., 215

Kaysen, Carl, 13, 55, 70, 191

Kennedy, Edward M., 189, 197, 206

Kennedy, Jacqueline Bouvier, 45–46

Kennedy, John F.

American University speech of, 60

attitudes to nuclear weapons, 58–60

campaign and election of, 16, 30, 32, 40, 48, 57–59, 98

concerns with balance of payments and gold, 70–73, 136, 219

decision-making style of, 37, 39–40, 45–46, 136, 210

fiscal conservatism of, 8, 48, 54–55, 58, 154, 218

inaugural address of, 57–58, 60, 61, 68, 102–103, 134, 219

interest in the developing world and counterinsurgency, 9, 42, 46, 58–59, 63, 66, 82, 88, 117, 134, 141, 212

and the October 1963 meetings, 120–121, 127–129

resistance to introduction of ground troops in Vietnam, 9, 79, 82, 101–102, 126

and withdrawal from Vietnam, 8, 107, 141, 210

Kennedy, Robert F., 45, 129, 142, 173, 184, 206, 221–223

departure from the Johnson administration, 9, 150, 219

as a political rival to President Johnson, 186, 188–189, 197, 199, 203–204, 206

role in Special Group (CI), 64–66

Khanh, Nguyen, 156, 162

Khrushchev, Nikita S., 63, 69, 184

Kipling, Rudyard, 186

Kissinger, Henry, 204

Komer, Robert W., 65, 81

Korea, Republic of (South), 18, 22, 95–99, 100–101, 108, 111, 113–114, 116, 149

Korean War, 19, 25–26, 86, 170, 190

Krulak, Victor H., 65, 126, 176

Ky, Nguyen Cao, 179

Lansdale, Edward G., 79, 173

Laos, 45, 59, 64, 77, 80, 89, 159, 202, 218

Leffingwell, William, 114

LeMay, Curtis E., 33, 39, 86, 168; see also Air Force, US

relationship to McNamara, 39

Lemnitzer, Lyman L., 39, 91, 111

Lippmann, Walter, 149–150

Lodge, Henry Cabot, 79–80, 87, 121, 124, 128, 131–133, 143–144, 155–159, 163, 171, 173, 178–179, 191

Logevall, Fredrik, 8, 12

Lovett, Robert A., 19, 23, 26–27, 31–33, 41–42, 48, 178

MacArthur, Douglas, 18, 22

Manila Conference of 1966, 199

Mansfield, Michael J., 77, 106–108, 111, 123, 127, 144, 149–150, 173, 201, 218

Marcovitch, Herbert, 204

Marshall, George C., 19, 23, 25–26

Martin, William M., 183, 190–191, 219

McCloy, John J., 178, 180, 201

McCone, John A., 45, 80, 140, 158, 160, 168

McConnell, John P., 168–169

McElroy, Neil H., 28–29, 32

McGarr, Lionel C., 78, 80

McKean, Roland N., 49

McNamara, Craig, 201

McNamara, Margaret, 33, 201–202

McNamara, Robert S.

American Bar Association speech of, 63, 66

appointment as Secretary of Defense, 15–16, 24, 31–33, 54

attitudes to nuclear weapons, 2, 60–62, 170, 194

and bombing of North Vietnam, 146, 156, 162, 168–169, 172, 174–175, 179, 192–193, 199, 202–203, 212

conceptions of loyalty, 5, 10, 13–14, 24, 35, 44, 46, 76, 142, 153, 180, 184, 199, 204–205, 220–223

cost reduction programs of, 10, 48, 51, 55, 73, 153–155, 170

and “credibility gap,” 137, 158, 176, 179, 181, 184, 186, 198, 207–208, 220

criticism of Korean commitment, 97–100, 108, 113, 116, 118

definition of his job, 4, 6, 35–37, 118, 136, 158, 163, 165, 174, 180–181, 185, 222

doubts over Johnson’s Vietnam policy, 14, 153, 162, 164, 172, 178–183, 185–186, 188–189, 191, 193, 198, 204, 209, 220, 222–223

doubts over South Vietnam’s viability, 138, 140, 145, 172, 179, 191, 209, 221

efforts at limiting US commitment to South Vietnam, 9, 79, 85, 100, 105–108, 130, 138, 145

and “emotion,” 181, 194, 201–202, 206

frustrations with the State Department, 174, 179, 182, 187, 193–194, 196, 198, 203–204, 212–213

and Harvard University, 33, 49, 196, 202, 220

historians on, 6–7, 36, 75–76, 100, 105, 119–120, 126, 137, 209

interest in barrier, 192–193, 211, 222

and the July 1965 decisions, 164–166, 174–180, 207–208

manipulations of budgetary process, 116, 136, 153, 155, 169–171, 177, 186, 190–191, 208

March 1964 trip and report of, 135, 145–150

Memoirs, In Retrospect, 12, 131, 137, 141, 180, 202

Montreal speech of, 195–198, 206, 211, 216, 220

move to World Bank, 12, 205–206

and the October 1963 trip report and meetings, 1–2, 4, 76, 87, 99, 105, 107, 120–133, 199, 202, 204, 215

oral histories of, 12–14, 104, 125

penchant for quantification, 4, 32, 90, 118, 175, 195

pregovernment life, 32–34, 39, 49

putative optimism on Vietnam, 5, 120–127, 208

relationship to congressional leaders, 35, 40–41, 48, 51–53, 169–170

relationship to military advice and the JCS, 6, 39, 52–53, 159, 182–183, 193, 197, 200–202, 204

relationship to President Johnson, 135, 142, 180, 184, 187, 195–196, 199–201, 204–205, 222

relationship to President Kennedy, 35, 37, 40, 45, 95, 142, 200, 210

relationship to Robert Kennedy, 142, 184, 187, 189, 197, 199, 203, 205–206, 221

reliance on non-defense intelligence, 123, 125–126, 177, 183, 192

resistance to troop deployments in Vietnam, 7, 81, 166, 169, 171, 175, 181, 184, 202–203, 207

role in forcing consensus, 148, 153, 163, 222

as scapegoat and architect of Vietnam War, 10, 76, 137, 143, 158, 165, 173, 179–180, 186, 221–222

sense of service of, 33–34, 194

support for a bombing pause, 173, 178, 182–184, 203–204

support for defoliation program in Vietnam, 90–92, 222

support for a limited training program in South Vietnam, 56, 85, 90, 100, 105–106, 122, 138, 140–141, 145, 204

support of withdrawal from Vietnam, 9, 36, 73–77, 85–87, 99–100, 105, 120, 126–129, 137–138, 204, 211

use of Vietnam experts, 83–84, 125, 182, 221

work on balance of payments, 95–101, 154, 167, 201, 208, 218–219

McNaughton, John T., 10, 43, 148, 158, 161, 171, 174–175, 178–179, 194, 201–203

attempts to clarify objectives in Vietnam, 171, 172, 178, 191–192, 199, 203, 214

diaries of, 13, 165, 174, 182, 184, 188, 190–191, 194, 199–200, 201, 203, 209, 220, 222

doubts on President Johnson’s Vietnam policies, 43, 162, 171–174, 181–182, 187–188, 190–191, 193–194, 198–199, 202

Mendès-France, Pierre, 103

Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG), 78, 80, 84, 91

Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV), 14, 85, 87–91, 108, 113–115, 128, 153, 157–158

creation of, 80–82, 159, 215

Military Assistance Program (MAP), 42, 64, 97, 100, 104, 110–119, 127, 166, 169, 173, 186, 189, 215–218; see also Senate Foreign Relations Committee (SFRC)

congressional pressure on, 10, 93, 108–119, 153, 209, 216–218

Military-industrial complex, 29, 32, 51–52, 216

Morris, Errol, documentary Fog of War, 6, 202

Morrison, Norman, 180

Morse, Wayne, 111–112, 143, 150, 161, 173, 189

Moyers, Bill, 167

Murrow, Edward R., 91

Mutually assured destruction (MAD), 62, 170

National Security Acts of 1947, 1949, 20–22, 26, 41

National Security Council (NSC)

history of, 16, 18, 20–21

presidential use of, 27–28, 37, 39, 45, 136; see also Johnson, Lyndon B., decision-making style of; Kennedy, John F., decision-making style of

Navy, US. 17, 25, 87, 176see also Joint Chiefs of Staff

Neustadt, Richard E., 30–32, 35

Neutralization of Vietnam, 77, 140, 144–146, 149

Nitze, Paul H., 6, 23, 25, 43, 45, 50, 70, 79, 98

Nixon, Richard M., 79, 97, 103, 198, 221

Nolting, Frederick, 78–79, 213

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 27, 42, 60–61, 201

Nuclear weapons. see also McNamara, Robert S., attitudes to nuclear weapons; Kennedy, John F., attitudes to nuclear weapons; Mutually assured destruction

considered use in Vietnam, 158

non-prolifieration of, 2, 61–62

Office of the Secretary of Defense. see also Department of Defense, US; International Security Affairs (ISA) office; McNamara, Robert S.

early years of, 19–32

Office of Systems Analysis, 7, 38, 48–49, 175–176; see also Enthoven, Alain

Operation Rolling Thunder, 153, 164, 168, 203; see also Graduated escalation, theories of

purposes of, 168–169, 172, 179, 184, 188, 192

Operation Switchback, 90, 95, 109–110, 117, 215; see also Comprehensive Plan for South Vietnam (CPSVN)

OPLAN 34A, 147–148, 160

Ormsby-Gore, David, 83, 145–146, 149

Pacification programs in the Johnson administration, 153, 162, 172–173, 181, 199, 203–204; see also Counterinsurgency

Peace Corps, US, 63, 68

Pennsylvania channel, 187, 203–204

Pentagon Papers, the, 5, 10–11, 79, 83, 121, 128, 201, 222–223

Phillips, Rufus C., 81

Planning, Programming and Budgeting System (PPBS), 29, 38, 43, 48–50, 52, 55–56, 118, 155, 165

Pleiku attack, 168

Poland, 159, 194

Preston, Andrew, 5–6

RAND, 49, 101

Rockefeller, David, 27, 72, 94

Rockefeller, Nelson A., 29

Ronning, Chester, 193

Roosevelt, Eleanor, 40

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 16, 70

Rostow, Walt W., 77, 80, 106, 146, 203–204, 208; see also Taylor–Rostow report

promotion in the Johnson administration, 188, 192

Rusk, Dean, 3, 7, 78, 80, 136, 144, 149, 158, 160–161, 173–174, 183, 189, 192–195, 203; see also State Department, US

on balance of payments issues, 98–99, 108, 113, 208

as Secretary of State, 43–45, 150–152, 212–214

Russell, Richard B., 24, 35, 40–41, 51, 117–118, 149, 162, 169, 218

Salinger, Pierre E. G., 3, 127

Schelling, Thomas C., 158–159

Schlesinger, Arthur J., 39, 45, 80, 101

Schulze, Charles L., 190

Seaborn, J. Blair, 159

Senate Armed Services Committee (SASC), 24, 51–53, 117–118, 169, 186, 218; see also Russell, Richard B.

attitudes to McNamara, 35, 40–41

support of Service needs, 117–118, 169, 190, 218

Senate Foreign Relations Committee (SFRC), 85, 107–108, 110–115, 133, 153, 157, 169, 186, 195–196, 218; see also Fulbright, William J.; Gruening, Ernest H.; Mansfield, Michael J.; Morse, Wayne

criticism of Vietnam policy, 111, 117–118, 127–128, 149, 173, 188–190, 198, 209

Service Secretaries, 20–22, 29, 31, 34, 50

Sevareid, Eric, 182

Sharp, U. S. Grant, 198

Shriver, Sargent, 32, 63

Sorensen, Theodore “Ted” C., 53, 78, 101–102, 139, 150–151

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), 79, 81, 144

Special Group (CI), 59, 64–66, 68, 74, 82, 88, 121, 126, 146, 150–151

State Department, US, 16

Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR), 68, 87

inflexibility on peace negotiations, 172, 178–179, 182–183, 187, 192–194, 203–204, 214

relationship to Defense Department, 42–45, 50

weakness in, 44–45, 65, 212–214

Stennis, John C., 177, 200

Stevenson, Adlai E., 182

Strategic hamlets program, 84, 86–89, 110, 115, 121, 124–126, 139–140, 153; see also Counterinsurgency, programs in South Vietnam

Strategy

absence of, 82, 188, 192, 221

organizational responsibilities for, 82, 86, 133, 136–137, 163, 165, 174, 211–212, 214

Sullivan, William H., 146, 149–150

Sylvester, Arthur, 40, 105

Symington, Stuart, 30–31, 34, 48

Tactical Fighter Experimental (TFX) jet, 52–53

Task Force for Vietnam, 77, 79, 83, 109–110

Taxes

and the 1965 buildup, 10, 171, 177, 179, 190–191, 219

and the Kennedy tax cut, 2, 53–55, 110, 154–155

Taylor, Maxwell D., 3, 18–19, 28, 41–42, 62, 64–66, 74, 80, 88, 102, 123, 145, 151, 157, 210; see also Taylor–Rostow report

as ambassador to South Vietnam, 159, 183

as Chairman of the JCS, 42, 62, 111, 121, 143

counterinsurgency and, 64–65, 88, 91

and the October 1963 trip report and meetings, 120–122, 129–130

resistance to ground troops in South Vietnam, 162, 169, 171–172

Taylor–Rostow report, 42, 77–80, 82, 90, 101

Tet Offensive, the, 207–208

Thailand, 64, 89, 101

Thanksgiving Massacre, 80, 82, 182

Thant, U, 182

Thieu, Nguyen Van, 179

Thompson, Robert G. K., 3, 12, 83–85, 87, 92, 94, 122–126, 128, 134, 148, 150, 152, 221

Thornton, Charles “Tex” B., 33, 180

Thurmond, Strom, 40–41

Tonkin Gulf incidents and resolution, 160–161, 163–164, 168, 173

Truman, Harry S., 18–27, 40, 138

Unification of armed services, 17, 20, 22, 25, 30–31, 35, 48

United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 27–28, 44, 63–65, 68, 81, 87, 95–96, 110–111, 113, 115, 117, 189, 215–216

United States Information Agency (USIA), 65, 87, 91

United States Operation Mission (USOM), 92, 110, 115–116, 121, 126

Vance, Cyrus R., 175–177, 187–188, 201

Vietnam, Democratic Republic of (North), 139, 146, 173, 178, 184, 193, 207

bombing of, 148, 156, 158, 161, 168

Vietnam, Republic of (South)

economic and military weakness of, 115–117, 139

as a “laboratory” for counterinsurgency, 64, 68, 75, 88, 150

political instability in, 85, 124, 127, 129, 139, 153, 162–163, 172, 178–179, 181, 191–192, 199

Vietnam Working Group, 110, 129, 146, 162, 182

Vinson, Carl, 35, 157, 169

Walker, Edwin A., 40–41

Wallace, George C., 2

Warnke, Paul C., 43, 221

Wars of national liberation, 63–64, 66, 74, 88, 103, 134, 212

Westmoreland, William C., 159, 162, 174–177, 198, 202–203, 207

Wheeler, Earle “Bus” G., 86–87, 90, 157, 161, 168, 177–178, 201, 204

White, Theodore H., 57

Wilson, Charles E., 27–28, 31, 48

“Wise Men,” the, 178, 180, 183–184, 204

Yarmolinsky, Adam, 11, 13, 32, 40–41, 52, 59, 67–68, 142, 181–182, 201, 206, 209, 214, 215–217, 220

Yevtushenko, Yevgeny, 2, 223

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