As the COVID-19 crisis continues, clinicians in hospital medicine, internal medicine, geriatrics, and a wide range of medical specialties face an urgent need to conduct goals-of-care conversations among older, seriously ill, and otherwise vulnerable persons. Palliative care clinicians are experts in such interactions and have already provided ample insight into these issues now facing the broader healthcare system. For instance, guidelines published by a variety of palliative care groups have provided communicative strategies and empathic language for conducting goals-of-care conversations (Center to Advance Palliative Care, 2020). So long as nonpalliative care clinicians are made aware of these resources, there appears to be sufficient information to enable them to find the language necessary for these timely and invaluable aspects of care.

However, language and communicative strategies comprise only one (albeit crucial) aspect of palliative care, and there remain other components of the goals-of-care conversation which have yet to permeate the healthcare system at this critical moment. Equally important as the now-addressed gap in communicative strategies is the lack of resources to address cognitive uncertainties as clinicians prepare for, engage in, and evaluate, goals-of-care conversations. It is not sufficient merely to communicate about goal-concordant care; caregivers must identify important components of that care itself and ensure that they are prepared to meet the difficulties therein. A framework is needed to anticipate these uncertainties and provide clinicians and patients with resources to address them. Fortunately, such a framework arises from the existing toolkit of palliative care itself.

The GOOD framework (developed at the Stanford University School of Medicine) helps clarify uncertainties in working with older patients or those with serious illness particularly, though not exclusively, during the current pandemic (Table 1) (Hallenbeck et al., Reference Hallenbeck, Katz and Statos2003). Comprised of four components (Goals, Options, Opinions, Documentation), GOOD helps clinicians assess for challenges at each step of the goals-of-care conversation. Having identified these challenges, clinicians and patients may reference outside resources to promote effective, goal-concordant care in an uncertain time. In this editorial, we provide an overview of GOOD with two primary purposes. First, to remind the palliative care community of a useful, concise pneumonic which clinicians may employ at all times, pandemic or otherwise, to compartmentalize and assess questions of uncertainty during the goals-of-care conversation. Second, to enable that same community to disperse and distribute knowledge of this framework to the broader healthcare system, and thus prepare clinicians from a wide range of specialties to provide goal-concordant-care in an uncertain time. By familiarizing themselves with this simple framework, palliative care clinicians may provide nonpalliative care health professionals with greater assurance in this timely and relevant topic, in and beyond the ongoing pandemic.

Table 1. GOOD framework^a

^a Adapted from the Stanford University School of Medicine End-of-Life Curriculum for Medical Teachers.

^b Patient Priorities Care, 2019.

^c Stanford University, 2020.

^d Veterans Health Affairs Life-Sustaining Treatments Decisions Initiative (Foglia et al., Reference Foglia, Lowery and Sharpe2019).

^e Center to Advance Palliative Care (2020).

^f UCSF, 2020.

^g Portable Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment.

^h Sudore et al., Reference Sudore, Boscardin and Feuz2017.

The first component of GOOD is the Goal, or goals, a patient may have for their care. For clinicians, this is an intuitive aspect of the goals-of-care conversation. But the same is not always true for patients, who are often unclear about their goals, or have multiple goals which contradict one another. Clinicians using GOOD may anticipate these uncertainties and arrive to the conversation prepared. They may, for instance, train themselves and their staff through interactive curricula such as Patient Priorities Care, which helps patients and clinicians clarify preferences for current and future medical treatment (Patient Priorities Care, 2019). Patients themselves can be recommended tools such as the Stanford Letter Project, which provides templates for patients to write letters for their caregivers and loved ones, specifying values and goals for medical care (Stanford University, 2020). Clinicians using GOOD can thus begin goals-of-care conversations aware that patients will often struggle to determine and describe their goals. And with this awareness, clinicians may prepare themselves to foster clarity.

The second component of GOOD, Options, refers to the medical options available to promote the patient's goals. Here, uncertainty operates in both directions. Clinicians may themselves be uncertain about available options: What resources are available to treat my patient if they are infected with COVID-19? What options exist for those seeking end-of-life care at home? And patients may struggle to understand both the range, and the meaning, of those options: Are there any other options besides being “kept alive by machines?” What does “living in a nursing home” mean? Indeed, some may not articulate these uncertainties in the first place. Anticipating these struggles, clinicians may recommend patient-facing resources found on the Center to Advance Palliative Care (CAPC) website, or video decision support tools (the latter having been shown, in randomized control trials, to facilitate end-of-life care decision-making) (Mitchell et al., Reference Mitchell, Shaffer and Cohen2018). Further information for patients (about their medical options) and clinicians (about how to communicate those options) may be found in resources provided by the Veteran's Health Administration (VHA) Life-Sustaining Treatment Decisions Initiative (LSTDI) (Foglia et al., Reference Foglia, Lowery and Sharpe2019).

After clarifying goals and options, clinicians should address the third component of GOOD: Opinions. In contrast to the prior components, here ambiguity rests largely with the provider, who is tasked with developing a clinical recommendation based on the patient's desires and situation. Clear recommendations can be elusive, however, if clinicians are uncertain about prognoses, or if, given the prognosis, the harm of a treatment would outweigh the benefits. Recommendations may be all the more elusive when trying to account for the nuanced situations of each individual patient. Using GOOD, clinicians may address these uncertainties with targeted professional resources — in the case of older adults, for instance, using the Clinical Frailty Scale or ePrognosis. The Clinical Frailty Scale is a validated tool which categorizes older patients into varying levels of fitness or frailty — with greater frailty predictive of increased risk for adverse outcomes, need for institutional care, and mortality — thus aiding clinical decision-making (Rockwood et al., Reference Rockwood, Song and MacKnight2005). The ePrognosis tool provides clinicians with evidence-based prognostic indices and mortality risk calculators for older adults (UCSF, 2020). Having used GOOD to identify their prognostic uncertainties, clinicians may employ such resources to inform their recommendations for care and ensure that their care does indeed provide, on balance, a net benefit for their patients. After developing these recommendations, they may facilitate the communication of their opinions by using one or several of the conversation guides collected by the CAPC (Center to Advance Palliative Care, 2020).

While much attention is paid to those aspects of GOOD taking place during the conversation, the final component is perhaps the most crucial: Documentation. Effective documentation is necessary to ensure goal-concordant care, but many clinicians record only the final outcomes of their goals-of-care conversations. This absence then frustrates future providers who encounter the medical records and find brief statements such as “DNR,” unqualified by nuance, situational dependency, or any notion of who, if anyone, might have more information on the patient's desires. To use DNR orders as an example, some patients select “DNR” because they believe the only other option to be mechanical ventilation and severe neurological impairment (Breu, Reference Breu2018). Others opt for resuscitation because they are not aware that such impairment is even possible. Providers must therefore understand the reasoning behind patient decisions before giving or withdrawing medical treatment — and this understanding arrives largely by thorough documentation. Clinicians may bolster their documentation practices by first referring to the “Documentation” section of the VHA LSTDI (Foglia et al., Reference Foglia, Lowery and Sharpe2019). To engage patients in the process, they should also encourage patient completion of their state Portable Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST) forms. Patient-facing resources such as Prepare for Your Care, a website shown to increase advance care planning documentation by 25–35%, may also be recommended (Sudore et al., Reference Sudore, Boscardin and Feuz2017).

As COVID-19 continues to severely impact older patients, seriously ill patients, and those otherwise considered vulnerable, clinicians should empower these individuals to receive goal-concordant care. Such preparation necessarily involves eliciting and documenting treatment goals and decisions — a practice deeply ingrained in the fabric of palliative care. Using the GOOD framework, palliative care clinicians may help other health professionals anticipate challenges in this process with which they are less familiar, and address their remaining uncertainties through targeted resources. As policymakers and public health officials strive toward the collective goal of mitigating this pandemic, clinicians of all specialties have an opportunity to honor the individual — though no less important — goals of their patients.