Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-06T02:10:53.576Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Spruce Budworm Parasite Studies in Northwestern Ontario1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

Extract

The extensive coniferous stands in northwestern Ontario have been subjected to repeated widespread outbreaks of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (5). About 1939 two such outbreaks originated almost simultaneously, one on the west shores of Lake Nipigon and the other south of Lac Seul approximately 180 miles farther west. Each outbreak eventually covered thousands of square miles and was responsible for the destruction of hundreds of square miles of balsam fir forest. Studies of the parasite complex attacking the spruce budworm in northwestern Ontario and the assessment of its general influence on budworm population trends were initiated in the Lake Nipigon outbreak in 1946 by Professor N. R. Brown, now of the University of New Brunswick, and were further developed by the senior author from 1947 to 1950. Similar investigations were initiated by the junior author in the Lac Seul outbreak in 1950 and continued until 1954. Studies in both areas were continued on a limited basis until 1956 through the co-operation of several research officers.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1959

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Arthur, A. P., and Coppel, H. C.. 1953. Studies on dipterous parasites of the spruce budworm, Christoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). 1. Sarcophaga aldrichi Park. (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Can. J. Zool. 31: 374391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2.Balch, R. E. 1952. The spruce budworm and aerial forest spraying. Can. Geog. Jour. 45: 201209.Google Scholar
3.Belyea, R. M. 1952. Death and deterioration of balsam fir weakened by spruce budworm defoliation in Ontario. Part II. An assessment of the role of associated insect species in the death of severely weakened trees, J. Forestry 50: 729738.Google Scholar
4.Bess, H. A. 1945. A measure of the influence of natural mortality factors on insect survival. Annals Ent. Soc. America 38: 472481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5.Blais, J. R. 1954. The recurrence of spruce budworm infestations in the past century in the Lac Seul area of northwestern Ontario. Ecology 35: 6271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6.Blais, J. R. 1958. The vulnerability of balsam fir to spruce budworm attack in northwestern Ontario, with special reference to the physiological age of the tree. For. Chron. 34: 405422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7.Blais, J. R., Prentice, R. M., Sippell, W. L., and Wallace, D. R.. 1955. Effects of weather on the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hbn., in central Canada in the spring of 1953. Can. Ent. 87: 18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8.Blais, J. R., and Martineau, R.. 1958. Status of the spruce budworm in the lower St. Lawrence and Gaspe Peninsula at the end of 1958 with special reference to spraying operations. Can. Dept. Agr., For. Biol. Div., Bi-Mon. Prog. Rept. 14 (6).Google Scholar
9.Brown, N. R. 1946. Studies on parasites of the spruce budworm, Archips fumiferana (Clem.) I. Life history of Apanteles fumiferanae Vier. Can. Ent. 78: 121129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10.Brown, N. R. 1946. Studies on parasites of the spruce budworm, Archips fumiferana (Clem.) II. Life history of Glypta fumiferanae (Vier.) Can. Ent. 78: 138147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11.Burks, B. D. 1952. The North American species of Syntomosphyrum (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 54: 258264.Google Scholar
12.Coppel, H. C. 1947. The collection of spruce budworm parasites in British Columbia with notes on their overwintering habits. Ent. Soc. Ont. Ann. Rept., 1946. 77: 38, 40.Google Scholar
13.Daviault, L. 1950. Les parasites de la tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.) dans la province de Québec. Rept. Que. Soc. Prot. Plants, 1948–49, pp. 4147.Google Scholar
14.de Gryse, J. J. 1947. Noxious forest insects and their control. In the Canada Year Book 1947, Dept. Trade and Commerce, Ottawa, Canada.Google Scholar
15.Dowden, P. B., Buchanan, W. D., and Carolin, V. M.. 1948. Natural control factors affecting the spruce budworm. J. Econ. Ent. 41: 457464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16.Dowden, P. B., and Carolin, V. M.. 1950. Natural control factors affecting the spruce budworm in the Adirondacks during 1946–48. J. Econ. Ent. 43: 774783.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17.Fettes, J. J. 1951. Investigations of sampling techniques for population studies of the spruce budworm on balsam fir in Ontario. Unpublished thesis, University of Toronto.Google Scholar
18.Halliday, W. E. D. 1937. A forest classification for Canada. Bull. 89, For. Res. Div. Dept. Resources and Development, Ottawa, Canada.Google Scholar
19.Jaynes, H. A. and Drooz, A. T.. 1952. The importance of parasites in the spruce bud-worm infestations in New York and Maine, J. Econ. Ent. 45: 1057–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20.Krombein, K. V. 1958. Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico. U.S.D.A. Agric. Monog. 2, First Supplement. 305 pp.Google Scholar
21.McGugan, B. M. 1948. The importance of native parasites. Can. Dept. Agr., For. Ins. Investig., Bi-Mon. Prog. Rept. 4 (6).Google Scholar
22.McGugan, B. M. 1955. Certain host-parasite relationships involving the spruce budworm. Can. Ent. 87: 178187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23.Miller, C. A. 1955. A technique for assessing spruce budworm larval mortality caused by parasites. Can. J. Zool. 33: 517.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24.Morris, R. F. 1955. The development of sampling techniques for forest defoliators, with particular reference to the spruce budworm. Can. J. Zool. 33: 225294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25.Morris, R. F. 1957. The interpretation of mortality data in studies on population dynamics. Can. Ent. 89: 4969.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26.Morris, R. F. 1959. The single-factor approach in population dynamics. Ecology. In press.Google Scholar
27.Morris, R. F., and Miller, C. A.. 1954. The development of life tables for the spruce budworm. Can. J. Zool. 32: 283301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28.Prentice, R. M., and Hildahl, V.. 1959. Provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Annual Rept. For. Ins. & Dis. Survey, Can. Dept. of Agr., 1958, pp. 6271.Google Scholar
29.Ross, D. A. 1952. Key to the puparia of dipterous parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.). Can. Ent. 84: 108112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30.Sippell, W. L., and Mac, J. E.Donald. 1959. Province of Ontario. Annual Rept. For. Ins. & Dis. Surv., Can. Dept. of Agr., 1958, pp. 3851.Google Scholar
31.Thompson, W. R. 1939. Biological control and the theories of the interaction of populations. Parasitology 31: 299388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32.Tothill, J. D. 1923. Notes on outbreaks of spruce budworm, forest tent caterpillar, and larch sawfly in New Brunswick. Proc. Acadian Ent. Soc. 1922. 8: 172182.Google Scholar
33.Townes, H., and Townes, M.. 1959. Ichneumon-flies of America north of Mexico: 1. Subfamily Metapiinae. Bull. 216, U.S.N.M., Washington, D.C. pp. 318.Google Scholar
34.Turner, K. B. 1952. The relation of mortality of balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., caused by the spruce budworm, Christoneura fumiferana (Clem.), to forest composition in the Algoma forest of Ontario. Can. Dept. Agr. Pub. 875, p. 107.Google Scholar
35.Webb, F. E., Macdonald, D. R., and Cameron, D. G.. 1959. Aerial spraying against spruce budworm in New Brunswick — 1958. Can. Dept. Agr., For. Biol. Div., Bi-Mon. Prog. Rept. 15 (1).Google Scholar
36.Wellington, W. G. 1952. Air mass climatology of Ontario north of Lake Huron and Lake Superior before outbreaks of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), and the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hbn. Can. J. Zool. 30: 114127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37.Wilkes, A., and Anderson, M.. 1947. Notes on the recovery of the introduced parasite, Phytodietus fumiferanae Rohw., in eastern Canada. Ent. Soc. Ont. Ann. Rept. 1946. pp. 40–44.Google Scholar
38.Wilkes, A., Coppel, H. C., and Mathers, W. G.. 1958. Notes on the insect parasites of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), in British Columbia. Can. Ent. 80: 138155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar