Index
‘Abbud, Ibrahim, 198
‘Alawi, Ahmed, 159
‘Allam, ‘Fouad, 48
‘Assal, Fathiya, 165
‘udu al-muaid (supporter member stage), 69
‘udu al-multazim (committed member stage), 69
‘udu al-muntassib (upstanding brother stage), 69
‘Umaal Taraheel (migrant workers), 80
Ababa, Addis, 260
abbans (clan-based credit systems), 231
Abdel-Fadil, Mahmoud, 32
Abgal subclan, 223
Ahl al-Sunna Wal Jama’a (People of the Sunna and the Community), 257
Ahmad, ‘Abd Allah, 185
Aidid subclan, 223
al-Atabani, Ghazi Salih al-Dein, 214
Al-Ayyam newspaper, 122
al-Banna, Hassan, 62
Al-Baraka Group, 46
Al-Baraka Investment and Development Company, 110
al-Baraka Islamic bank, 109
al-Bashir regime. See also Sudan
authoritarianism decreasing by,
coup by, 178
legitimacy of, 203
pragmatism of, 199
radical Islamists and,
struggle for political legitimacy by, 215
uprising in 2018 against,
Wanderers movement,
al-Fadil, Abd, 42
al-Ghazzali, Shaykh Mohammad, 44
al-Haj, Ali, 123
al-Hassan, Sabir Muhammad, 185
al-Hudaybi, Hassan, 44
Ali, Jabir Mohammed, 156
Ali, Magdi Mahmoud,
Ali, Mohamed, 269
al-Ittihad al-Islami (AIAI)
as political force, 259
hawwalat and, 136
history of,
recruitment,
seen as terrorists, 255
UIC association with, 256
al-Jabel, Waled, 185
al-Kamil, Shaykh Salih, 109
Alliance for Restoration of Peace and Counter Terrorism, 260
al-Mahdi, abd al Rahman, 96
al-Mahdi, Sadiq,
al-Mirghani, Ali, 96
al-Nashra, 290
al-proleteriat al-ratha (lumpenproletariate), 275
al-Qaeda network, 128
al-Said, Mustafa, 40
al-Sanussi, Ibrahim, 123
Al-Sayihoon (Wanderers) movement,
Al-Shamal Bank, 110
al-Sisi regime, 155
al-Tilmasani, Omar, 49
al-Turabi, Hassan. See also Muslim Brotherhood (Sudan), See also Sudan
Islamic Finance House and, 111
military committee member, 123
Amal hawwalat, 136
Amin, Galal, 29
Annual World Muslim Camp, 124
Ansar Sufi order,
Arab league, Somalia joining of, 141
Arab-Islamic triangle, 202
Association of the People of Assiut, 85
baltagiyya al-‘Ataat (enforcers), 303,
Bank Act of 1982 (Sudan), 111
banking system, formal
competition with black market, 202
deregulation to be more attractive for labor remittances, 51
economic reform and growth of, 37
loans to currency dealers by, 40
locations of,
banking system, informal (Egypt). See also Islamic Banks, See also Islamic Investment Companies (IICs)
closure of al-Barakat and, 16
currency dealers in, 39
economy and, 27, , ,
regulation by social networks, 35
banking system, informal (Somalia)
clans and,
importance of, 131
operation of, 135
reciprocity in,
trust networks, 135
war on terrorist finance and, 133
Bantus clan, 146
Barakat, Abdel Hamid,
Barre regime. See also Somalia
Arab league and, 141
divergent path of Somalia and, 149
fall of,
legalization of black market, , 316
nationalism policy, 230
opposition to, ,
weak state and, 139
Bellin, Eva, 30
Bianchi, Robert, 51
blood feud (Tar), 301
Borama conference, 233
brain drain due to labor migration, 26
Capital Market Authority, 158
Central Bank of Egypt (CBE), 161,
central bank, Sudan, 106
Chevron, 194
chieftainship practice, 229
China, 194
chivalrous baltagiyya, 303
City of Workers, 75
civil society organizations established by Muslim Brother,
civil war in Somalia, , 256
civil war in Sudan,
clan (Qabiliyat) solidarity, in Imbaba, 84
clan system in Somalia. See also specific clans
as variation of state building,
hawwalat reliance on, 130
intraclan conflicts, 233
Islamist movement and, 134,
state building and, 227
state disintegration and,
CNPC, 194
committed member stage (‘udu al-multazim), 69
Communist Party of Sudan (CPS),
Comprehensive Peace Agreement (Sudan), 199
construction coffee houses, 276,
construction workers. See also informal labor
labor migration and,
social organization of,
structure similar to Islamic Group,
vulnerability to boom and bust cycles,
cotton industry, 96
Council of Defenders of the Revolution (Council of Forty), 178
CPS (Communist Party of Sudan),
currency creation,
currency dealers, 39, 40, 51, See also banking system, informal, See also illicit economy/black market, See also labor remittances
Da’wa, 68
dawaleeb, 276
DCA (Democratic Alternative Charter), 207
DCIB (Development Cooperative Islamic Bank), 111
Decree 13 (Sudan), 191
Democratic Alternative Charter (DCA), 207
Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), 95
Development Cooperative Islamic Bank (DCIB), 111
devoted member stage (muhib), 69
Diab, Jihan, 32
Digil clan, 137
Dir clan, 137
dispute resolution,
doctrine of Hisba, 283
drugs, view of, 288
DUP (Democratic Unionist Party), 95
economy (Egypt)
capital flight,
informal banking system and, 27, , ,
informalization of, , 154
Muslim Brotherhood recruitment changing due to,
reform of, , 35,
economy (Somalia)
debt, 141
dependence on foreign aid, 140
remittances as central component of, 132
state disintegration and, 319
unemployment rates, 220
economy (Sudan)
debt, 103
economic reform and, 318
globalization of, 111
overview,
partition of South Sudan,
unemployment rates,
economy of war, 223
Egypt. See also banking system, informal (Egypt), See also Imbaba (Egypt), See also informal economy (Egypt), See also informal housing (Egypt), See also Islamic Banks (Egypt), See also Islamic Group (Egypt), See also Islamic Investment Companies (IICs), See also labor remittances (Egypt), See also Mubarak regime, See also Muslim Brotherhood (Egypt), See also Nasser regime, See also patronage (Egypt), See also Sadat regime
centralization by, 169
control over national economy by, 30
currency sources for,
erosion of state capacity by IICs,
expectations and outcomes in, , 323
Imbaba,
informalization of economy and, , 154
Islamic economy threatened by, 171
Islamist movement support by, 77,
labor remittance amounts, 23
overview, , 316
political developments due to recession, 16
selection of country for book, xvi
violence by al-Sisi regime, 155
Egyptian Businessmen’s Association, 51
Egyptian Islamic Jihad, 179
Egyptian Saudi Investment Bank (ESIB), 46
electoral system, state changing of, 168
enforcers (baltagiyyat al-‘Ataat), 303,
Enough (Girifna), 215
ESIB (Egyptian Saudi Investment Bank), 46
exchange rates, 39
Faisal Islamic Bank (FIB)
growth of, 47,
Islamist movement and, 129
lending policy of, 112
Muslim Brotherhood controlling, 110
staff recruitment and, 115
Faisal Islamic Bank of Sudan (FIBS), 107
familial (Assabiyyat) solidarity, 84
famine in Sudan, 113
Farah, Ahmed Yusuf,
FIBS (Faisal Islamic Bank of Sudan), 107
Financial Action Task Force (FATF), 129
Food Riots of 1977 (Egypt), 77
Foreign Currency Dealing Act (Sudan), 185
formal housing, 34
Freedom and Justice Party (JFP),
Garowe Conference,
general adherence stage (marhalat al-rabt al-‘am), 68
General Union of Sudanese Students (GUSS), 124
Gezira Cotton Irrigation Scheme, 96
Gilsenan, Michael, 97
Girifna (Enough), 215
globalization
effects of, xvii
lack of international recognition of Somaliland,
of Sudan, 111,
political conflict due to, 6
state building and, 227
GNOPC (Greater Nile Operating Petroleum Company), 194
Gouda, Mohammed, 162
Grand Conference of the Northern Peoples of Burao, 232
Greater Nile Operating Petroleum Company (GNOPC), 194
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
guddoon process, 138
GUSS (General Union of Sudanese Students), 124
Hafiz, Selim, 276
Hamdi Triangle Dialectics, 202
Hamdi, Abd al-Rahim, 184,
Harik, Ilya, 31
Hassabo, Tariq,
Hawiye clan, 137
Hilal, Ismail, 165
Hisba doctrine, 283
Husayn, Magdi, 45
I‘tikaf (meditative seclusion),
ICB (Islamic Cooperative Bank of Sudan), 111
IFM (Islamic Finance House), 111
illicit economy/black market. See also banking system, informal, See also informal labor, See also Islamic Investment Companies (IICs), See also labor remittances, See also local strongmen (baltagiyya)
hawwalat as not, 134
in Somalia, , 253
interdependence with state, 183
National Islamic Front and, 104
resurgence in Sudan,
Imbaba (Egypt). See also Islamic Group (Egypt)
kinship and social networks in,
lack of political voice by,
land speculation in, , 84
map, 325
National Party in,
social and economic history of,
state confrontation with Islamists, 156
Imbaba Youth Association, 75
indirect rule strategy in Sudan, 94
informal economy (Egypt). See also banking system, informal (Egypt), See also informal housing (Egypt), See also informal labor, See also Islamic Welfare Associations (IWAs), See also labor remittances (Egypt)
as part of GDP, 32
economic reform and growth of,
expansion of due to labor remittance,
Islamic Group and,
Islamist activism and, 91,
Mubarak regime and, 51
recession and, 263
regulation by social networks, 35
state-society relations altered by, 35
values of transactions in, 32
informal economy (Egypt):, 30
informal economy (Somalia), , See also banking system, informal (Somalia), See also labor remittances (Somalia)
informal economy (Sudan), 93, 181, 218, See also banking system, informal (Sudan), See also labor remittances (Sudan)
informal housing (Egypt)
as heterogeneous, 79
as militancy foundation,
defined, 34
employment opportunities in, 34
growth of,
in Imbaba, 76
labor remittances used for, 25,
militant Islamists and,
regulation by social networks, 35
Sadat regime and, 78
seen as,
informal labor. See also construction workers
as militancy foundation,
defined, 34
formal labor compared, 271
job security,
local strongmen compared, 303
militant Islamists and, ,
recession and, , 292
regulation by social networks, 35
structure similar to Islamic Group,
support for by Islamic Group,
vulnerability to boom and bust cycles,
informal markets, generally. See also illicit economy/black market
politics of, 8, See also banking system, informal, See also /i1headings starting with, See also labor remittances
politics of identity and,
regulation by social networks, 314
typology of,
informal unions, in Sudan, 216
informal welfare institutions, , See also Islamic Welfare Associations (IWAs), See also welfare provisioning
inheritance problems, 308
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 184
Iran, alliance with Sudan, 186
Isaaq clan. See also Somaliland
as major clan, 137
Dahabshil Company, 136
livestock trading, 143
success of, 134
Islamic Banks (Egypt)
demise of,
Islamic bourgeoisie and,
Islamist movement and, 129
Muslim Brotherhood and, 54
social welfare provisioning and, 56
state capacity and,
Islamic Banks (Sudan)
al-Baraka Islamic bank, 109
as bridges to formal markets,
commercial class built by, , 117
currency dealers and, 108
deregulation of,
failure of, 187
food hoarding by, 113
growth of,
integration of, 110
Islamist movement and, , 129
lending policy of, 112
locations of,
musharaka versus murabaha contracts, 115
purposes of, 112
staff recruitment and, , 116
Islamic bourgeoisie,
Islamic Charter Front, 100
Islamic Cooperative Bank of Sudan (ICB), 111
Islamic Finance House (IFM), 111
Islamic Group (Egypt). see also non-government (ahali) Mosques
capitalization on erosion of traditional authority,
confrontation of by state,
debt issues dealt with by, 285
discipline of members,
doctrine of Hisba, 283
dulab and,
employment crisis exploited by, 276
erosion of trust networks and,
in Imbaba,
informal housing and, 70
informal networks and, ,
kinship networks and, 300
leaders versus rank and file members, , 281
local strongmen, role of,
popular support for,
reasons to join,
recession and,
religious education and, , 295
revenue generation,
rivalry, control of,
role of women, 286,
sermons, relevance of,
social class and membership, 64
social control by,
support for workers by,
surveillance by police or state security,
tagheer al-munkar (moral degeneration), 87,
violence by,
welfare provisioning, , ,
Islamic Group (Sudan), 100
Islamic Investment Companies (IICs)
as state alternative, 46
emergence of,
erosion of state capacity by,
interpersonal trust and,
Islamic bourgeoisie and,
Islamist movement and, ,
Muslim Brotherhood and, 54
reasons for success of,
state regulation of,
Islamic Movement for Liberation (IML), 99
Islamic Welfare Associations (IWAs)
erosion of traditional authority, 324
IICs and, 45
militant Islamists and, 266,
numbers of, 56
role of, 14
social welfare provisioning as key factor in, 55
state regulation of, 56
Islamist movement (Egypt). See also Muslim Brotherhood (Egypt)
banks as empowering, 47
departure from conventional explanations for, 17
financial base for, 53
IICs and, ,
in Imbaba, 76
informal economy and, 91
legitimacy from politics for,
overview of,
social class and, 77
social welfare provisioning as key factor in,
support for politicians, 164
Islamist movement (Sudan)
factions in, 214
globalization of,
Islamic banking, , 129
parallel economy as threat to,
Sufism and, , 101
Islamist movement, generally
informal markets and,
Islamic Banks and, 129
recruitment, 12
social and economic crisis and, 324
state authoritarian and corruption boosting, 169
Sufism and, , 101,
types of, 13
Isma’il, Salah Abu, 44
Ismail, Salwa, 287
labor migration (Egypt)
characteristics of people,
factors in, 26
liberalization of, 90
receiving country conditions and, 26
rural/urban divide, 27
Labor Party, 164,
labor remittances (Egypt)
amounts of, 23
construction worker growth due to, 72
economic impacts of, 29
formal banking deregulation to get more of, 51
IICs used for, 159
impacts of, 7
inability of state to regulate, 40
informal economy expansion, ,
informal housing created by, 25,
Islamic finance and, 129
methods for, 24
reliance on,
labor remittances (Somalia)
amounts of, 220
by clan, 132,
ethnic politics and, 147
importance of, 143
Islamist movement and, 262
new companies involved in, 133
opposition to Barre and, 231
war on terrorist finance and,
labor remittances (Sudan)
economic crisis blamed on, 204
impacts of, 7
Islamic finance and, , 129
Muslim Brotherhood and, 94
recession and, 182
state banking and, 185
labor unions, , 75
Law 146 (Egypt, 1998), 158
Law 32 (Egypt, 1977), 29
Law 43 (Egypt, 1974), 29
Law of Appointing Omdas (Qarar Ta’ayeen al’Omid), 310
leftist activism, in Imbaba,
literacy education, 295
livestock trading
decrease in, 220
importance of, 141
parallel economy and,
Somaliland versus Puntland,
trust building and, 243
lumpenproletariate (al-proleteriat al-ratha), 275
Mahdi, Ali, 256
marhalat al-rabt al-‘am (general adherence stage), 68
marital relations, resolution of, 235
market crocodiles (tamasih al-suq), 187
marriages, 291
Masjid al-Nur, structure of, 294
McCormick, B. 35
meditative seclusion (I‘tikaf),
Menkhaus, Ken, 224
migrant workers (‘Umaal Taraheel), 80
militant Islamists. See also radical Islamists
as global issue, 3
benefits from state and,
capitalism and, 3
causes of,
commonalities with other extremists, 15
comprehensive solution to needed, 324
economic factors in recruitment, 12
informal housing seen as,
Muslim Brotherhood differentiation from, 175
social networks and, xvii
Somalia, , 319
terrorism distinguished from,
Mitchell, Timothy, 81
Modern Forces, 126
money laundering, 134
moral degeneration (tagheer al-munkar), 87,
morality, Muslim Brotherhood membership and, 68
Morgaan, Mahmoud, 83
Mubarak regime
assassination attempt against, 191
business groups,
informal banking system and,
informal housing promoted by, 34
Islamic Banks and, 48
strength of state under, 52
Mubarak, Jamil, 220
Mudaraba principle, 43
muhib (devoted member stage), 69
musharaka contracts, 115
Muslim Brotherhood (Egypt)
bourgeoisie emergence and,
changing political strategy of,
commitment to, 65
coordination with Labor Party, 164
customization of recruitment materials, 62
economic reform in Egypt and, 31,
golden age of,
increasing influence of,
inter-generational tensions, 171
Islamic Banks and, ,
Islamic Investment Companies and,
mobilization strategies, 58,
phases of membership, , 171
radical Islamists, differentiation from, 175
recruitment, 170,
Sadat and Mubarek and, 53,
state repression of,
Sufism and, 176
tarbiyya, , 70
Muslim Brotherhood (Somalia), 257
Muslim Brotherhood (Sudan)
additional services by, 99
civil society organizations established by,
coup by,
economic transformation and growth of,
emergence of,
growth of, 102
incorporation into state institutions,
Islamic Banks and, 110, ,
Islamic Group compared, 297
military, infiltration of,
National Islamic Front and, 101
ostentatious lifestyles of members, 190
political involvement by,
recruitment by,
revolution for national salvation and,
success of,
Sudan Socialist Union, role in, 122
welfare provisioning by, 117
Nafie, Nafie Ali, 207
Nasser regime, , 76
National Consensus Forces (NCF), 207
National Cooperative Union (NCU), 111
National Islamic Front (NIF). See also Muslim Brotherhood (Sudan), See also National Congress Party (NCP), See also Sudan
bankruptcy of, 192
becoming National Congress Party, 191
black market and, 104
coup by, 93,
currency dealers and, 108
financial policies, 181
foreign finance, 104
history of, 100
opposition to, 101
popular support for, 183
power of, 180
Revolution Command Council and,
National Memorandum for Peace, 126
National Party (NP),
NCF (National Consensus Forces), 207
NCU (National Cooperative Union), 111
Ogaden clan, 143,
Omdas and Sheiks, 307,
Operation Green Quest,
Osman, Osman Ahmad, 49
ostracism (Ta’zeer),
PAIC (Popular Arab and Islamic Congress), 179
parallel economy. See also banking system, informal, See also hawwalat, See also Islamic Banks, See also labor remittances
becoming threat to Islamic movement,
benefits of, 38
defined, 9
economic reform and, 36
labor remittances as expanding, 33
livestock trading, 141,
Somalia,
partition of South Sudan, , 209,
patronage (Egypt)
extortion and, 83
Muslim Brotherhood mobilization and, , 65
politics of in weakened state,
patronage (Somalia), , 149
PCP (Popular Congress Party), 207
PDF (Popular Defense Forces), 178
peace conferences (shir beeleed), , 241
People of the Sunna and the Community (Ahl al-Sunna Wal Jama’a), 257
Political Associations Act (1998, Sudan), 191
Popular Arab and Islamic Congress (PAIC), 179
Popular Congress Party (PCP), 207
poverty, impact of, , 323
Qarar Ta’ayeen al’Omid (Law of Appointing Omdas), 310
radical Islamists, , , 321, See also al-Bashir regime, See also Islamic Group (Egypt), See also militant Islamists
Rahanwayn clan, 137
Rawabit Iqlimiyya (Regional Associations), 85
Regional Associations (Rawabit Iqlimiyya), 85
religious education (tarbiyya), , 295
rural/urban divide, in labor migration, 27
Sadat regime
business groups,
informal banking system and,
informal housing promoted by, 34
Muslim Brotherhood and, 53
Sagemen, Marc, 312
Samatar, Abdi, 139
SCN (Sudan Change Now), 215
SDM (Somali Democratic Movements), 222
Shain, Abd al-Sabur, 44
shari’a courts in Somalia, 256
Sheikh peace conference, 242
shir beeleed (peace conferences), , 241
small firms, informal markets and, 276
SNM (Somalia National Movement), 134, ,
social class
conflicts between,
Islamic Bank lending practices and, 115
Islamic militancy and, 176
Islamist movement and, 77
Muslim Brotherhood membership and, , 77
Somalia, 149,
Sudan, 211
social morays (khaliyyas), 69
social networks. See also clan system in Somalia, See also trust networks
downside of, 11
effects of, xvii
extortion and, 84
increasing importance of, 85
informal labor and, 273,
interpersonal trust, IICs and,
non-goverment (ahali) mosques and, 295
regulation of informal markets by, 35
Somali Conference (13th), 260
Somali Democratic Movements (SDM), 222
Somali National Movement (SNM),
Somali Patriotic Movement (SPM), 222
Somali Reconciliation and Rehabilitation Council (SSRC), 260
Somalia. See also banking system, informal (Somalia), See also clan system in Somalia, See also economy (Somalia), See also Islamist movement (Somalia), See also labor remittances (Somalia), See also Puntland (Somalia), See also Somaliland, See also specific clans
as weak state, , 144
austerity programs, 220
civil war in, , 256
debt, 141
dependence on foreign aid, 140
divergent path of, 149
economy of war, 223
Ethiopia and, 259
expectations and outcomes in, 40
history of, ,
income distribution, 146
map, 326
militant Islamists,
origins of state disintegration,
overview, 317
parallel economy in,
patronage in, , 149
political developments due to recession, 16
Puntland, 224
reasons for state collapse,
selection of country for book, xvi
social networks and wealth accumulation,
sources of finance in,
state building,
state disintegration and clan networks,
war on terrorism impacts, , 133,
Somalia National Movement (SNM), 134, ,
Somali-Ethiopia war, 230
Somaliland. See also labor remittances (Somaliland)
clans in, 228
commercialization of communal and public assets, 254
inflation, , 248
informal social networks in,
lack of international recognition of,
multiparty elections versus clan-based system, 224
networks of inclusion and exclusion,
new currency in, 249
Puntland compared,
state building and, , , 236, ,
taxation, , 242
unskilled labor market, 254
South Sudan, partition of, , 209,
SPA (Sudanese Professional Association), 210
SPLM-N (Sudan People’s Liberation Movement North), 207
SPM (Somali Patriotic Movement), 222
SRF (Sudanese Revolutionary Forces), 207
SSRC (Somali Reconciliation and Rehabilitation Council), 260
state building
globalization and, 227
in Puntland (Somalia),
in Somalia,
in Somaliland, , , 236, ,
labor remittances and, 227
Tilly, Charles on, 228
trust networks and, 228
war and, , 246
state-society dichotomy, 9,
Sudan. See also al-Bashir regime, See also economy (Sudan), See also informal economy (Sudan), See also Islamic Banks (Sudan), See also labor remittances (Sudan), See also Muslim Brotherhood (Sudan), See also Sufism
al-Ittihad al-Islami and, 257
as weak state, , 98,
black market resurgence,
civil war in,
coercive apparatus of state, 205
consolidation of power,
cotton industry, 96
debt, 192
democratization resistance factors,
expectations and outcomes in, 39
famine in, 113
financial reforms in,
foreign finance,
heterogeneity of, 92
in colonial era,
indebtedness, 103
interdependence of illicit economy in, 183
International Monetary Fund and, 184
Iran alliance, 186
Islamist Authoritarianism, unraveling of,
monetary crisis in, 180
National Memorandum for Peace, 126
oil boom and,
overview, 317
partition of South Sudan, , 209,
peace agreement, 199
political developments due to recession, 16
politics of ethnicity emergence, , 217
protests of 2012,
recruitment of modern Muslims,
regional inequalities in, 103
religious divide in, 94
resource curse in, , 199
revolution for national salvation and,
rising prices in,
Salafist group, 214
sanctions against, , 191
selection of country for book, xvi
struggle for political legitimacy by, 187
uprising in 2018,
Wanderers movement,
youth movement in,
Sudan Change Now (SCN), 215
Sudan People’s Liberation Movement North (SPLM-N), 207
Sudan Socialist Union (SSU), 122
Sudanese Armed Forces,
Sudanese Islamic Bank, 112
Sudanese Professional Association (SPA), 210
Sudanese Revolutionary Forces (SRF), 207
Sufism
Ansar order,
Islamist movement and, , 101,
Khatmiyya order,
Muslim Brotherhood compared, 176
patronage and, 94
politics and,
welfare provisioning and, 117
summer camps in Sudan,
supporter member stage (‘udu al-muaid), 69
surveillance by police or state security, 286,
Ta’zeer (ostracism),
Tadamun Islamic Bank, 110
tagheer al-munkar (moral degeneration), 87,
tamasih al-suq (market crocodiles), 187
Tar (blood feud), 301
tarbiyya, , 70
tarbiyya (religious education), , 295
telecom services industry,
terrorists and terrorism
al-Ittihad al-Islami seen as, 255
failed states and,
failure of, 13
finance of, , 133
Islamist activism distinguished from,
militant Islamists distinguished from,
Somalia,
TFG (Transitional Federal Government),
TNA (Transitional National Assembly), 191
Toth, James, 275
Transitional Federal Government (TFG),
Transitional National Assembly (TNA), 191
trust networks. See also social networks
erosion of, 282,
extortion and, 84
IICs and,
Islamic Investment Companies and,
Muslim Brotherhood and, , 63
Somalia hawwalat and, 135
state building and, 228
Tur, Abd al-Rahman ‘Ali, 233
UIC (Union of Islamic Courts), 225
UN Resolution 1514 (1960), 235
unemployment rates, Sudan,
Union of Islamic Courts (UIC)
al-Ittihad al-Islami, association with, 256
Alliance for Restoration of Peace and Counter Terrorism and, 260
clannism and,
Ethiopia and, 259
success of, 260
takeover of Mogadishu, 225,
United Somali Congress (USC), , 232
United States, war on terrorist finance in Somalia, , 133
University of Gezira student killings, 217
unskilled labor market, 254
upstanding brother stage (‘udu al-muntassib), 69
USC (United Somali Congress), , 232
Wahba, Jackline, 35
Wahdat al-Shabaab al-Islam, 257
Wanderers (Al-Sayihoon) movement,
war
civil war in Somalia, , 256
civil war in Sudan,
economy of war, 223
interstate versus intrastate,
state building and, , 246
weddings, 291
welfare provisioning. See also Islamic Welfare Associations (IWAs)
in Imbaba, 88
Islamic Banks and, 56
Islamic Group and, , ,
Islamic movement and,
Sufism supplanted by Muslim Brotherhood, 117
Wickham, Carrie Rosefky, 61
women, role of, 286,
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