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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 April 2025

Edited by
Kathleen Claussen ,
Manfred Elsig  and
Rodrigo Polanco
Kathleen Claussen
Affiliation:
Georgetown University, Washington DC
Manfred Elsig
Affiliation:
Universität Bern, Switzerland
Rodrigo Polanco
Affiliation:
Universität Bern, Switzerland
Type
Chapter
Information
The Concept Design of a Twenty-First Century Preferential Trade Agreement
Trends and Future Innovations
 , pp. 421 - 430
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NC
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), 18–19, 33, 203, 267, 270, 361
Agreement on Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary Measures (SPS), See SPS
Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM), 188, 189–190, 192–193, 201, 205, 212–213, 219–220
Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), See TBT
Allee, Todd, 367
ANZTEC, 324
APEC
Business Travel Card programme, 268
digital economy, 157
fossil fuel subsidies, 329
mutual recognition, 63–64
Mutual Recognition Arrangement for Conformity Assessment of Telecommunications Equipment, 64
Mutual Recognition Arrangement for Equivalence of Technical Requirements, 64
Privacy Framework, 154
regulatory coherence, 180–181
regulatory convergence, 393–394
‘spaghetti bowl’ problem, 249
ASCM, 188, 189–190, 192–193, 201, 205, 212–213, 219–220
ASEAN
cross-border movement, 267–268
dispute settlement, 372–373, 380
Japan–ASEAN PTA, 30
RCEP, 27–28, 55, 142
regulatory convergence, 396
subsidies, 199
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), See APEC
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), See ASEAN
Australia
ANZCERTA, 395–396
Australia–China PTA, 25–26, 173
ECTA, 29, 268
IA-CEPA, 27, 268
IPR, 110
PAFTA, 268, 270–271
US–Australia FTA, 49
Australia–China PTA, 25–26, 173
Australia–India Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (ECTA), 29, 268
Australia–New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreements (ANZCERTA), 395–396
Bahrain, 49
Brazil, 179, 182–183, 406
Brazil–Chile FTA, 179, 182–183, 406
Cambodia, 298
Canada
Canada–Columbia FTA, 49
Canada–Jordan FTA, 49
COVID-19, 115–116
IPR, 110–111
NAALC, 297, 298
TRIPS Agreement, 115–116
USCAFTA, 249 See also CETA; NAFTA; USMCA,
Canada–Columbia FTA, 49
Canada–Jordan FTA, 49
CEDAW, 350–352
CETA
agreement scope, 61
annexes and protocols, 68, 77
climate change, 325–326
Committee on Trade in Goods, 67
compliance, 73
cross-border movement, 269
dispute settlement, 66–67, 76, 375, 413
emergency measures, 75
equivalence, 64, 71
foreign investment, 171–172, 173, 325–326
international standards, 62
labour provisions, 298
mutual recognition, 63
non-discrimination, 138–139
overview, 26
procurement model, 138–139
public policy goals, 217
ratification of, 4
regional adaptation, 70
regulation, 326
regulatory convergence, 398–400, 402, 404, 405, 406, 408
SPS definitions, 69
Supplier’s Declaration of Conformity, 64
TBA Agreement (WTO), 61–62
technical consultations, 75–76
textual reuse, 49, 52
transparency, 65, 74
Chile, 157–158, 179, 182–183, 345, 354, 406
Chile–Uruguay FTA, 345
China
Australia–China PTA, 25–26, 173
China–New Zealand FTA Upgrade Agreement, 117
Dual Circulation Strategy, 232
Economic and Trade Agreement, 111, 123
IPR, 111
China–New Zealand FTA Upgrade Agreement, 117
CJEU, 4
climate change, 12
ANZTEC, 324
border carbon adjustments (BCA), 326–327, 334–335
carbon markets, 327
carbon tariffs, 121–122
digital trade, 38
EFTA, 330
environmental goods and services (EGS), 324–325, 329–331
environmental provisions, 317
environmental provisions, defensive, 318, 319–320
environmental provisions, generic, 321, 322
environmental provisions, issue specific, 321–322
environmental provisions, offensive, 318, 320–321
EU–OACPS Agreement, 323
EU–Singapore FTA, 323
EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement, 327
fossil fuel subsidies, 323–324, 327–329
governance, 318–319
investment protection, 319–320, 325–326, 331–334
IPR, 113, 125
Lomé IV Agreement, 321
multilateral agreements, 327
non-tariff measures (NTMs), 324–325, 330
overview, 316–317, 336
services PTAs, 37–38
UK–New Zealand FTA, 323–324, 327
UK–Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein FTA, 323
Cobden–Chevalier Treaty (1860), 2
Columbia, 49
COMESA, 343
Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade (WTO), 63
Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), 343
Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), See CPTPP
Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), See CETA
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW, UN), 350–352
COVID-19
cross-border movement, 258, 279–280, 281
digitalisation, 85–86
gender equality, 350
GVC, 229–230, 235, 236, 237, 246
IPR, 114
medical products, 115
regulatory convergence, 411
subsidies, 203
supply chains, 83, 98, 99
trade barriers, 103
CPTPP
agreement scope, 61
annexes and protocols, 68
compliance, 73–74
cross-border movement, 267
digital trade, 150–153
dispute settlement, 67, 76, 375, 379–380, 413
emergency measures, 75
equivalence, 64, 71–72
FCR, 273
government procurement, 140–141
international standards, 63
IPR, 113
labour rights, 300
non-discrimination, 140
overview, 26
RBC, 184
regional adaptation, 71
regulatory coherence, 180, 181–182, 401
regulatory convergence, 398–405, 406, 408–409
risk assessment, 72–73
SPS definitions, 69–70
state-owned enterprises, 34–35
Supplier’s Declaration of Conformity, 64–65
TBT Agreement (WTO), 62
technical consultations, 76
textual reuse, 52–53
trade secrets, 123
transparency, 65–66, 74–75, 140
cross-border movement, 11
ASEAN, 267–268
bilateral labour agreements, 276–278
border control, 269–270
CETA, 269
COVID-19, 258, 279–280, 281
CPTPP, 267
digital nomads, 280–281
ECTA, 268
EFTA, 272
embedded services, 264–266
EU–Japan PTA, 271
EU–UK TCA, 266–267
foreign credential recognition (FCR), 272–274
GCM, 263, 275–276, 281–282
gender equality, 274–276
GVC, 276
ICRMW, 260, 273–274
impediments to, 268–269
Japan–Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement, 271
knowledge transfer obligation, 272
MFN, 267, 274, 282
MICECA, 270
mode 3, decoupling from, 274
mode 4, definitions, 260–261
mode 4, measurement, 261
multimodal supply, 263–264
overview, 258–260, 282–285
PAFTA, 268, 270–271
regional agreements, 267–268
return obligations, 270–272
scheduling, 266–267
services PTAs, 33, 262
skill levels, 262–263
DEPA, 354
Digital Economy Partnership Agreement (DEPA), 354
digital trade, 10
CETA, 159
CPTPP, 150–153
digital economy agreements (DEAs), 156–158
European Union, 158–161
EU–South Korea FTA, 159
governance, 148–150
IPR, 125, 146
overview, 146–147, 163–164
RCEP, 161–163
regulation, 146–147
rulemaking, 148–150
services PTAs, 33–34, 37–38, 146
trade facilitation, 85–86, 90–91, 99–100
trade secrets, 122–124
USMCA, 153–156
dispute settlement, 12–13
Africa, 372
alternative resolution mechanisms, 381–382
arbitration, 377–379
ASEAN, 372–373, 380
Asia, 372–373
CETA, 66–67, 76, 375
corporate compliance, 384–385
CPTPP, 67, 76, 375, 379–380
EFTA, 371–372
enforcement, 383–384
European Union, 371, 375
exclusions, 373–374
foreign investment, 175, 177–178
global value chains (GVC), 239–240
government procurement, 136–137
India, 372
litigation, 374–376, 382
Mercosur, 372
NAFTA, 378
overview, 365, 385
public participation, 379–380
RCEP, 67, 76–77
regional trends, 369–373
regulatory convergence, 412–414
rules of procedure/evidence, 376–377
secretariats, 380–381
settlement provisions, common taxonomies, 367–368
state intervention, 213–214
transparency, 377
United States, 370–371
USMCA, 67, 76, 374–375, 376, 379–380, 384
US–Peru PTA, 384–385
WTO, 374, 378
Doha Development Agenda, 36–37, 58, 59, 69, 274
Dominican Republic–Central America FTA (CAFTA-DR), 303–305, 344–345
ECCAS, 343
Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), 343
ECTA, 29, 268
EFTA
climate change, 330
cross-border movement, 272
dispute settlement, 371–372
government procurement, 134–135
labour, 308–309
trade facilitation, 92, 93
EU–Japan PTA, 26–27, 204, 271
EU–OACPS Agreement, 323
European Free Trade Association (EFTA), See EFTA
European Union
Brexit, 86–87
carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM), 326
CJEU Opinion 2/15, 4
Common European Interest, 232
custom brokers, 92
data protection, 160–161
digital trade, 158–161
dispute settlement, 371, 375
EU AI Act, 123
EU Civil Protection Mechanism, 247
EU–Japan EPA, 204
EU–Japan PTA, 271
EU–OACPS Agreement, 323
European Chips Act, 232
European Union–Japan PTA, 26–27
EU–Singapore FTA, 323
EU–South Korea FTA, 159, 396–397
EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement, 27, 139, 217–218, 266–267, 327
EU–Viet Nam FTA, 177, 298
fees, 92–93
foreign investment, 172
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), 160–161
government procurement, 138
Green Deal Industrial Plan, 192
investment liberalisation, 174
IPR, 110
labour provisions, PTAs, 299
Maastrich Treaty, 343–344
pre-shipment inspection (PSI), 92
PTAs, 50
Trade and Technology Council (TTC), 80, 232, 395
Transatlantic Economic Council (TEC), 394–395
Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), 172, 397–398
transit disciplines, 94
transit of goods, 93
United Kingdom, 17–18 See also CETA,
EU–Singapore FTA, 323
EU–South Korea FTA, 159, 396–397
EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement, 27, 139, 217–218, 266–267, 327
EU–Viet Nam FTA, 177, 298
foreign investment, 10
administrative procedures, streamlining, 179–180
application scope, 169–170
Australia–China PTA, 173
Brazil–Chile FTA, 179, 182–183
CETA, 171–172, 173
climate change, 319–320, 325–326, 331–334
CPTPP, 180, 181–182, 184
dispute prevention, 182–183
dispute settlement, 175, 177–178
EU–Viet Nam FTA, 177
investment liberalisation, 173–175
investment protection, 170–173, 175–177
MFN, 173–174
NAFTA, 169
negative-list approach, 175
overview, 168, 185
performance requirements, 174–175
RCEP, 177, 179
regulatory coherence, 180–182
responsible business conduct (RBC), 183–184
umbrella clauses, 172
USMCA, 176
France, 2
GCM, 263, 275–276, 281–282
gender equality, 12
first generation agreements, 342–344
second generation agreements, 344–345
third generation agreements, 345–346
access to finance, 353–354
CAFTA-DR FTA, 345
CEDAW, 350–352
Chile–Uruguay FTA, 345
COMESA, 343
COVID-19, 350
cross-border movement, 274–276
DEPA, 354
digital commerce, 354–355
ECCAS, 343
enforcement/implementation mechanisms, 356–358, 361–362
future negotiations, 352–353
Maastrich Treaty, 343–344
NAFTA, 344
overview, 340–342, 362–363
Pacific Alliance, 4–5
regional variation, 346–348
transparency, 358–361
UK–New Zealand FTA, 346
USMCA, 346–347
voluntary sustainability standards, 355
WTO-extra provisions, 349–350
WTO-plus provisions, 348–349
Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM), 263, 275–276, 281–282
Global North, 33, 228, 295–297
Global South, 16–17, 33, 228, 295–297, 300
global value chains (GVC), See GVC
government procurement, 9
deep procurement agreements (DPAs), 132–137
dispute settlement, 136–137
EFTA, 134–135
MFN, 137
non-discrimination, 132–134, 135, 137, 138–139
novel issues, 137
overview, 131–132, 142–145
preferentialism, 137–138
procurement regulations, models of, 138–139
procurement thresholds, 134–135
PTAs, coverage in, 132
rulemaking, 137
services PTAs, 31–32
transparency, 136, 137
GVC, 11
CHIPS and Science Act, 230, 232
Common European Interest, 232
common inventory, 245–248
competition, 240–242
COVID-19, 229–230, 235, 236, 237, 246
cross-border movement, 276
Defense Production Act, 232
development of, 228–230
dispute settlement, 239–240
diversification, 233, 237–238
Dual Circulation Strategy, 232
European Chips Act, 232
friend-shoring, 231–233
Inflation Reduction Act, 232
investment definition, 239
labour rights, 300–301
management, 238
overview, 227–228, 252–253
regulatory cooperation, 243–245
resilience, 231, 233–235, 245, 250–252
risks, 233
rules of origin, 242, 248–250
semiconductor shortage, 229–230
services, 16, 235–237
‘spaghetti bowl’ phenomenon, 249–250
subsidies, 194–195
Trade and Technology Council, 232
trading partners, 238
transparency, 244–245
transport services, 242–243
USCAFTA, 249
IA-CEPA, 27, 268
Iceland, 323
ICRMW, 260, 273–274
India, 29, 111, 268, 270, 372
Indonesia, 27, 268
Indonesia–Australia Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (IA-CEPA), 27, 268
Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF), 144, 232
intellectual property rights (IPR), See IPR
International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (ICRMW, UN), 260, 273–274
IPEF, 144, 232
IPR, 9
AI, 122, 123
and PTAs, 109–112
and technological development, 108–109
balance and flexibility, 112–114, 116–117
compulsory licences, 115–116
CPTPP, 113
criticisms of, 108, 112
digital trade, 146
early conventions in, 106–107
economic considerations of, 107–109
information asymmetry, 107–108
medical products, 115–119
MFN, 107, 109, 114, 120, 121, 122
NAFTA, 109
overview, 124–125
public health, 115, 117, 118–119, 125
RCEP, 113
reforms, 117–119
regulatory disclosure, 123, 124
technology dissemination, 119–120
technology dissemination, revenues, 121–122
technology dissemination, tax rebates, 120–121
trade secrets, 122–124
TRIPS Agreement, 107, 112, 114, 115–116, 118, 121, 122
TRIPS-plus provisions, 109–113, 123
World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO), 106, 107, 114, 124–125
Japan
EU–Japan PTA, 26–27, 204, 271
Japan–ASEAN PTA, 29–30
Japan–Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement, 271
United Kingdom–Japan PTA, 27
US-Japan DTA, 155–156
Japan–ASEAN PTA, 29–30
Japan–Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement, 271
Johnson, Tana, 316
Jordan, 49, 298
labour, 11–12
CAFTA-DR FTA, 303–305
certification system, 308–309
CETA, 298
collective rights, 302, 303
CPTPP, 300
EFTA, 308–309
enforcement school, 297, 300
European Union, 299
EU–Viet Nam FTA, 298
free trade, 292–293
individual (substantial) rights, 302
labour provisions, international, 293–295
labour rights, 299–303
managerial school, 297
‘manner affecting trade’ issue, 303–305
NAALC, 298
NAFTA, 297–298
North–South Agreements, 295–297
overview, 291–292, 309–310
private arbitration, 307–308
Rapid Response Mechanism (RRM), 299, 306–307, 384
sanctions, 307
UCTA, 298
US–Jordan PTA, 298
USMCA, 298–299
Liechtenstein, 323
Lomé IV Agreement, 321
Maastrich Treaty, 343–344
Malaysia, 270
Malaysia–India Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (MICECA), 270
Mercosur, 29, 298, 372, 396
Mexico, 297, 298 See also NAFTA; USMCA,
MFN
Cobden–Chevalier Treaty, 2
cross-border movement, 267, 274, 282
foreign investment, 173–174
government procurement, 137
IPR, 120
regulatory convergence, 391
services PTAs, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 39
trade facilitation, 86
TRIPS Agreement, 107, 109, 114, 121, 122
MICECA, 270
most-favoured-nation (MFN), See MFN
NAALC, 297, 298
NAFTA
dispute settlement, 378
environmental provisions, 319
foreign investment, 32, 169
gender equality, 344
GVC, 238, 239
IPR, 109
labour, 297–298
USMCA, superseded by, 3
National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers (USTR, USA), 50
New Zealand
ANZCERTA, 395–396
ANZTEC, 324
China–New Zealand FTA Upgrade Agreement, 117
DEPA, 157–158, 354
UK–New Zealand FTA, 323–324, 327, 346
non-tariff measures (NTMs), 46, 330
climate change, 330
WTO and PTA overlap, 48–49 See also TBT; SPS,
North American Agreement on Labour Cooperation (NAALC), 297, 298
Norway, 323
Pacific Alliance Additional Protocol, 4
PASFTA, 4
Peru, 268, 270–271, 320–321, 384–385
Peru–Australia FTA (PAFTA), 268, 270–271
Philippines, 271
Preferential Trade Agreements, See PTAs
PTAs
Cobden–Chevalier Treaty (1860), 2
diffusion and consequences, 6–7
EU–US differences, 50
extension of scope, 5
investment provisions, 6
politicisation of, 4
popularity of, 2, 5
regional variation in, 2–5
trade agreements, 1–2
trans-regional agreements, 4–5
United Kingdom, 5
use as templates, 48–49
public–private partnerships (PPP), 113, 117–119, 125, 354
RCEP
administrative procedures, 179
agreement scope, 61
ASEAN, 27–28
compliance, 74
cross-border movement, 268
digital trade, 161–163
dispute settlement, 67, 76–77, 373
emergency measures, 75
equivalence, 64, 72
foreign investment, 177
government procurement, 141–142
international standards, 63
IPR, 113
mutual recognition, 64
overview, 27–29
regional adaptation, 71
SPS definitions, 70
Supplier’s Declaration of Conformity, 64–65
TBT Agreement (WTO), 62
technical consultations, 76
textual reuse, 55
transparency, 66, 75
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), See RCEP
regulatory convergence, 13
ASEAN, 396
Brazil–Chile FTA, 406
CETA, 398–400, 402, 404, 405, 406, 408, 413
convergence, external mechanisms, 408
convergence, internal mechanisms, 406–410
convergence, reasons for, 389–390
COVID-19, 411
CPTPP, 398–405, 406, 408–409, 413
definition of, 401
dispute settlement, 412–414
divergence, reasons for, 388–389
general principles, 403–404
history of, 390–391
implementation, 409
inter-state cooperation, 405–406
MFN, 391
OECD, 392–393
overview, 388, 415–416
private actors, 412
recent PTAs, 398–399
right to regulate, 404–405
scope, 402–403
services PTAs, 35, 40
substantive convergence, 409–412
Trade and Technology Council (TTC), 395
Transatlantic Economic Council (TEC), 394–395
typology of, 390
USMCA, 401, 403, 413–414
WTO, 391–392
SADC, 15–18
services PTAs, 8
agreement architecture, 16–17, 22–24, 39–41
Australia–China PTA, 25–26
Australia–India PTA, 29
Australia–Indonesia PTA, 27
climate change, 37–38
Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), 26
Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), 26
cross-border movement, 33, 262
developed countries, 19
developing and LDC countries, 18, 42
development assistance, 42
digital trade, 33–34, 37–38, 146
domestic regulation, non-discriminatory, 31
Eastern Europe, 27
EU–UK PTA, 27
European Union–Japan PTA, 26–27
global value chains (GVC), 235–237
governance, 32–35
government procurement, 31–32
increase in, 15
innovation in, 24
investment, 32–33
Japan–ASEAN PTA, 29–30
liberalisation, 35–39
market access, 20–21, 35–36
MFN, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 39
multilateral commitments, 16, 19
negative-list, 16–17, 23–24, 41–42
positive-list, 16–17, 22–23
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), 27–29
regional imbalances, 18, 42
regulatory convergence, 35, 40
rulemaking, 16, 30–33, 39
safeguards and subsidy discipline, 30–31
scheduling, 266–267
tourism, 37, 38
trade commitments, 36–39
Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA), 24–25
United Kingdom–Japan PTA, 27
USA, disengagement of, 21–22 See also cross-border movement,
Singapore, 157–158, 323, 354
South Korea, 159, 182, 396–397
Southern African Development Community (SADC), 15–18
SPS, 8–9, 391
annexes, 77, 78
annual increase, 46
CETA, 52
chapter design, 49–50
compliance, 73–74
CPTPP, 52–53
dispute settlement, 76–77
emergency measures, 75
equivalence, 71–72, 78
future developments, 79–80
governance, 47–48
market access, 69
overlap between mega-regionals, 51–52
RCEP, 55
regional adaptation, 70–71, 77–78
reliance on previous PTAs, 51, 57–58
risk assessment, 72–73
scope and objectives, 70
SPS Agreement (WTO), 69–70
technical consultations, 75–76
trade concerns, 46
transparency, 74–75
USMCA, 53–55
WTO SPS Agreement, 46
state intervention, 10
Agreement on Agriculture, 213
ASCM, 212–213, 219–220
common PTA elements, 215–217
dispute settlement, 213
non-discrimination standard, 214–215
overview, 211–212, 215, 218, 224
public policy goals, 214, 223
regulatory framework, 212–215, 218–220
regulatory principles, 218
regulatory standards, 218–219
services PTAs, 34–35
state enterprises, 214–215, 216, 217–218, 222–224
subsidy claims, legal thresholds, 213–214
subsidy reform, 220–222
transparency, 214, 223–224
subsidies, 10
and liberal democracy, 191–192
ASEAN, 199
balance test, 195–199, 201
embedded liberalism, 190–191
EU concept paper, 202
EU–Japan PTTA, 204
fossil fuels, 329
future governance, 204–205
hybrid policy instruments, 192–193
international trade, 189–192
overview, 188–189, 206
public body, 204–206
reforms, 193–194
regulation, variation in, 203
transparency, 199–200
Trilateral Statement, 202, 205
value-chain specificity, 194–195 See also state intervention,
Switzerland, 351
Taiwan, 324
TBT, 8–9, 391
agreement scope, 60–61
annexes and protocols, 68
annual increase, 46
CETA, 52
chapter design, 50
CPTPP, 52–53
dispute settlement, 66–67
equivalence, 64
future developments, 78–79
governance, 47–48
international standards, 62–63
mutual recognition, 63–64
overlap between mega-regionals, 51–52
RCEP, 55
reliance on previous PTAs, 51, 57–58
Supplier’s Declaration of Conformity (SDOC), 64–65
TBT Agreement (WTO), 46, 59–60, 63
TBT committee decisions, 61–62
trade concerns, 46
transparency, 65–66
USMCA, 53–55
USTR issues with, 50
TFA, 84, 86, 87, 89–90, 94–95
Thaler v. Vidal, 122
Trade and Technology Council, 80, 395
trade facilitation, 9
ambition calculations, 97
automation, 85–86, 91, 98–99
consular transactions, 93
COVID-19, 83, 85–86, 98, 99, 103
custom brokers, 92
digitalisation, 85–86, 91, 99–100
duplication of disciplines, 97–99
EFTA, 92, 93
fees, 92–93
geographic constraints, 96
global trade transformation, 85–86
implementation, 95, 100–103
international standards, 91–92
MFN, 86
overview, 83–87, 103–104
pre-shipment inspection (PSI), 92
reforms, 88–89, 99
regional variation, 86
resilience, 88
size and reform, 95–96
supply chains, 83–84, 85, 87–88, 98, 99
Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA, WTO), 84, 86, 87, 89–90, 94–95
transit disciplines, 94
transit of goods, 93
trends in, 90–92
Ukraine war, 83
value calculations, 96–97
Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA), 84, 86, 87, 89–90, 94–95
Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), 172, 397–398
Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), 3, 4, 49
TRIPS Agreement
and TRIPS-plus provisions, 109
compulsory licenses, 115–116
IPR, 107, 112
MFN, 114
patents, 122
public health, 115–116, 118
technology dissemination, 120
trade secrets, 122
TTIP, 172, 397–398
U.S.–Canada Free Trade Agreement (USCAFTA), 249
UCTA, 298
UK–New Zealand FTA, 323–324, 327, 346
UK–Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein FTA, 323
United Kingdom
Brexit, 86–87
Cobden–Chevalier Treaty (1860), 2
EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement, 27, 139, 217–218, 266–267, 327
PTAs, 5
service PTAs, 17–18
transit disciplines, 94
UK–New Zealand FTA, 323–324, 327, 346
UK–Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein FTA, 323
United Kingdom–Japan PTA, 27
United Kingdom–Japan PTA, 27
United States
CAFTA-DR FTA, 303–305, 344–345
CHIPS and Science Act, 230, 232
Defense Production Act, 232
digital trade, 148
dispute settlement, 370–371
Economic and Trade Agreement, 111, 123
Inflation Reduction Act, 232
Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), 192
IPR, 110
NAALC, 297, 298
PTAs, 50
PTAs, disengagement from, 21–22
TBT, USTR issues with, 50
Thaler v. Vidal, 122
Trade and Technology Council (TTC), 80, 232, 395
Transatlantic Economic Council (TEC), 394–395
Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), 172, 397–398
Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), 3, 4, 49
UCTA, 298
US–Australia FTA, 49
US–Bahrain FTA, 49
USCAFTA, 249
US–Japan DTA, 155–156
US–Jordan PTA, 298
US–Peru PTA, 320–321, 384–385 See also NAFTA; USMCA,
United States–Canada–Mexico Agreement (USMCA), See USMCA
Uruguay, 345
US–Australia FTA, 49
US–Bahrain FTA, 49
USCAFTA, 249
US–Cambodia Textile Agreement (UCTA), 298
US–China Phase One Trade Agreement, 111
US–Japan DTA, 155–156
US–Jordan PTA, 298
USMCA
agreement scope, 61
compliance, 73–74
customs duties and taxes, 93–94
digital trade, 153–156
dispute settlement, 33, 67, 76, 374–375, 376, 379–380, 413–414
emergency measures, 75
equivalence, 64, 71–72
gender equality, 346–347
government procurement, 138
international standards, 62–63
investment protection, 176
IPR, 110
labour provisions, 298–299
mutual recognition, 63
NAFTA reform, 3
Rapid Response Mechanism (RRM), 299, 306–307, 384
regional adaptation, 70–71
regulatory convergence, 401, 403
regulatory disclosure, 123
risk assessment, 72–73
SPS definitions, 69–70
Supplier’s Declaration of Conformity, 64–65
TBT Agreement (WTO), 62, 65
technical consultations, 76
textual reuse, 49, 53–55
transparency, 65, 74–75
US–Peru PTA, 320–321, 384–385
Viet Nam, 177, 298
WIPO, 106, 107, 114, 124–125
World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO), 106, 107, 114, 124–125
WTO
Agreement on Agriculture, 213
Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM), 188, 189–190, 192–193, 201, 205, 212–213, 219–220
Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade, 63, 66
COVID-19 TRIPS Waiver, 116
dispute settlement, 374, 378
Doha Development Agenda, 58, 59, 69, 274
Information Technology Agreement (ITA), 146
Investment Facilitation for Development Agreement, 179–180, 182, 183, 184
regulatory convergence, 391–392
SPS Agreement, 69–70, 73
TBT Agreement, 46, 59–60, 63
TBT committee decisions, 61–62
Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA), 84, 86, 87, 89–90, 94–95
Trade Facilitation Committee, 93
Work Programme on Electronic Commerce, 146, 147 See also SPS; TBT; TRIPS Agreement,

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  • Index
  • Edited by Kathleen Claussen, Georgetown University, Washington DC, Manfred Elsig, Universität Bern, Switzerland, Rodrigo Polanco, Universität Bern, Switzerland
  • Book: The Concept Design of a Twenty-First Century Preferential Trade Agreement
  • Online publication: 04 April 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009484640.019
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  • Index
  • Edited by Kathleen Claussen, Georgetown University, Washington DC, Manfred Elsig, Universität Bern, Switzerland, Rodrigo Polanco, Universität Bern, Switzerland
  • Book: The Concept Design of a Twenty-First Century Preferential Trade Agreement
  • Online publication: 04 April 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009484640.019
Available formats
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  • Index
  • Edited by Kathleen Claussen, Georgetown University, Washington DC, Manfred Elsig, Universität Bern, Switzerland, Rodrigo Polanco, Universität Bern, Switzerland
  • Book: The Concept Design of a Twenty-First Century Preferential Trade Agreement
  • Online publication: 04 April 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009484640.019
Available formats
×