Throughout this paper, p will denote a prime and t an integer greater than 1. We consider those finite p-groups P, which satisfy the following conditions:

(1.1) P has subgroups R and Q, both of index p, and there is an isomorphism φ of R onto Q which does not fix any non-identity subgroup of R setwise.

Two point sets H and K are said to be strongly separated if there exist two mutually exclusive domains DH and DK containing H and K respectively such that either and are mutually exclusive or · is R. L. Moore has shown [2, Theorem 153, Chapter I] that if S is a normal Moore space and H and K are two mutually separated point sets then H and K are strongly separated. In this paper it is shown that if 5 is a Moore space, (1) H and K are two mutually separated point sets and (2) the closure of the set of all boundary points of H which do not belong to is compact, then H and K are strongly separated.

We suppose throughout that p is a non-negative integer, and use the following notations:

where (n = 0 , 1 , 2 , … );

In this paper, we continue the study of integral extensions begun in [7]. Whereas in the previous paper, we dealt exclusively with the extension A[x]/(α(x)), α(x) a monic polynomial over A, we now deal with arbitrary integral extensions. Applications of the results presented herein will be made in subsequent papers.

To simplify our presentation, we make the following conventions. By an algebra, we will always mean a commutative complex algebra with an identity element, usually denoted by e

In recent years the problem of concretely representing a class of nonlinear functionals on Banach spaces has received considerable attention. Suppose B is a Banach space equipped with an orthogonality relation ⊥ ⊂ B X B.

In the past thirty years, algebraic topologists have developed a great body of knowledge concerning the category of topological spaces. By contrast, corresponding problems in the category of uniform spaces have been barely touched. Lubkin [8] studied the notion of a covering space in the category of generalized uniform spaces, and suggested that much of algebraic topology could be profitably studied in this category. Deming [2] discussed the fundamental group of a generalized uniform space, and related it to the first Čech homology group. A slightly different version of Cech cohomology was defined by Kuzminov and Svedov in [7] and related to the dimension theory of uniform spaces.

Creation of mass processes were treated lately by several authors. The idea was to find some generalized Markov process that will correspond to a semigroup of operators which are not necessarily contraction operators (or equivalently to a quasi transition function which is not submarkov). It was G. A. Hunt [6] who first suggested the idea of Markov processes in which both the starting time and the terminal time are random. Such processes were constructed by Helms [4] and treated also by Nagasawa [12] and the author [10].

In 1956 CD. Papakyriakopoulos showed [5] that the complement C of a 1-sphere S1 tamely imbedded in a 3-sphere S3 is aspherical; that is, that for all i ≧ 2, πi(C) = 0. In this note we show that for n ≧ 2 the complement C of an n-sphere Sn smoothly imbedded in Sn+2 is aspherical only if the fundamental group of C is infinite cyclic. Combined with results of J. Stallings [6] or of J. Levine [3], this implies that if the complement of an Sn smoothly imbedded in Sn+2 is aspherical, n ≥ 4 , then Sn is topologically unknotted in Sn+2.

In a finite graph with no loops nor multiple edges, two points a and b are said to be connected by an r-way, or more explicitly, by a line r-way a — b if there are r paths, no two of which have lines in common (although they may share common points), which join a to b. In this note we demonstrate that any graph with n points and 3n — 2 or more lines must contain a pair of points joined by a 6-way, and that 3n — 2 is the minimum number of lines which guarantees the presence of a 6-way in a graph of n points.

In the language of [3], this minimum number of lines needed to guarantee a 6-way is denoted U(n). For the background of this problem, the reader is referred to [3].

Suppose X is a Banach space and T a continuous linear operator on X. The significance of the asymptotic convergence of T for the approximate solution of the equation (I - T)x = f by means of the Picard iterations was clearly shown in Browder's and Petryshyn's paper [1], The results of [1] have stimulated further investigation of the Picard, and more generally, averaging iterations for the solution of linear and nonlinear functional equations [2; 3; 4; 8; 9]. Kwon and Redheffer [8] analyzed the Picard iteration under the mildest possible condition on T, namely that T be continuous and linear on a normed (not necessarily complete) space X. The results of [8] (still waiting to be extended for the averaging iterations) seem to give the most complete story of the Picard iterations for the linear case. Only when T is subject to some further restrictions, such as asymptotic 4-boundedness and asymptotic A -regularity, one can agree with Dotson [4] that the iterative solution of linear functional equations is a special case of mean ergodic theory for affine operators. This thesis is rather convincingly demonstrated by results of De Figueiredo and Karlovitz [2], and Dotson [3], and most of all by Dotson's recent paper [4], in which the results of [1; 2; 3] are elegantly subsumed under the afrine mean ergodic theorem of Eberlein-Dotson.

A differential form α of degree r on an n-manifold is exact if there exists a form β of degree r — 1 such that α = dβ and is closed if dα = 0. Since d-d = 0 any exact form is closed. The Poincaré lemma asserts that a closed differential form of positive degree is locally exact. There is also a complex form, proved by Cartan-Grothendieck, of the Poincaré lemma in which the operator d has a decomposition into components and .

Let R be a ring with identity, and let C be a small, nonempty category. We denote the category of right R-modules by AbR and the category of contravariant functors C → AbR by AbRC*. The limit functor

is left exact, and its kth right derived functor is denoted by colimk. The R-cohomological dimension of C is defined by

If there is a unitary ring homomorphism R→S, then it is not difficult to show that cdsC ≦ cdRC.

Let Y be a complex Banach space, U an open subset of Y, f a mapping of U into Y. Then f is said to be complex analytic if for each pair of elements x and y of Y with x in U, the function f(x + ξy) of the single complex variable ξ is analytic in ξ on some neighbourhood of the origin.

In 1958, G. D. Findlay and J. Lambek defined a relationship between three R-modules, A ≦ B(C), to mean that A ⫅ B and every R-homomorphism from A into C can be uniquely extended to an irreducible partial homomorphism from B into C. If A ≦ B(B), then B is called a rational extension of A and in [5] it is shown that every module has a maximal rational extension in its injective hull which is unique up to isomorphism. A module is called rationally complete provided it has no proper rational extension.

A graph X is a set V(X) (the vertices of X) with a system E(X) of 2-element subsets of V(X) (the edges of X). Let X, Y be graphs and f : V(X) → V(Y) a mapping; then/ is called a homomorphism of X into F if [f(x),f(y)] ∈ E(Y) whenever [x,y] ∈ E(X). Endomorphisms, isomorphisms and automorphisms are defined in the usual manner.

Much work has been done on the subject of representing groups as groups of automorphisms of graphs (i.e., given a group G, to find a graph X such that the group of automorphisms of X is isomorphic to G). Recently, this was related to category theory, the main question being as to whether every monoid (i.e., semigroup with 1) can be represented as the monoid of endomorphisms of some graph in a given category of graphs.

Let X be any connected C.W. complex. Let Λ2X be the 2-fold symmetric product of X, the set of unordered pairs (not necessarily distinct) of elements of X. Let ΔX ⊂ X2 be the diagonal, and also (by a slight abuse of notation) let ΔX ⊂ Λ2X also denote the set of unordered pairs {x, x}.

From Euclid to Hilbert, and beyond, the primitive terms of geometry have been taken as “point,” “line,” etc., while “distance” plays a secondary role. The reversal of this situation is a modern development. Frechet [4], in 1906 first considered the properties of distance which should be formalized. The most significant contributions to the geometric properties of metric spaces have been by Menger [10] and Blumenthal [2; 3].

The aim of this paper is to study a decomposition of finite T0 spaces into topological entities called chains and cells. These objects behave like complete units under homeomorphisms and they appear to be useful in investigating certain aspects of finite spaces. As an elementary illustration of how these entities can be used, the concept of an A2 space is introduced (in the next paragraph) and it is demonstrated that the order of the automorphism group of an A2 space is expressible as 2t, for some t ≧ 0.

Consider a positive integer r > 1. We say that the rth root problem is solvable for a group G if we can decide for any W ॉ G whether or not W has an rth root, i.e. whether or not there exists V ॉ G such that W = Vr.

Baumslag, Boone and Neumann [1] proved that there exists a finitely presented group with all root problems unsolvable. Here we are concerned with the relationship between the different root problems.

Gp = (V, X) is a graph on p vertices, with vertex set V and edge set X. Occasionally, to avoid ambiguity, V and X will be written V(GP) and X(GP), respectively.