Investigations have shown that several types of reproduction commonly occur in the Coccoidea. Some soecies reproduce in the usual sexual manner. some parhenogenetically, some by either of these two methods depending upon whether or not fertilization takis place; others reproduce hermaphroditically. The type of reproduction is not confined to any particular group but is found throughout the superfamily.

There have been few quantitative studies on the role of woodpeckers in control of insect pests. Hutchison (1951) and Wygant (1958) pointed out the importance of these predators in reducing outbreaks of the Engelmann spruce beetle and Knight (1958) established a means of assessing the value of woodpeckers by correlating their activity with beetle survival but made no attempt to measure the numbers of woodpeckers in an area.

In 1906 Nathan Banks described a species, Phryganea latipennis, based on a single male specimen which he had received in a collection of caddisflies from Japan. Assignment of this species to the family Phryganeidae has always seemed the logical course because the adults possessed the typical phryganeid characters of ocelli, four-segmented maxilary palpi in the male, and five-segmented palpi in the female, with a tibia1 spur cout of 2, 4, 4. That the species was a phryganeid has never been questioned in the past, and in a preliminary revision of the familyPhrygancidae, Martynov (1924) created a new genus Phryganopsis for the single species latipennis Banks . A second species, cornuta, from Burma, was added to the genus by Kimmins (1950). It was not until 1951 that the larva and case of P. latipennis were figured and briefly described by Tsuda. This was the first published information on the immature stages of the genus, and the structures of the pupa have still not been made known.

Heinrich (1956) records four species of Dioryctria from Canada. Material in the Canadian National Collection includes eight species from Canada, two of them new. Also, one of the species recorded by Heinrich was in my opinion misidentified by him. In this paper I describe the new species, and give locality records and photographs of the other Canadian species, notes on taxonomy and host associations, and a key to the Canadian species.

In the late 1940's significant increases in the population of the spruce budworm, worm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), occurred in northern New Brunswick and culminated in a severe outbreak of this major forest pest. The outbreak has been the subject of intensive investigations dealing with emergency chemical control operations (Webb, 1956) and with a long-term study of the population dynamics of the budworm. The latter program, called the Green River Project, is located on the Green River Watershed in northwestern New Brunswick. Its objectives, the co-operating agencies involved, the mortality factors being studied, and methodology have been discussed elsewhere by Morris et al. (1956), Morris (1951), Morris and Miller (1954), and Morris (1955).

Adelges cooleyi (Gill.) causes galls on spruce in the forests and on shelter-belt and shade-tree plantings in Alberta. The alternate host is Douglas fir, on which the injury is less conspicuous. The tree species affected are white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, Engelmann spruce, P. engelmanni Parry, and blue Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. A. cooleyi is indigenous to North America.

Any realistic mathematical model of insect pest population dynamics to be used in maximizing control efficiency must mimic the effects of weather, the habitat, other organisms of various specles, food, and chemicals applied by man. However. before such a model can be constructed. suitable mathematical formulations for the mechanismof each type of factor must be developed.

In an earlier study (Holling, 1959) the basic and subsidiary components of predation were demonstrated in a predator-prey situation involving the predation of sawfly cocoons by small mammals. One of the basic components, termed the functional response, was a response of the consumption of prey by individual predators to changes of prey density, and it appeared to be at least theoretically important in population regulation: Because of this importance the functional response has been further examined in an attempt to explain its characteristics.

The group of species related to Rhamphomyia basalis Loew is characterized in the male by an enlarged femorotibial joint of the hind leg and usually by modifications of the femur or tibia or both, and in the female by broad, usually infuscated wings and more or less pennate legs.

Rupert's excellent revision (1949) has greatly clarified the classification of the North American species of P1agodis. One of the most interesting features of Rupert's work was his demonstration by rearing that what had previously been considered a distinct species, P1agodis keutzingaria Packard, was in fact the spring generation of the aestival P. phlogosmia Guenée. By analogy it followed that P. schuylkillensis Grossbeck must be considered the summer generation of P. purpuraria Pearsall and P. arrogaria Hulst that of P. fervidaria Herrich-Schaeffer. Rupert was thus able to group in three species elements that had previously been distributed among six.

Although the common aphids that infest Solanum tuberosum L. in North America and Europe appear to be the same, different scientific names are used for them on the two continents. This unsatisfactory situation is confusing to both entomologists and virologists and shouId be corrected. This paper presents the preferred scientific names. Only the most important synonyms are discussed.

Whilst we were examining a large number of Acridoidea in connection with current morphological studies, an interesting specimen of Eyprepocnemis plorans ornatipes (Walker) came to our notice. The specimen, a female with three compound eyes, was discovered among many normal examples of the same species kindly provided for study from stock reared under artificial conditions at the Anti-Locust Research Centre, London, England.

Current investigations at the Forest Biology Laboratory, Winnipeg, are being directed towards the formulation of life tables for the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.) (Lejeune, 1955). Because small mammal predation is a major factor in reducing cocoon populations of the sawfly (Buckner, 1953), an adequate method of assessing this source of mortality is desirable

The extensive coniferous stands in northwestern Ontario have been subjected to repeated widespread outbreaks of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (5). About 1939 two such outbreaks originated almost simultaneously, one on the west shores of Lake Nipigon and the other south of Lac Seul approximately 180 miles farther west. Each outbreak eventually covered thousands of square miles and was responsible for the destruction of hundreds of square miles of balsam fir forest. Studies of the parasite complex attacking the spruce budworm in northwestern Ontario and the assessment of its general influence on budworm population trends were initiated in the Lake Nipigon outbreak in 1946 by Professor N. R. Brown, now of the University of New Brunswick, and were further developed by the senior author from 1947 to 1950. Similar investigations were initiated by the junior author in the Lac Seul outbreak in 1950 and continued until 1954. Studies in both areas were continued on a limited basis until 1956 through the co-operation of several research officers.

The culture of black flies in the laboratory has been investigated by a number of workers in recent years. Attempts to establish continuous colonies failed, but adults were reared from eggs or first-instar larvae of Simulium aureum Fries and S. erythrocephalum (Deg.) by Puri (1925), of S. ornatum Meig. by Smart (1934), of S. trivittatum Mall., S. callidum (D. & S.), S. metallicum Bell., and Gigantodax wrighti V., Mand D. by Vargas (1945) and Dalmat (1955), of S. ornatipcs Skuse by Maclrerras and Mackerras (1948), and of S. salopiense Edw. by Zivkovic (1951). Flowing water for the larvae was provided by bubbling compressed air through the water or by using a natural stream. Food consisted of algae, skim milk powder, powdered yeast, or “ground purina”.

In the course of recent field studies in southern Alberta on the behaviour of adults of the sugar-beet wireworm, Limonius californicus (Mann.), it has been observed that the males spend much of their time after emergence resting on small clods of earth with their heads pointed upward into the breeze and with their antennae waving as though testing for odours. When they appeared to scent a female they moved into the breeze, crawling or flying, depending on the velocity of the wind. As they neared the female they became increasingly agitated, but when in close proximity to her they seemed confused and often passed within an inchof her. Eventually one of them located her and mating occurred almost immediately. The remaining males finally dispersed after crawling repeatedly around and over the copulating pair. These observations suggested that the females, soon aftcr emerging, release a sex attractant.

The clover cutworm, Scotogramma trifolii (Rott.), has been recorded from a wide variety of host plants, but there are few records in the literature associating it with cole crops. Riley (1893) recorded it from cabbage in Maryland. Gibson (1915) recorded it from turnip and cabbage in Canada. Forbes (1951) and Frost (1955) listed cabbage as a host plant in New York and Pennsylvania, respectively. In 10 years' studies on caterpillars on cabbage in the Ottawa VaIley, 1949 to 1958, numbers of the clover cultworm on cabbage were almost always negligible. However, in the early summer of 1956 it occurred throughout the area in significant numbers, and in a study field of early cabbage at Merivale, Ontario, caused sufficient damage to affect the market value of the crop.

In southern Alberta there are several species of aphids that produce galls on poplar trees (Harper, 1959). These aphids are all in the subfamily Eriosomatinae and in the genera Pemphigus Hartig, Thecabius Koch, and Mordwilkoja Del. G. Two of the species are of economic importance, Pemphigus betae Doane, a pest of sugar beets in Alberta and parts of United States (Harper, 1957; Maxson, 1916; Parker, 1915), and Pemphigus populitransversus Riley, a serious pest of crucifers in Texas (Wene and White, 1953). Both species overwinter on poplar as eggs. In spring the fundatrix emerges from the egg and feeds on the poplar leaf, initiating a gall in which the winged fundatrigeniae are produced. During the summer the fundatrigeniae migrate to the secondary host where they produce the wingless alienicolae; in the fall these in turn produce the winged sexuparae, which migrate to the poplars where they produce the wingless sexuales. The female sexuales, after mating, deposit eggs on the poplars to complete the life cycle (Harper, 1957; Jones and Gillette, 1918; Parker, 1914).