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A scoping review of chronotype and temporal patterns of eating of adults: tools used, findings, and future directions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 May 2021

Yan Yin Phoi Open the ORCID record for Yan Yin Phoi [Opens in a new window] ,
Michelle Rogers ,
Maxine P. Bonham ,
Jillian Dorrian  and
Alison M. Coates
Yan Yin Phoi
Affiliation:
UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
Michelle Rogers
Affiliation:
UniSA Justice and Society, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
Maxine P. Bonham
Affiliation:
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
Jillian Dorrian
Affiliation:
UniSA Justice and Society, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
Alison M. Coates*
Affiliation:
UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
*
* Corresponding author: Alison Coates; email: alison.coates@unisa.edu.au
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Abstract

Circadian rhythms, metabolic processes and dietary intake are inextricably linked. Timing of food intake is a modifiable temporal cue for the circadian system and may be influenced by numerous factors, including individual chronotype – an indicator of an individual’s circadian rhythm in relation to the light–dark cycle. This scoping review examines temporal patterns of eating across chronotypes and assesses tools that have been used to collect data on temporal patterns of eating and chronotype. A systematic search identified thirty-six studies in which aspects of temporal patterns of eating, including meal timings; meal skipping; energy distribution across the day; meal frequency; time interval between meals, or meals and wake/sleep times; midpoint of food/energy intake; meal regularity; and duration of eating window, were presented in relation to chronotype. Findings indicate that, compared with morning chronotypes, evening chronotypes tend to skip meals more frequently, have later mealtimes, and distribute greater energy intake towards later times of the day. More studies should explore the difference in meal regularity and duration of eating window amongst chronotypes. Currently, tools used in collecting data on chronotype and temporal patterns of eating are varied, limiting the direct comparison of findings between studies. Development of a standardised assessment tool will allow future studies to confidently compare findings to inform the development and assessment of guidelines that provide recommendations on temporal patterns of eating for optimal health.

Keywords

ChrononutritionChronotypeTemporal meal patternsMeal timingMeal regularity
Type
Review Article
Information
Nutrition Research Reviews , Volume 35 , Issue 1 , June 2022 , pp. 112 - 135
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Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society

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