Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T13:07:43.889Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Are stereotypes accurate? A perspective from the cognitive science of concepts

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 March 2017

Lin Bian
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL 61820. [email protected]://www.psychology.illinois.edu/people/linbian2
Andrei Cimpian
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003. [email protected]://cimpianlab.com

Abstract

In his 2012 book, Jussim suggests that people's beliefs about various groups (i.e., their stereotypes) are largely accurate. We unpack this claim using the distinction between generic and statistical beliefs – a distinction supported by extensive evidence in cognitive psychology, linguistics, and philosophy. Regardless of whether one understands stereotypes as generic or statistical beliefs about groups, skepticism remains about the rationality of social judgments.

Type
Open Peer Commentary
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abelson, R. P. & Kanouse, D. E. (1966) Subjective acceptance of verbal generalizations. In: Cognitive consistency: Motivational antecedents and behavioral consequents, ed. Feldman, S., pp. 171–97. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Brandone, A. C., Gelman, S. A. & Hedglen, J. (2015) Children's developing intuitions about the truth conditions and implications of novel generics versus quantified statements. Cognitive Science 39(4):711–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carlson, G. N. & Pelletier, F. J. (1995) The generic book. Chicago University Press.Google Scholar
Chambers, C. G., Graham, S. A. & Turner, J. N. (2008) When hearsay trumps evidence: How generic language guides preschoolers’ inferences about unfamiliar things. Language and Cognitive Processes 23(5):749–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cimpian, A., Brandone, A. C. & Gelman, S. A. (2010) Generic statements require little evidence for acceptance but have powerful implications. Cognitive Science 34(8):1452–82.Google Scholar
Cimpian, A. & Cadena, C. (2010) Why are dunkels sticky? Preschoolers infer functionality and intentional creation for artifact properties learned from generic language. Cognition 117(1):6268.Google Scholar
Cimpian, A. & Erickson, L. C. (2012) The effect of generic statements on children's causal attributions: Questions of mechanism. Developmental Psychology 48(1):159–70.Google Scholar
Cimpian, A. & Markman, E. M. (2009) Information learned from generic language becomes central to children's biological concepts: Evidence from their open-ended explanations. Cognition 113(1):1425.Google Scholar
Cimpian, A. & Markman, E. M. (2011) The generic/nongeneric distinction influences how children interpret new information about social others. Child Development 82(2):471–92.Google Scholar
Cimpian, A., Mu, Y. & Erikson, L. C. (2012) Who is good at this game? Linking an activity to a social category undermines children's achievement. Psychological Science 23(5):533–41.Google Scholar
Cimpian, A. & Salomon, E. (2014) The inherence heuristic: An intuitive means of making sense of the world, and a potential precursor to psychological essentialism. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 37(5):461–80.Google Scholar
Gelman, S. A. (2003) The essential child: Origins of essentialism in everyday thought. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gelman, S. A., Tapia, I. S. & Leslie, S. J. (2016) Memory for generic and quantified sentences in Spanish-speaking children and adults. Journal of Child Language 43(6):1231–44.Google Scholar
Gelman, S. A., Taylor, M. G. & Nguyen, S. P. (2004) Mother-child conversations about gender: Understanding the acquisition of essentialist beliefs. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 69(1):i142.Google Scholar
Gelman, S. A., Ware, E. A. & Kleinberg, F. (2010) Effects of generic language on category content and structure. Cognitive Psychology 61(3):273301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilson, C. & Abelson, R. P. (1965) The subjective use of inductive evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2(3):301–10.Google Scholar
Hampton, J. A. (2012) Thinking intuitively the rich (and at times illogical) world of concepts. Current Directions in Psychological Science 21(6):398402.Google Scholar
Hollander, M. A., Gelman, S. A. & Star, J. (2002) Children's interpretation of generic noun phrases. Developmental Psychology 38(6):883–94.Google Scholar
Jönsson, M. L. & Hampton, J. A. (2006) The inverse conjunction fallacy. Journal of Memory and Language 55(3):317–34.Google Scholar
Jussim, L. (2012) Social perception and social reality: Why accuracy dominates bias and self-fulfilling prophecy. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Khemlani, S., Leslie, S. J. & Glucksberg, S. (2012) Inferences about members of kinds: The generics hypothesis. Language and Cognitive Processes 27(6):887900.Google Scholar
Lawler, J. M. (1973) Studies in English generics. University of Michigan Papers in Linguistics 1(1):1184.Google Scholar
Leslie, S. J. (2007) Generics and the structure of the mind. Philosophical Perspectives 21(1):375403.Google Scholar
Leslie, S. J. (2008) Generics: Cognition and acquisition. Philosophical Review 117(1):147.Google Scholar
Leslie, S. J. (in press) The original sin of cognition: Fear, prejudice and generalization. The Journal of Philosophy.Google Scholar
Leslie, S. J. & Gelman, S. A. (2012) Quantified statements are recalled as generics: Evidence from preschool children and adults. Cognitive Psychology 64(3):186214.Google Scholar
Leslie, S. J., Khemlani, S. & Glucksberg, S. (2011) Do all ducks lay eggs? The generic overgeneralization effect. Journal of Memory and Language 65(1):1531.Google Scholar
Meyer, M., Gelman, S. A. & Stilwell, S. M. (2011) Generics are a cognitive default: Evidence from sentence processing. In: Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, ed. Carlson, L., Hölscher, C. & Shipley, T., pp. 913–18. Cognitive Science Society.Google Scholar
Prasada, S. (2000) Acquiring generic knowledge. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4(2):6672.Google Scholar
Prasada, S. & Dillingham, E. M. (2006) Principled and statistical connections in common sense conception. Cognition 99(1):73112.Google Scholar
Prasada, S. & Dillingham, E. M. (2009) Representation of principled connections: A window onto the formal aspect of common sense conception. Cognitive Science 33(3):401–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prasada, S., Khemlani, S., Leslie, S. J. & Glucksberg, S. (2013) Conceptual distinctions amongst generics. Cognition 126(3):405–22.Google Scholar
Rhodes, M., Leslie, S. J. & Tworek, C. M. (2012) Cultural transmission of social essentialism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 109(34):13526–31.Google Scholar