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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 August 2024

Michelle Lynn Kahn
Michelle Lynn Kahn
Affiliation:
University of Richmond, Virginia
Type
Chapter
Information
Foreign in Two Homelands
Racism, Return Migration, and Turkish-German History
 , pp. 343 - 358
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

36 Boys, 206–207
Abadan-Unat, Nermin, 56, 85, 131
abandonment
of the family, 53, 68, 83, 93–94
fears of, 27, 53–54, 56, 93
abortion, 90
activism/activist movement
anti-racist, 197–198, 206, 211
feminist, 70
gay liberation, 70
grassroots, 163
labor, 105
military service by payment (against), 163, 168–173. See also Federal Initiative of Military-Age Youth from Turkey (FEBAG)
adultery, 27, 53, 69, 72, 78–82, 95
advertisement, 73, 127, 132, 143, 155–157, 167
Ağaoğlu, Adalet, 110
Age of Revolutions, 42
agency of migrants, 21, 23, 47, 105, 224
agricultural/agrarian, 115, 146, 150, 259
airline, 134
competition over guest worker travel, 103–104, 107
airport, 19, 103–104, 106–108, 125, 129, 253, 255–256, 275, 315
alcohol, 27, 92, 113, 122, 129, 160, 248
alcoholism, 88, 262
Alevi, 23, 198
Alexopoulou, Maria, 35, 178, 180
Algeria, 231
Allen, Jennifer, 40, 305
Allied occupation, 33
Alman Ekmeği, 139
Almancı, 1, 5–7, 25–27, 29, 40, 43, 90, 99, 120–121, 133, 135, 140, 174, 183, 225, 248, 254, 260–262, 265–267, 276, 287, 291, 295–296, 313–314, 317. See also Germanized, Germanized Turk; returnee
Almanya Acı Vatan, 81
Almanya Dönüşü, 81
Almanya Treni, 55
Almanya – Willkommen in Deutschland, 110
Almanyalı Yarim, 76
Alternative for Germany (AfD), 309
Altun, Cemal Kemal, 224
Americanization, 275
Amsterdam, 101
Anadol, 123
Anadolu Gazetesi, 73, 124
Anatolia, 23, 51, 59, 82, 91, 108, 130–131, 134, 147, 237, 294
Angola, 13, 308
Angst essen Seele auf, 76
Ankara, 87, 140, 171, 206, 240, 257, 262–263, 268, 274, 281, 287
anti-racism, 182, 197–200, 206–207, 211, 224
antisemitism, 44, 181, 191, 217, 317
anti-Zionism, 196
Arbeiterwohlfahrt, AWO. See Workers’ Welfare Organization (Arbeiterwohlfahrt)
Arbeitsplatz Deutschland, 113–114
Armenian, 23, 43, 191, 222
Armenian genocide, 43, 191, 222–223
assimilation, 19, 115, 185, 309
Association for German Women Married to Foreigners (IAF), 76
Association for Greek-German Education, 278
Association of Turkish Chambers of Commerce, 263
AS-Sonnenreisen, 134
Asylum, Migration, and Integration Fund (AMIF), 308
asylum seeker, 36, 187, 191–194, 210, 232–234, 246, 308–310. See also refugee
fake (Scheinasylanten), 77, 192
Kurdish, 24, 166, 192, 213
Syrian, 310
from Turkey, 46, 213, 221, 224
Vietnamese, 187, 194
Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 24, 43–44, 56, 61, 69, 87, 157, 276, 282
Athens, 109, 278
Atsu, Mete, 166
Audi car, 116, 123
Audi factory, 231
Auschwitz, 203
Ausländer, 5, 29, 35
Ausländeramt. See Foreigner Office
Ausländerfeindlichkeit, 195–197, 207–209, 219–220
in contrast to Rassismus, 35–36, 180, 215, 223
denial of, 182, 186, 223
in letters to the German president, 187–189, 196–197
opposition to, 201, 208–211, 237
as threat to democracy, 186
Ausländergesetz. See Foreigner Law
Ausländer-Integration ist Völkermord, 184. See also Seeger, Wolfgang
Ausländerkonsolidierungsgesetz. See Foreigner Consolidation Law
austerity, 132, 159–160
Austria, 9, 13, 18, 28, 40, 97, 108, 110–115, 126, 254–256
authoritarianism, 46, 165, 171, 214, 271, 285, 303, 310, 318
Autobahn, 110, 114, 203
Ayim, May, 306
Baden-Württemberg, 216, 230–231
Bahadır, İsmail, 260
Baki, Tahsin, 299
Bakırköy, 255, 294
Balkans, 42, 108, 114–116, 118, 167, 191
bank, 96–97, 153–158, 161, 167, 174, 257
Bank for Trade and Industry, 155
bankrupt, 230, 254, 259–260
Barschel, Uwe, 184
Basic Law (West German constitution), 184
Battle of Vienna, 112, 115, 191
Baum, Gerhart, 226
Bavaria (airline), 103
Baydur, Mehmet, 56
Bedel, 168
beer, 7, 59, 81, 96, 205, 218
Belgium, 13, 214, 232
Belgrade, 102, 108, 134–135
Benim Adım Yabancı, 224. See also Ertan, Semra
Bergbau AG Lippe, 243
Berlin Wall
construction of, 14
crossing of, 101, 104
fall of, 39–40, 303, 305
as symbol of division, 192, 216
Berlin–Baghdad railway, 43
Bible, Christian, 190, 238
Bielefeld, 60, 167
Biess, Frank, 31
birth control. See contraception
birthday, 65, 94, 198, 298, 301
Black, Monica, 31
Black German, 36, 185, 306
Black German Studies, 36
black market, 33, 104, 125, 155, 161
Black Sea, 81, 148, 307
Bleicher, Siegfried, 238
Blüm, Norbert, 237, 240
BMW car, 116, 123
Bochum, 168, 268
Boğazlıyan, 80, 85
Bolu, 78, 162
Bonn, 151, 240
border, 12, 21, 27, 39, 44–46, 75–79, 108–113, 116–120, 173, 198–200, 221–223, 235, 254–257, 306, 308, 316
Austrian-Yugoslav, 112, 115
Bulgarian-Turkish, 110. See also Kapıkule
checkpoint, 18, 40, 125
crosser, 18–19, 75, 100
German, 9, 34, 79, 95, 228, 230, 235, 242, 249, 255–256, 259, 295, 301
guard/official, 107, 112, 116–117, 120, 230, 253, 256–257
Bosphorus Bridge, 64, 145
Bosphorus Tourism, 102
Brandt, Willy, 79
Bremen, 126, 147, 260
bribery, 116–117
brothel, 69, 75. See also prostitution
Brühl, Hanno, 295
Bulgaria, 9, 18, 28, 40, 97–99, 108–110, 115–120, 125, 254–256
Bulvar, 227
Bundesanstalt für Arbeit. See Federal Labor Office
Bundestag, 144, 310
Bundesurlaubsgesetz. See Federal Vacation Law
Burdur, 166, 246
burial, 110, 315. See also funeral
capitalism/capitalist, 28, 46, 99, 130, 132, 146, 174
Cappadocia, 131
car, 8, 73, 97–99, 122–131, 134–136, 220, 233, 247, 250, 253–255, 265, 283. See also Audi car; BMW car; Ford car; Mercedes car; Opel car; Volkswagen car
for bringing consumer goods to Turkey, 125–127, 258
car ride on Europastraße 5, 97, 106, 108–114, 116–119. See also Europastraße 5 (E-5); vacation, to Turkey/to the homeland
as symbol of wealth, status, and Germanization, 28, 74, 81, 99, 116, 122–126, 130
for transportation, 18–19, 40, 51
Carstens, Karl, 187–189, 191, 220–221, 309
cartoon, 5, 157, 168, 227, 233, 245, 272
Catholic Church, 78
Center for Turkish Workers, 56
Central Europe, 97, 108
child allowance (Kindergeld), 90, 182, 189, 234, 240
childcare, 88
children
Almancı, 27, 38, 90–93, 248, 269, 275, 281–282, 303
foreign, 185, 240, 298, 301–302
Germanized, 91–92, 269–271, 281, 302
of guest workers, 22, 24, 27, 29, 38, 46, 53, 83, 87, 90–91, 93, 99, 140, 157, 163–164, 166–167, 173, 177–178, 202, 228–229, 265, 269, 277, 280, 303, 313, 316
lost generation, 270, 281
return children (Rückkehrkinder), 38, 269, 272–273, 275, 279, 284–288, 290–292, 295, 297, 302, 314
suitcase children (Kofferkinder), 53, 83, 86–88, 129, 247, 272, 282
Turkish, 83–84, 87, 89–90, 196, 203–204, 253, 276, 280, 285, 290, 303
Chin, Rita, 16, 34, 71
Christian Democratic Union (CDU), 37, 185, 200, 225, 227–228, 236–237, 241, 296
Christian Social Union (CSU), 185, 225, 228, 236–237, 296, 300
cigarette, 92–93, 117, 120, 129–130, 157, 160, 174
citizenship, 4, 24, 29, 39, 164, 168, 222, 296, 302–303, 311–312
citizenship, dual, 311
citizenship law, 9, 38–39, 302–304. See also Foreigner Law; German Nationality Law
class, 25, 28, 59, 99, 135, 217
middle class, 59, 261
coffee house, 58, 168, 261
Cold War, 9, 13, 18–19, 26–28, 32–33, 38–40, 45–46, 71, 75, 97–99, 104–105, 108–109, 114–116, 120, 133–136, 171, 183, 186, 192–194, 216, 228, 303, 305, 317
East versus West mentalities, 39, 99, 116
as related to the guest worker program, 13, 45–46, 141, 192
collective guilt, 34, 182, 196
Cologne, 56–57, 63, 79, 103, 105–106, 125, 144, 146, 166, 208, 254, 256, 265, 295, 300
communism, 13, 32, 45, 99, 108, 114–117, 120, 142, 166, 215, 307
concentration camp, 112, 223
Condor, 103
Confederation of Turkish Trade Unions, 169
conscientious objection, 168
conservatism/conservative, 71, 189
political, 20, 37, 190, 301
religious, 294
consumer good, 28, 99, 108, 116, 118, 120–122, 125–126, 134, 157, 247, 252, 258
Barbie doll, 129
camera, 59, 61, 101–102, 122, 127, 131
clothing, 132
dishwasher, 122, 134, 233, 265
furniture, 7, 127, 132, 246, 252, 254, 258
gramophone, 122
refrigerator, 122, 132, 134, 233, 258, 265
television set, 7, 127, 131, 233, 252, 258, 260
transitor radio, 7, 121
vacuum cleaner, 127, 132
video recorder, 122, 252, 258
washing machine, 122, 132, 233, 251–252, 258, 265
consumption, 102, 160. See also shopping
conspicuous, 28, 99, 132
contraception, 70, 90, 92–93
contract worker (Vertragsarbeiter), 13, 192, 307–308
convertible Turkish lira deposits, 153, 158
corruption, 69, 116, 118–119
of children, 71, 91, 93
Council of Europe, 45
country of immigration (Einwanderungsland), 1, 186
countryside, 24, 51, 60, 69, 78, 82, 284, 294
criminality, 57, 74, 90, 95, 107, 167, 178, 189
Cuba, 13
cultural difference, 35, 57, 102, 180, 223, 283, 286, 309
culture
German, 26, 132, 208, 220
Muslim, 185
shock, 87, 119
Turkish, 24–26, 81, 252, 271, 276, 281, 292
village, 82
youth, 93
Culture and Assistance Association for the Children of Remigrants, 294
Cumhuriyet, 80, 91, 102, 118–119, 152, 215, 241, 245, 252, 254, 258, 280, 282–283, 285, 287
currency, foreign, 152, 154, 164, 171, 262
Dachau, 205
Dal, Güney, 109, 117, 125
Dayıoğlu, Gülten, 82, 87, 119, 292
death, 2, 33, 109, 111, 134, 141, 200, 203, 224, 254, 262, 274, 315–316
death threat, 205, 208
debt, foreign, 18, 139, 152, 154, 158–159, 165. See also debt crisis
debt crisis, 45, 158–160, 174. See also debt, foreign; economic crisis
decolonization, 12
Demirel, Süleyman, 164
democracy, 32, 39, 40, 46, 54, 116, 120, 171, 183, 203, 214, 216, 221, 228, 286, 289–290, 303–305, 317
denazification, 33
Denmark, 13, 183, 214
deportation, 33, 77, 106, 168, 186, 218, 223–224, 228, 232, 236–238, 299
Deutsche Bank, 96
Deutschmark, 28, 63, 90, 96, 99, 120, 122, 134, 138–140, 145, 148, 150, 152–157, 161–165, 173, 228, 232–233, 260, 312
development aid, 38, 45, 138, 141–142, 145, 149–152, 161, 173, 178–179, 224, 262–263
diaspora, 2, 9, 224, 281, 310, 312–313
dictatorship, 45, 171, 192, 194, 216, 223
discrimination, 14, 23, 35, 54, 76, 90, 100, 107, 177, 180, 182, 201, 216, 225, 284
displacement, 12
dissident, 23, 212–213, 280
divorce, 69, 77–80, 217, 249, 262
Diyanet İşleri Türk-İslam Birliği (DİTİB). See Turkish-Islamic Union for Religious Affairs
Documentation Centre and Museum for Migration to Germany (DOMiD e. V.), 47
Dönüş, 81
Dortmund, 72, 74, 129, 157
Dregger, Alfred, 185
Dresdner Bank, 155
Dreßler, Rudolf, 234, 237
drug trade/use, 90, 93, 167, 189
Duisburg, 79, 84, 155, 177, 210, 224, 249–252
Düsseldorf, 19, 106–107, 125, 134, 238–240, 242, 252, 257
duty-free, 122, 125, 129, 146, 160
E-5 (international highway). See Europastraße 5 (E-5)
E-5 (music group), 110
E-5 (novel), 109, 117, 125. See also Dal, Güney
E5 – Die Gastarbeiterstraße (film), 110
East Berlin, 104
East Germany, 13, 38, 75, 101, 104, 108, 192, 194, 303, 305. See also German Democratic Republic (GDR)
Eastern Europe, 34, 117, 142, 193, 202, 251
Ecevit, Bülent, 148, 150, 164
economic crisis, 24, 28, 33, 45, 122, 139, 159, 164, 259, 279. See also debt crisis; hyperinflation; unemployment
economic miracle (Wirtschaftswunder), 4, 135, 141
economy
closed, 121
global, 24, 138
local, 28, 148, 252
neoliberal, 28
Turkish, 15, 25, 28, 45, 96, 122, 133, 141, 144, 148, 150–152, 158–159, 162, 164, 173–174, 221, 241, 247, 263
underground, 120. See also black market
village, 53
West German, 14, 104, 140, 264
Edirne, 106, 108, 119, 123, 150
education, 46, 64, 84, 244, 276, 279, 298, 317
Holocaust, 31, 204
religious education, 280–282, 286, 294. See also school, Koran school
for remigrant children, 276, 279–281, 285–287, 290–291
system, 89, 189, 277, 279, 286, 290
EEC. See European Economic Community
Eingliederungsgeld. See money for integration (Eingliederungsgeld)
Einwanderungsland. See country of immigration (Einwanderungsland)
El Kapısı, 81
elections, parliamentary, 103, 171, 313
emigrant, 29, 92, 269
emigration, 21
Emirgan Forest, 64
emotion
anger, 22, 242
envy, 22, 123, 130, 261
fear, 22, 31–33, 40, 80, 105, 152, 182, 187, 191, 204, 224, 240–241, 248, 305
happiness, 66, 77, 119
history of, 31
homesickness, 27, 53–56, 60, 64, 66, 72, 87, 95, 97, 244
joy, 22, 119, 217
sadness, 22, 55
employee, 104, 134, 153, 237, 242–243, 251–252, 259. See also laborer; worker
employer, 15, 56–57, 66, 73, 99–100, 104, 107, 125, 164–166, 236, 243–244
employment, 102, 244, 259, 263, 301
Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 310–313
Erinnerungskultur, 181. See also Holocaust, memory
Ertan, Semra, 198–201, 211, 219, 224–225
Esener, Turhan, 240
Essen, 193, 243
estrangement, 6–8, 22, 25, 27–28, 54, 85–86, 91, 99, 120–121, 133, 177, 198, 248, 261, 264, 269, 274–276, 284, 305, 312
ethnic cleansing, 115
eugenics, 44, 180, 184, 194
Eurocentrism, 41
Europastraße 5 (E-5), 97, 102, 106, 108–116, 120–122, 125–127, 130, 133–135, 254–256
European Economic Community (EEC), 45, 76, 90, 101, 142, 212, 214, 221, 231–232, 235, 302, 310
European Return Fund, 308
European Union, 135, 308, 311
Europeanization, 26, 275
Eurovision song contest, 275
Evren, Kenan, 214–215, 221
Evzonoi, 108–109
exchange rate, 63, 103, 155, 161
exclusion, 12, 25, 83, 269, 289, 296, 317
exoticism, 71, 76, 102, 202, 252
expellee, ethnic German (Heimatvertriebene), 34, 193
Facebook, 314
factory. See also Audi factory; Ford factory; Mannesmann factory; Siemens factory; Thyssen factory; Volkswagen factory
balloon, 129
carpentry, 262
pickle, 162
steel, 165, 249, 258
textile, 102, 147
wallpaper, 146
factory dormitory, 18, 53, 58–62, 64, 68, 73, 75, 78, 89, 177
decorations on bedroom walls, 61
Fakat Bank, 257
Familiennachzug. See family reunification (Familiennachzug)
family
breakdown/disruption/destabilization, 53–54, 80, 83, 93, 261
conflict, 88, 296
life, 69, 83, 261
migration, 15, 27, 58, 68, 83, 89, 99, 125, 157
photograph, 3, 61, 101, 124–125
as representation of the nation, 53
separation, 33–34, 85, 88, 94, 218, 262
stability of the, 71
structure, 68–69, 80
surrogate, 54, 60, 85
Turkish, 54, 238, 250, 268, 299
family reunification (Familiennachzug), 4, 18, 23, 53–54, 67, 72, 189, 216, 218, 226
fascism/fascist, 188, 213, 222. See also Nazism; Third Reich
fashion, 60, 83, 93, 127
Fassbinder, Rainer Werner, 76
Federal Chancellor’s Office, 183
Federal Commissioner for the Integration of Foreign Workers and their Families, 300. See also Funcke, Lieselotte
Federal Foreign Office, 141, 218, 234, 257, 277–279
Federal Initiative of Military-Age Youth from Turkey (FEBAG), 168–173
Federal Labor Court, 166
Federal Labor Ministry, 113–114, 237, 243, 256
Federal Labor Office, 230–231, 255
Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, 141–143, 145, 149, 151, 162
Federal Press Office, 186
Federal Senate, 237
Federal Vacation Law, 100
feminism/feminist, 54, 70–71, 76, 190, 211
Filbinger, Hans, 231
film, 10, 22, 27, 53, 56, 68, 71, 76, 81–82, 86–87, 102, 110, 196, 245, 275, 294–295
financial incentive, 141, 145, 229, 266, 303, 310. See also development aid; remigration law
firing/termination, 100, 104–106, 165
Five-Year Development Plans, 152
folklore, 53, 71. See also song
food, 55, 85, 101, 132, 166, 193, 261
chocolate, 8, 101, 117, 129, 134
Coca Cola, 117, 120, 134
German, 217
pork, 7, 57, 69, 101, 113, 190, 248, 292
Turkish, 168, 202
Ford car, 97, 116, 123, 126
Ford corporation, 125–126
Ford factory, 103, 105, 124, 134, 178, 259
Ford strike (1973), 105–106, 178
Foreigner Consolidation Law, 225
Foreigner Law, 300–303, 311
Foreigner Office, 106, 269, 295, 299
France, 13, 101, 135, 183, 212, 231–232
Frankfurt, 79, 96–97, 103, 126, 133–134, 144, 205
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 150
Free Democratic Party (FDP), 185–186, 226, 228, 237, 296, 300–301, 303
freedom, 80, 120, 216, 291–292
of mobility/movement, 45, 214, 221, 231, 235, 241, 246, 293
of the press, 215
French remigration program, 231–232
Funcke, Lieselotte, 169, 226, 300–301
funeral, 201, 316
gang, 196, 206. See also 36 Boys
Ganz unten, 224
Gastarbeiterprogramm. See guest worker program
gâvur, 7, 69, 248, 292
gecekondu, 69
Gelsenkirchen, 168, 207–209, 243, 299
Genç family, 307
gender, 16, 53, 56, 59–60, 68–71, 82, 84, 93, 187, 200, 261, 273, 287, 292–293, 296, 317
generational divide, 16, 247
genocide, 12, 31–32, 43–44, 46, 185, 191, 193, 195–197, 221–223. See also Holocaust
of the German Volk, 32, 181, 184–185, 195, 197. See also Seeger, Wolfgang
Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, 200, 213, 269
geography, 40, 109, 276, 289, 291, 306
German Confederation of Trade Unions, 105, 142, 166, 169–171, 237, 242
German Council on Traffic Safety, 114
German Democratic Republic (GDR), 13, 192–193, 307–308. See also East Germany
German Federal Bank, 309
German Federal Railways, 57, 103, 105
German Nationality Law, 311. See also citizenship law; Foreigner Law
GermanAir, 103, 107
Germanization, 29, 95, 121, 266, 269. See also Almancı; identity, loss of; integration, excessive
forced (Zwangsgermanisierung), 19
of Polish children by Nazi Germany, 19
as a proxy for assimilation, 185
as a proxy for urbanization, 27, 93
of Turkish children, 83, 91–93, 229, 248, 269–275, 281, 285, 296, 302–303. See also children, Germanized
Germanized, 9, 27, 68, 92, 133, 135, 179, 185, 212, 225, 230, 253–254, 273, 275, 281, 285, 296, 302, 317. See also Almancı
Germanized Turk, 5, 25, 40, 90, 99, 120, 140, 313. See also Almancı
ghetto, 89, 189, 206, 252, 288
globalization, 46, 138
Goebbels, Joseph, 196
Göppingen, 3, 101–102
graffiti, 4, 202, 205–208, 217–218, 245, 248
Graz, 108, 112
Greece, 13, 108–109, 235, 278
Green Party, 169, 200, 237, 296–297
Grey Wolves (Bozkurtlar), 214, 281
Grundig corporation, 126
guest worker
departure from Turkey, 46–47, 55, 235
family, 38, 54, 61, 64, 83, 133, 146, 155, 215, 228, 237, 240, 278, 300. See also children, of guest workers
female, 23, 68, 73, 79, 81
former, 10, 38, 55, 129, 134, 162, 177–178, 228, 247, 315
Greek, 73–74, 109, 165
Italian, 73–74, 165
male, 23, 27, 53, 60, 64, 68, 72–73, 75, 79–80, 93, 101
married, 56, 68, 72, 76
Moroccan, 74, 76
Portuguese, 74, 165
recruitment, 4, 63, 77, 104, 138, 151, 216. See also guest worker program; recruitment
single, 55–56, 73, 97
Spanish, 74, 105, 165
Turkish, 23–24, 33, 46–47, 70, 74–76, 79, 86, 90, 96–97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 113, 143, 146, 163, 165, 177, 217, 232, 241, 245, 253
unemployed, 38, 228, 230, 234–235, 242, 244, 248
Yugoslav, 109, 116, 165, 187
guest worker program, 2, 13–14, 16, 21, 23, 40–45, 47, 53, 94, 122–123, 126, 141, 151, 178, 182, 197, 316
Gül E., 1–5, 102
Günaydın, 216–217
Güneş, 161, 227, 313
Gürlük, Osman, 157
Gypsy, 196
Habermas, Jürgen, 38
Habsburg Empire, 42, 112, 191
Halefoğlu, Vahit, 151
Halk-İş, 148
Hamburg, 74, 102, 134, 172, 198, 201, 203, 205, 224, 292, 298
Hanover, 57–58, 78, 171, 236, 256
headscarf, 60, 69, 74, 81, 127, 190, 201, 203, 251, 274, 292, 294
Heidelberg, 90, 139, 292
Heidelberg Manifesto, 184, 208, 219
Heimat, 57, 274. See also homeland; vatan
Heimaturlaub, 97, 101. See also izin; vacation
Heimatvertriebene. See expellee, ethnic German (Heimatvertriebene)
Hertie department store, 118, 132
Hess, Rudolf, 197
Historikerstreit, 30, 38, 181
history/historiography
of emotions, 22
of everyday life (Alltagsgeschichte), 10
global, 12, 41
oral, 10, 22, 47
of race, 34–35
transnational, 8–10, 17, 20
of Turkey’s relationship to Europe, 40–46
of Turkish-German migration, 16–17
Hitler, Adolf, 15, 31, 33, 36–37, 44, 180–181, 183–184, 192, 197, 213, 216, 222, 224, 245, 291. See also Nazism; Third Reich
comparison of German chancellors to, 212, 218, 227, 313
Hitler salute, 32, 307
Hitler Youth, 192
Holocaust, 2–4, 30–33, 37, 112, 191, 203–204, 212, 228, 236
complicity of Turkey in, 43, 222
denial, 196–197, 310
memory, 30, 181–183, 209
Holocaust (television series), 181, 196
Hölstein, Friedrich, 186
homecoming, 20, 230, 269
homeland, 2, 5, 8–9, 18, 21–24, 33, 38, 47, 54, 57, 60–64, 83, 89–90, 94–99, 115, 119–123, 140, 155–163, 169, 173–174, 212, 225, 229–235, 244, 252–254, 265, 269–271, 274, 292, 295–302, 317. See also Heimat; vatan
homeland, second, 7, 56
Hoyerswerda, 306
human rights, 19, 37, 183, 186, 212–216, 289, 308
human rights violation, 23, 45–46, 112, 183, 186, 212–214, 220–223, 228, 310
Human Rights Watch, 308
Hungary, 108
hunger strike, 198, 274
Hürriyet, 58, 162, 167, 200–201, 207, 216, 245, 265
Hüttenheim, 249–252. See also Duisburg
hyperinflation, 18, 139, 230, 259. See also economic crisis
identity
Almancı, 7, 136
blood-based (jus sanguinis) definition of, 10
crisis/conflict, 90, 272, 284
cultural, 20, 39, 89, 314
ethnoracial, 39
European, 11, 21
German, 9–10, 30, 38, 121, 317
loss of, 20, 26, 90–91
migrant, 40, 120
national, 1, 8, 10–12, 39, 89, 92, 94–95, 109, 174, 223, 280–282, 303, 317
postnational, 212
postwar, 180
religious, 92
Turkish, 20–21, 24–26, 68, 90–91, 121, 174, 313
IG Bergbau und Energie, 207
IG Metall, 104, 166, 169, 231, 238, 251
Ihrig, Stefan, 41, 44, 222
illiteracy, 27, 64, 89, 256
immigrant, 11, 29, 60, 164, 214, 242, 306, 311. See also migrant
immigration, 21, 38, 269. See also migration
ban, 185
office, 220, 231
officer, 218
policy, 271, 300
restriction, 22, 182
imperialism, 11–13, 31, 171
industrialization, 2, 121–122, 138
inflation, 159, 249, 260, 289. See also hyperinflation
insult, 90, 184, 202, 289
integration. See also reintegration
distinction from assimilation, 19–20, 185
European, 14
excessive, 5, 20, 26, 83, 284, 303. See also Germanization
of migrants into Germany, 9, 16, 20, 26, 83, 95, 184, 244, 248, 254, 280, 284, 298, 303, 309
perceived failure of, 54, 59, 83, 89, 91, 313
of Turkey into Europe, 41, 46
integration course (uyum kursları), 271, 281–285
Interflug, 104
Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration, 232
International Monetary Fund, 138, 158
International Organization for Migration, 308
Iron Curtain, 13, 28, 79, 97, 99, 115, 120
Islam, 4, 69, 281, 310. See also Muslim; religion/religious
children’s perceived abandonment of, 27, 270
conversion to, 76, 78
German criticism of, 15, 190–191, 197, 213
as part of European history, 41
Sunni, 280, 282
Islamicization, 190
Islamophobia, 181, 196, 309
isolation, 53, 72, 274. See also emotion, homesickness
Istanbul, 1, 3, 19, 23, 30, 43, 51–52, 59–60, 63–64, 66, 68, 80, 88–89, 97, 102–104, 106–108, 122, 133–134, 143, 145–146, 157, 202–203, 206, 216, 218, 222, 237, 247, 257, 260, 268, 275, 277, 288, 291, 294, 300, 314
Italy, 13, 101, 116, 235
izin, 97, 101. See also Heimaturlaub; vacation
Izmir, 134, 157, 265, 277, 279, 283, 286, 295
Janissaries, 112, 115
jeans, 59, 282, 287
Jews, 43–44, 185, 193–197, 306–307
comparison of Germans’ treatment of Turks and Jews, 33, 37, 181, 183, 203–205, 209, 212, 215, 217–218, 221–223, 245
persecution by Turkey, 44, 222
John Deere corporation, 125
joint-stock company. See Turkish Workers Collective (TANG)
joke, anti-Turkish (Türkenwitz), 198, 203, 209
Justice and Development Party (AKP), 312. See also Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip
Kapıkule, 108, 110, 117–119, 254–255. See also border, Bulgarian-Turkish
Karakan, 110, 116, 312
Katma Değer Şaban, 275
Kemalism, 24, 282. See also Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal
Kiel, 198, 225
Kindergeld. See child allowance (Kindergeld)
Kofferkinder. See children, suitcase children (Kofferkinder)
Kohl, Helmut, 37, 179, 226–230, 240–241, 264, 271, 296–297, 301, 303
Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger, 89, 231, 299
Konya, 260
Kreuzberg, 89, 104, 189, 202, 206–207, 250, 254, 265
Krupp factory, 165, 249
Kurds, 23, 45, 166, 192, 212–213, 221, 223, 246, 280
labor
conditions, 106
forced, 14, 222
household, 261
market, 18, 138, 140–141, 152, 161–162, 166, 173, 214, 230
migration, 8, 13, 16–17, 23, 26, 122, 139
recruitment, 59. See also guest worker, recruitment; recruitment
rural, 27
seasonal, 26, 122
shortage, 2, 12
surplus, 13, 151–152
Labor Office of Braunschweig, 255, 257
laborer, 13–14, 51, 163, 167, 215, 231, 261. See also employee; guest worker; worker
language
barrier, 102, 277, 296
bilingual, 152, 300
German, 74, 116, 279, 284
Turkish, 24, 27, 54, 91–92, 248, 255, 276–277
Law for Job Protection in Case of Conscription, 165
Law for the Permission to Return for Foreigners Who Grew up in the Federal Republic, 298
Law for the Promotion of the Voluntary Return of Foreigners, 37, 228, 230. See also remigration law; Rückkehrförderungsgesetz; Rückkehrhilfegesetz
Law on Absentee Conscripts and Draft Evaders, 168
left-wing extremism, 184
letter, 125, 143, 147, 160, 168, 180, 201, 207–208, 221, 238, 255, 257–258, 266, 268, 296, 309
from Germans to President Karl Carstens (labeled Ausländerfeindlichkeit), 187–190, 192–197
to/from guest workers and their families, 53, 55, 61–66, 77, 81, 85, 88, 97
handwritten, 10, 22, 64
liberal-authoritarian binary, 285, 288–289
liberalism, 37, 228, 317
literacy, 61, 64. See also illiteracy
loan shark, 167–168, 243
London, 101–102
Lufthansa, 103, 107, 228
Made in Germany, 7, 122. See also consumer good
magazine, 61, 79, 127, 130, 239, 251
Maizière, Lothar de, 307
Mandel, Ruth, 25, 97
Mannesmann factory, 249–252
Marmara Sea, 5
marriage, 69, 72, 76–79, 92, 123, 216–217, 253, 278. See also adultery; divorce
binational, 77
fake (Scheinehe), 77
intermarriage, 185
rate, 56
masculinity, 70–71
mass exodus, 38, 230, 238, 249, 252–253, 259–260, 263–265, 268–269, 272, 275, 281, 307, 313, 316
Massey Ferguson, 125
media, 26, 74, 91, 110, 114, 130, 184, 187, 196–197, 202, 204, 219, 266, 273, 282, 286, 293, 300, 302, 314
Turkish, 27, 29, 77, 92, 118, 160, 183, 212, 218, 224–225, 244, 269, 307
West German, 74, 90, 97, 108, 129, 165–166, 172, 178, 202, 206, 273, 285, 288, 299
medical examination, 51, 66
Mediterranean, 54, 71, 74, 162, 178, 198, 201
Mein Kampf, 184
Mein Vater, der Türke, 82
Mercedes car, 97, 116, 123–124, 276
Meric-Textilen-Aktiengesellschaft, 150. See also Turkish Workers Collective (TANG)
Merkel, Angela, 309–310, 313
Merkez Bank, 257
Mersin, 198, 200–201, 237, 261
Metall, 202, 239
Middle East, 45, 71, 142, 189, 202
migrant. See also migration; remigration
birthrate, 90, 181, 195, 309
children, 27, 120, 189, 279, 291–293, 295, 303. See also children, of guest workers
experiences, 12, 16–18, 24, 31, 75, 198, 314
identity, 40, 120
integration, 9, 26, 41, 46, 83. See also integration
labor, 15, 23, 27. See also guest worker
Muslim, 190. See also Islam; Muslim
non-migrant, 8, 22, 314, 317
population, 19, 38, 202, 228–230
return/remigrant. See remigrant; return migrant
seasonal, 27
Turkish, 1, 4, 16, 19, 22, 26, 29–30, 38, 40, 163, 169, 172, 177, 180–182, 197–198, 204, 208–209, 216–218, 221, 225, 228–230, 238, 253, 266, 271, 285, 303, 306, 316
welfare, 90, 189
migration. See also emigration; immigration; migrant; remigration
chain, 66
circular, 11, 22
family, 15, 27, 59, 68, 83, 89, 99, 125, 157. See also family reunification (Familiennachzug)
guest worker, 8, 26, 68, 70. See also guest worker; guest worker program
history of, 13, 17, 43, 46, 86, 89, 105
internal, 27, 69
labor, 8, 13, 16–17, 23, 26, 122, 139
mass, 12, 196, 251
mobility and, 10, 12
museum, 47, 79
policy, 14, 16–17, 221. See also citizenship law; Foreigner Law; German Nationality Law; remigration law
return. See remigration; return migration
rural-urban, 261. See also rural-urban divide
transit, 11
militarism, 171, 212, 282
militarization, 164
military coup (1960), 24
military coup (1971), 24, 144
military coup (1980), 23–24, 33, 38, 45, 77, 105, 139, 160, 164, 171, 183, 192, 212–216, 221, 223, 245, 271, 280, 285–286, 290, 317
military coup (2016), 311
Military Law, 163–164
military service, 46, 85, 140, 163–169, 171–172
Miller, Jennifer A., 16, 58, 75, 209
Milliyet, 78, 160, 163, 200, 216, 218, 227, 244, 284, 307
mine, 2, 54, 57, 99, 134, 137, 177, 207
minority
ethnic, 1, 16, 23, 45, 54, 109, 115, 213, 246, 280
group, 44, 181, 212, 222, 307
internal, 217, 223
Kurdish, 213
non-Muslim, 222
rights of, 236
Turkish, 201
mobility, 10–12, 20, 27, 40, 108, 113, 123, 245. See also freedom, of mobility/movement
modernity, 28, 45, 120, 289
modernization, 24, 26, 43, 138, 142, 147
Mölln, 306–307
Molnar, Christopher, 35–36, 187
money for integration (Eingliederungsgeld), 308
Morocco, 13, 231, 235, 302
mosque, 57, 78, 281
mother-in-law, 55, 80
Mozambique, 13, 308
multiculturalism, 309
Munich, 57, 67, 78, 82, 86–87, 97, 102–103, 108, 134, 181, 205, 218, 260
music, 59, 60, 65–66, 68, 92–93, 101, 110, 275
Muslim, 1, 41–42, 54, 77, 102, 113, 115, 184–185, 245, 303, 305, 309, 315. See also Islam
dietary restrictions, 7, 190
faith, 27, 57, 83, 180, 190, 248, 281
gender relations, 71, 190
imam, 78, 281
Koran, 78, 190, 248. See also school, Koran school
non-Muslim, 7, 69, 222, 248, 292. See also gâvur
radicalization of, 54
Sunni, 23
myth of non-return, 15, 47
National Democratic Party (NPD), 188
National Salvation Party (MSP), 281
nationalism, 44, 61, 155–157, 184, 212, 289
Nationalist Movement Party (MHP), 213, 281
NATO, 45, 102, 116, 142, 171, 212, 216
naturalization, 311. See also citizenship
Nazism, 2, 14–15, 19, 30, 33–37, 44, 76, 180–181, 183–187, 192–197, 204, 207, 210, 213, 215–218, 222–224, 238, 290–292, 307, 317
neoliberalism/neoliberal, 24, 28, 134, 138–139, 158, 174
neo-Nazism, 4, 30–31, 36, 39, 180–181, 188–189, 192, 197, 202–203, 205–206, 208, 210–211, 223, 304, 306, 310. See also right-wing extremism; skinhead
Netherlands, 13, 169, 232
Neukölln, 104, 127
New Left, 181
North Africa, 202, 231
North Rhine-Westphalia, 57, 269, 293, 298–299
nouveau-riche, 5, 28, 99, 121, 135
novel, 10, 22, 54, 81, 87, 109, 125, 139, 220
Nuremberg, 144, 195, 205, 232, 290
Nuremberg Laws, 185, 194
Nuremberg Trials, 33
Oberhausen, 57, 129
OBI-Baumarkt store, 127
occupation baby, 34
Oğulun Babaya Mektubu, 85
Okan, Tünç, 110
Oktoberfest bombing, 181
Önal, Erhan, 91
Oncken, Dirk, 219–220
OPEC oil crisis, 4, 104, 138, 151, 158
Opel car, 116, 123–124
Örgi-Aktiengesellschaft, 147. See also Turkish Workers Collective (TANG)
Orient/Orientalism, 4, 42–43, 71, 74, 95, 102, 107, 110, 178, 189–192, 197, 201–202, 213, 222
ostracization, 9, 38, 79, 260, 265, 292, 314
Ottoman Empire, 23–24, 41–44, 74, 112–113, 115, 163, 171, 191, 215, 221, 282
Oxner, Helmut, 205
Öymen, Örsan, 160, 227
Özal, Turgut, 139, 263
Özdemir, Cem, 86
Özen, Hasan, 251
PanInternational, 103
Paris, 101–102
Pasha, Enver, 43
patriarchy/patriarchal, 4, 54, 71, 76, 93, 190, 253, 292
Patriotic Europeans against the Islamicization of the Occident (PEGIDA), 309
Peine Steel Work, 258
persecution, 23, 183, 192, 204, 210, 213, 215, 217, 222, 246
Philips corporation, 127
photograph, 22, 54, 59–61, 63, 66, 87, 101, 115, 125, 130, 201–202, 217, 238, 251, 282, 307, 313. See also consumer good, camera
poem, 5, 10, 75, 85, 89, 173, 224–225, 288
pogrom, 200
polygamy, 79
popular culture, 68, 76, 81, 92, 109, 275
pornography, 71
Portugal, 13, 231–232, 235
postcard, 54, 61, 63, 68, 88, 97, 187, 192
postcolonialism, 36, 40
postnationalism, 31, 39
poverty, 2, 96, 132, 178, 192, 260, 294
prayer room, 57, 113
prejudice, 59, 74, 76, 116, 184, 189, 197, 274, 285
Presidency for Turks Abroad and Related Communities, 312
prostitution, 59, 69, 75, 217. See also brothel
protest, 105–106, 140, 173, 181–182, 185, 198–201, 206, 208–211, 224, 299. See also activism/activist movement, anti-racist
Protestant churches, 169, 278
Prussia, 42–43, 215, 221
race, 24, 35, 180, 185, 194–196, 204, 207, 220, 309
race science, 44. See also eugenics
race-mixing, 34, 71, 181, 194–197, 204, 222
racial defilement (Rassenschande), 194
racial hygiene, 222
racial reckoning, 30, 37–38, 180–182, 197–198, 205, 211, 223, 309
racialization, 54, 73, 201
Rasse, 35–36, 180, 182, 194, 309
Rassenschande. See race, race-mixing; race, racial defilement (Rassenschande)
racism, 4–5, 9, 30–40, 44–46, 71, 76, 82, 93, 141, 165, 177–187, 195, 197–201, 214, 217, 219–227, 236–237, 244–245, 247–248, 251, 271–273, 296, 304–307, 309–310, 314, 317. See also anti-racism
biological, 4, 36, 180, 184, 187, 194, 197, 215, 309
cultural, 4, 35–36, 190–191, 197, 309
everyday, 31, 178, 182, 198, 211
latent, 203
popular, 4, 264
Rassismus, 35–36, 180, 182, 188, 223. See also Ausländerfeindlichkeit
structural, 209–211
radio, 8, 121–122, 127, 131
recession, global, 4, 24, 158
recording, 53, 61, 65, 68, 88, 97
recruitment. See also guest worker, recruitment
agreement (Anwerbeabkommen), 14–15, 41, 59, 100
office, 51, 66, 151
stop (Anwerbestopp), 15, 53, 58, 105, 151, 158, 272
refugee, 44, 192, 222, 306. See also asylum seeker
reintegration, 9, 11, 18, 20–21, 26–27, 38, 138, 144, 230, 262, 265, 270, 273, 276, 278–280, 282, 284–285, 297, 298, 303. See also integration
Reintegration and Emigration Program for Asylum Seekers, 232, 308
Reintegration Center for Migrant Workers, 278
religion/religious, 20, 23–24, 41, 59–60, 69, 168, 220, 245, 267, 280–281. See also Islam; Muslim
religiosity/piety, 59, 248
irreligiosity/impiety, 220. See also gâvur
remigrant. See remigration; returnee; return migration
remigration, 19, 27, 88, 148, 161, 233–234, 254–255, 269, 308. See also return migrant; return migration
assistance (Rückkehrhilfe), 230, 307
mass, 151–152, 161, 229, 241, 265, 284
permanent, 125, 254
premium (Rückkehrprämie), 38, 228, 232, 234, 243, 246–247, 249, 253, 255, 258, 265, 268, 272, 299, 308
seasonal, 28, 97
remigration law, 37, 39, 45, 179, 183, 198, 211, 214, 221, 223, 225, 227–230, 236, 238–241, 243–246, 259, 264, 267, 273, 281, 296–297, 303, 307–308, 314, 317. See also Law for the Promotion of the Voluntary Return of Foreigners
remittance, 18, 28–29, 61, 63, 101, 122, 139–140, 152–164, 169, 173, 225, 240, 280, 313
remittance machine, 28–29, 140, 163, 173
Republican People’s Party (CHP), 148
residence permit, 18–19, 101, 104, 106, 228, 230, 235, 247, 253, 265, 268, 279, 297–299, 301, 317
retirement, 2, 236, 263
re-Turkification, 38, 271, 273, 281, 303
return migrant, 1, 7–9, 11, 18, 137–138, 169, 241, 244–245, 253–254, 259, 263–264, 266, 272, 278–279, 282, 286, 288, 292, 313–315, 317
children (Rückkehrkinder), 38, 269, 272–273, 275, 279, 284–288, 290–292, 295, 297, 302, 314
female, 261–262
financial hardship of, 255–264
lack of assistance, 277–279
regret, 265–266
return migration, 9, 12, 14–15, 17–21, 27, 29, 33, 88, 141–142, 149–151, 169, 178–180, 183, 197, 212, 223, 230, 266, 273, 305, 308, 313, 317. See remigration; return migration
as connected to racism, 30, 44–46, 214, 226, 245, 307, 310, 318
decision/motivation for, 229, 232, 244–251
final return, 18, 137, 143, 253, 316–317
parliamentary debate about, 185–186
promotion of, 37, 145, 150, 174, 185, 224, 226. See also development aid; Law for the Promotion of the Voluntary Return of Foreigners; remigration law
Turkey’s opposition to, 18, 137–138, 140, 145, 151–152, 161–162, 173, 214, 221, 240, 270, 273, 279–280
return option (Wiederkehroption), 235, 295–296, 298, 300–301
returnee. See Almancı; remigration; return migrant; return migration
reunification of Germany, 9, 36, 39, 192, 206, 210, 303, 305–308
reunion, 68, 82, 99, 120, 129, 261
Rheinische Post, 168, 218
Rhineland-Palatinate, 233, 242, 298
right to return, 301–302. See also return option (Wiederkehroption)
right to vacation, 100, 104, 106. See also Federal Vacation Law
right-wing extremism, 4, 31–32, 36, 39, 180–181, 183–184, 188–189, 192, 197, 206, 211, 213–214, 306. See also neo-Nazism
Roma, 185, 196–197
Rostock, 306
rotation principle (Rotationsprinzip), 15, 178
Rothberg, Michael, 37
Rottmann, Susan, 25, 314
Rückkehrförderungsgesetz. See Law for the Promotion of the Voluntary Return of Foreigners; remigration law
Rückkehrkinder. See children, return children (Rückkehrkinder); return migrant, children (Rückkehrkinder)
Rückkehrprämie. See remigration, premium (Rückkehrprämie)
Ruhr region, 168, 249, 254, 265
Ruhrkohle AG, 243, 249, 266
rural-urban divide, 26, 60, 65, 69, 82, 134
Said, Edward, 42
Salzburg, 108, 135, 256
Şamdereli, Yasemin, 110
Sarı Mercedes, 110
Şarköy, 1, 5, 7, 102, 124, 247, 315
Sarrazin, Thilo, 309
Schambach, Heinz, 196
Schengen Area, 308
Schmid, Carlo, 144
Schmidt, Helmut, 185, 200, 212, 216, 218, 225–227, 237, 296, 303
Schnoor, Helmut, 299
school, 91–92, 100, 168, 182, 185, 198, 204, 211, 228, 252–253, 273, 287, 292, 294–296. See also education; student/classmate; teacher
curriculum, 224, 280, 289
dress code, 287
elementary, 84, 188, 240, 277
German, 4, 268, 279, 284, 288, 301–302
high/secondary, 88, 277–279, 286, 288, 291, 300–301, 312
Koran school, 281, 286
middle, 248, 277, 292
preparatory, 281, 290
principal, 268, 284, 286–287
private, 278
public, 224, 277, 280, 282, 287, 302
as site of integration, 276
as site of racism/discrimination, 203–204, 290–292
system, 280, 285, 288, 296
Turkish, 88, 248, 281–282, 285, 287–290
secularization, 69, 185
Seeger, Wolfgang, 185, 195. See also Ausländer-Integration ist Völkermord
Şen, Faruk, 146
severance package, 243–244, 251
sexual revolution, 27, 54, 70
sexuality, 54, 68–78, 92, 317
dating, 73–74, 178
female, 261
homosexuality, 70
hypersexuality, 95
premarital sex, 69, 83, 92, 248
promiscuity, 53–54, 68–71, 92–93, 269, 292
sexual frustration, 78
sexual intercourse, 20, 27, 80, 94, 185, 194
sexual violence, 74, 81, 90, 95, 178, 189–190
shopping, 66, 85, 100, 116, 127, 129. See also consumption
Siemens corporation, 127
Siemens factory, 60
Sirkeci Train Station, 51–52, 94
skinhead, 205. See also neo-Nazism; right-wing extremism
Skopje, 109, 135
slavery/enslavement, 12, 31, 171, 290
Slovakia, 108
soccer/football, 91, 168, 314
Social Democratic Party (SPD), 37, 166, 169, 172, 185–186, 200, 212, 218, 225, 227, 234–237, 296, 298–299, 303, 309
social security contributions, 229, 234, 236–237, 240–244, 247, 258–260, 264, 273, 297
socialism, 13, 99, 108, 114, 116, 120, 129, 194, 303, 307
socioeconomic status. See class
Sofia, 102, 108
Solingen, 306–307
song, 10, 22, 27, 73, 81–82, 85, 94, 110, 116, 276
South Korea, 235
Soviet Union, 45, 212
Spain, 13, 231–232, 235
Sparkasse, 96, 155–157, 258
Spiegel, Der, 110–113, 115, 123, 130–131, 161, 205, 213, 238, 265, 288, 308
Stasi (East German secret police), 75, 79
State Industry and Laborer Investment Bank (DESİYAB), 148, 162
stereotype, 23, 25–27, 29, 54, 68, 76, 82, 107, 113, 121, 127, 131, 202–203, 217, 254, 259, 273, 281, 284, 292
Sterkrade coalmine, 57
Stern, 238, 251
stock market, 139
Stokes, Lauren, 16, 35, 54
Structural Adjustment Loans, 159
student/classmate. See also education; school; teacher
German, 89, 204, 213, 276, 288
returning/remigrant, 277–279, 282–284, 289, 291
Turkish, 129, 224, 252–253, 271, 276, 281–282, 284–291, 293, 295–296
suicide, 110, 198–201, 219, 224
Süleyman II, 191
Süleymancı, 281
Sunal, Kemal, 275
swastika, 4, 32, 197, 202, 208, 227
Sweden, 13, 35
Switzerland, 13, 35, 101, 129, 232
Syrian Civil War, 309–310. See also asylum seeker, Syrian
Tagesspiegel, Der, 161, 240, 254, 257
Tageszeitung, Die, 238, 287, 289, 292
Tanzimat Era, 42, 115
Tayfur, Ferdi, 55
teacher. See also education; school; student/classmate
German, 203, 252, 268, 276, 288
German teacher sent to Turkey, 279, 288, 290
Turkish, 84, 87, 205, 271, 276–277, 284, 286, 291, 295
teenager, 90, 116, 190, 202, 205, 269–275, 279, 281, 285, 293–294, 297–299
Telefunken corporation, 127
telephone, 53, 65, 97, 205, 257, 296, 314
television, 59, 94, 110, 181, 247, 283, 295, 307
Tercüman, 217
Thatcher, Margaret, 227
Thessaloniki, 109, 135, 278
Third Reich, 30, 34, 44, 70, 181, 186, 188, 192, 194, 204, 209, 217, 223. See also Hitler, Adolf; Nazism
Third World, 45, 141, 189
Thomsen Vierra, Sarah, 16, 58, 276
Thyssen factory, 224, 249
tourism/tourist, 1, 64, 102–103, 113, 133–134, 146, 216, 230, 236
tourist visa, 101, 265, 299–300
trade union, 60, 100, 104–105, 142, 166, 169, 202, 207, 213, 231, 239, 251
train, 40, 46, 52, 57, 94, 101–103, 106, 108, 240, 253
train ride to Germany, 22, 55, 63
train station, 52, 57–58, 66, 217, 251, 260, 306, 314
translator, 61, 126, 143
travel, 100–107
travel agency, 107–108, 256
Treaty of Ankara, 144, 150, 263
Tunisia, 13, 231, 235, 302
Turgut, Ankaralı, 73
Türkeş, Alparslan, 213
Turkish Airlines, 103–104, 106–107, 315
Turkish Central Bank, 154–155, 158, 244
Turkish coast, 1, 198, 237, 259, 291, 307
Turkish Education Ministry, 38, 271, 273, 279, 282, 303
Turkish Labor Ministry, 263–264
Turkish Ministry of Culture, 56, 144
Turkish Postal Service, 152
Turkish Republic, 24, 42, 56, 69, 163, 282
Turkish State Planning Organization, 56
Turkish Workers Collective (TANG), 146–151, 162, 263
Turkish Youth Association, 171
Turkish-Islamic Synthesis, 280–281
Turkish-Islamic Union for Religious Affairs, 315
Türkiye İş Bankası, 96, 157
Türksan, 146, 149. See also Turkish Workers Collective (TANG)
Ulusu, Bülent, 161, 240
unemployment, 2–4, 18, 51, 93, 137, 139, 151–152, 158–159, 161, 165, 169, 178, 189, 197, 201, 231, 237, 240, 244, 273, 307
unemployment benefits, 234, 248–249, 263
United Kingdom, 13
United Nations, 76, 135
United States of America, 31, 171, 183, 195, 276
Urbaniak, Hans-Eberhard, 186
urbanization, 26–27, 93
Üsküdar Anatolian High School, 288, 291, 300
Üstünel, Ahmet, 129
vacation
children’s perception of, 229, 247, 268–269, 295, 300
as grounds for termination of employment, 104–108. See also Ford strike (1973)
international tensions regarding, 103–104
to other European countries, 101–102
paid, 100, 243
right to, 100–101, 107. See also Federal Vacation Law
to Turkey/to the homeland, 18, 22, 27–29, 47, 72, 97, 102, 108–109, 114–127, 130, 133, 137, 162, 178, 208, 246–247, 254, 258, 261, 314–317. See also Europastraße 5 (E-5); Heimaturlaub; izin
unpaid, 165
vacationer/vacationing guest worker, 1, 19, 73, 103, 109, 116, 120, 122–123, 125–127, 129, 147, 255
Van Wyck, Brian, 16–17, 276, 281
vatan, 21, 47, 174. See also Heimat; homeland
Vergangenheitsbewältigung, 30, 181
Vertragsarbeiter. See contract worker (Vertragsarbeiter)
victimization, 76, 83–87, 292
Vienna, 102, 191
Vietnam, 13, 308. See also asylum seeker, Vietnamese
violence, 30, 33, 36, 39, 43, 54, 74, 95, 116, 139, 182–183, 189, 191, 204–206, 208, 210, 213, 221, 304, 306. See also sexuality, sexual violence
visa, 117, 212, 216, 218, 220, 230, 246–247, 279, 293, 295
Volk (Nazi rhetoric), 32, 181, 184–185, 193, 195, 197, 213, 223
Volkswagen car, 7, 116, 123, 130, 203
Volkswagen factory, 134
Wallraff, Günter, 224–225
war, 12, 192–193, 233
Weizsäcker, Richard von, 161, 187
welcoming culture (Willkommenskultur), 310
welfare, 4, 90, 100, 188–189, 192, 201, 301–302
West Berlin, 66, 73, 75–77, 79, 89, 101, 104, 108, 155, 162, 235, 238, 255, 261, 298
Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, 294, 299
Westdeutscher Rundfunk, 160, 294
Western Europe, 1, 18, 27–28, 35, 45, 69, 101–102, 115, 117, 121–122, 183, 289
Westernization, 26, 45, 115
Wiederkehroption. See return option (Wiederkehroption)
Wirtschaftswunder. See economic miracle (Wirtschaftswunder)
Witten, 88, 153, 205
work. See also employment; labor
dirty work (Drecksarbeit), 99, 198, 203
factory, 54, 59, 61
hours, 64, 100
permit, 66, 77, 101, 104, 106, 249, 279
worker. See also employee; guest worker; laborer
foreign, 2, 132, 231, 235, 238–240, 243
mine, 134, 207
Turkish, 56–59, 96, 104, 150, 165, 207–208, 216, 228, 232, 235, 241, 243–244
Workers’ Welfare Organization (Arbeiterwohlfahrt), 56, 79, 243
World Bank, 138–139, 158
World War I, 13, 43, 177, 193, 215–216, 220–221
World War II, 2, 12, 33, 44, 76, 192–194, 215, 217, 251
xenophobia, 35. See also Ausländerfeindlichkeit; racism
Yankı, 218–219
Yapı ve Kredi Bankası, 155
Yazidi, 213, 246
Yeşilköy, 106
Yıldız, Bekir, 139, 174, 245
Yılmaz, Mesut, 107, 241, 263
Yugoslav Wars, 134
Yugoslavia, 9, 13, 18, 28, 40, 97, 99, 108–109, 113, 115–120, 125, 135, 165, 231, 235, 254–255, 302
Yümüşak, Metin, 268–271
Zagreb, 108, 134
Zeit, Die, 104, 205, 252
Zeit-Magazin, 129
zero hour (Stunde Null), 33, 40, 252, 305
Zimmermann, Friedrich, 300–301
Ziraat Bank, 258
Zonguldak, 63, 77, 293

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  • Index
  • Michelle Lynn Kahn, University of Richmond, Virginia
  • Book: Foreign in Two Homelands
  • Online publication: 31 August 2024
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009486682.012
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  • Index
  • Michelle Lynn Kahn, University of Richmond, Virginia
  • Book: Foreign in Two Homelands
  • Online publication: 31 August 2024
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009486682.012
Available formats
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  • Index
  • Michelle Lynn Kahn, University of Richmond, Virginia
  • Book: Foreign in Two Homelands
  • Online publication: 31 August 2024
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009486682.012
Available formats
×