Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-07T08:34:47.361Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Selenium in poultry nutrition 2. Reproduction, egg and meat quality and practical applications

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2007

P.F. Surai
P.F. Surai
Affiliation:
Avian Science Research Centre, SAC, Auchincruive, Ayr, KA6 5HW, Scotland e-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

In the first part of this review (Surai, 2002), the antioxidant properties and pro-oxidant activity of Se have been described. In spite of a long history, our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of Se action in human and animals are still in their initial stages. Indeed Se is an integral part of various selenoproteins with glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) being the first selenoprotein identified in 1973. Se's participation in antioxidant defence and in the regulation of redox status of the cell could explain its importance to various physiological functions, especially to reproduction. Chicken embryo tissues and spermatozoa are rich in long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and as a result are very vulnerable to lipid peroxidation. Therefore Se is a crucial factor in maintaining appropriate antioxidant defence during embryonic development and spermatogenesis. In conditions of stress in commercial poultry production the beneficial effects of Se are difficult to overestimate. From egg storage before incubation, when lipid peroxidation can occur, to the final day of egg production, Se participates in preventing the damaging effects of free radicals and toxic products of their metabolism. Dietary antioxidant supplementation in general and organic Se supplementation in particular are considered to be major protective measures for maintaining high productive and reproductive characteristics in poultry.

Keywords

seleniumselenomethionineantioxidantsfertilityembryonic development
Type
Reviews
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 58 , Issue 4 , December 2002 , pp. 431 - 450
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2002

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agate, D.D., O'Dea, E.E. and Rustad, M.E. (2001) Effects of dietary selenium source on laying hen fertility as assessed by the perivitelline sperm hole assay. Proceedings of Applied Poultry Science. Poultry Research and Production SymposiumAlberta Poultry Research CentreEdmonton, Alberta, Canada, pp. 1–4.Google Scholar
Ahn, C.N., Chae, H.S., Kim, D.W., Yoo, Y.M., Kim, Y.K. and Rhee, Y.C. (1998) Effects of full fat flax seed. α-tocopherol. ascorbic acid and selenium on the storage of broiler meats. Journal of Livestock Science 40: 96–102.Google Scholar
Alvarez, J.G., Touchstone, J.C., Blasco, L. and Storey, B.T. (1987) Spontaneous lipid peroxidation and production of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide in human spermatozoa. Journal of Andrology 8: 338–348.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arai, T., Sugawara, M., Sako, N., Motoyoshi, S., Shimura, T., Tsutsui, N. and Konno, T. (1994) Glutathione peroxidase activity in tissues of chicken supplemented with dietary selenium. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 107A: 245–248.Google Scholar
Avanzo, J.L., De Mendonca, C.X. Jr, Pugine, S.M. and De Cerqueira Cesar, M. (2001) Effect of vitamin E and selenium on resistance to oxidative stress in chicken superficial pectoralis muscle. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 129C: 163–173.Google Scholar
Behne, D., Hofer, T., Von Berswordt-Wallrabe, R. and Elger, W. (1982) Selenium in the testis of the rat: studies on its regulation and its importance for the organism. Journal of Nutrition 112: 1682–1687.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brannan, T.S., Maker, H.S. and Weiss, C. (1981) Developmental study of rat brain glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase. Neurochemical Research 61: 41–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buckley, D.J., Morrissey, P.A. and Gray, J.I. (1995) Influence of dietary vitamin E on the oxidative stability and quality of pig meat. Journal of Animal Science 73: 3122–3130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bunk, M.J. and Combs, G.F. (1981) Relationship of selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity and nutritional pancreatic atrophy in selenium-deficient chicks. Journal of Nutrition 111: 1611–1620.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cantor, A.H. (1997) The role of selenium in poultry nutrition. In: Biotechnology in the Feed industry. Proceedings of Alltech's 13th Annual Symposium (Lyons, T.P. and Jacques, K.A., Eds.). Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK, pp. 155–164.Google Scholar
Calvin, H.I., Grosshans, K., Musicant-Shikora, S.R. and Turner, S.I. (1987) A developmental study of rat sperm and testis selenoproteins. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 81: 1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cereser, C., Boget, S., Parvaz, P. and Revol, A. (2001) Thiram-induced cytotoxicity is accompanied by a rapid and drastic oxidation of reduced glutathione with consecutive lipid peroxidation and cell death. Toxicology 163: 153–162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chan, K.M. and Decker, E.A. (1994) Endogenous skeletal muscle antioxidants. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 34: 403–426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christinsen, M.J. and Burgener, K.W. (1992) Dietary selenium stabilises glutathione peroxidase mRNA in rat liver. Journal of Nutrition 122: 1620–1626.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christon, R., Haloui, R.B. and Durand, G. (1995) Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and aging modulate glutathione-related antioxidants in rat liver. Journal of Nutrition 125: 3062–3070.Google ScholarPubMed
Cole, D.J.A. (2000) Selenium, the pig and the human diet. In:Concept in Pig Science (Lyons, T.P. and Cole, D.J.A., Eds.) The 2nd Annual Turtle Lake Pig Science Conference. Nottingham University Press, pp. 149–158.Google Scholar
Combs, G.F. Jr. (1994) Clinical Implications of selenium and vitamin E in poultry nutrition. Vererinary Clinical Nutrition 1: 133–140.Google Scholar
Combs, G.F. Jr. (2001) Selenium in global food system. British Journal of Nutrition 85: 517–547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Combs, G.F. Jr. (2000) Food system-based approaches to improving micronutrient nutrition: The case for selenium. BioFactors 12: 39–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Decker, E.A. (1998) Strategies for manipulating the prooxidative/antioxidative balance of foods to maximize oxidative stability. Trends in Food Science and Technology 9: 241–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dean, W.F. and Combs, G.F. (1981) Influence of dietary selenium on performance, tissue selenium content, and plasma concentrations of selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase, vitamin E, and ascorbic acid in ducklings. Poultry Science 60: 2555–2663.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Lamirande, E. and Gagnon, C. (1992) Reactive oxygen species and human spermatozoa. 1. Effect on the motility of intact spermatozoa and on sperm axonemes. Journal of Andrology 13: 368–378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Devore, V.R., Colnago, G.L., Jensen, L.S. and Greene, B.E. (1983) Thiobarbituric acid values and glutathione peroxidase activity in meat from chickens fed a selenium-supplemented diet. Journal of Food Science 48: 300–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edens, F.W. (1996) Organic selenium: from feathers to muscle integrity to drip loss. Five years onward: no more selenite. In: Bioechology in the Feed industry. Proceedings of Alltech's 12th Annual Symposium (Lyons, T.P. and Jacques, K.A., Eds.). Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK, pp. 165–185.Google Scholar
Edens, F.W. (2001) Involvement of Sel-Plex in physiological stability and performance of broiler chickens. In: Biotechnology in the Feed industry. Proceedings of Alltech's 17th Annual Symposium (Lyons, T.P. and Jacques, T.A., Eds.). Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK, pp. 349–376.Google Scholar
Edens, F.W. (1997) Potential for organic selenium to replace selenite in poultry diets. Zootecnica International 20: 28–31.Google Scholar
Fisher, W.C. and Whanger, P.D. (1977) Effects of selenium deficiency on vitamin E metabolism in rats. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 23: 273–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flohe, L. and Zimmermann, R. (1970). The role of GSH peroxidase in protecting the membrane of rat liver mitochondria. Biochimca et Biophysica Acta 223: 210–213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gonzalez, M.M., Nadrid, R. and Arahuetes, R.M. (1995) Physiological changes in antioxidant defences in fetal and neonatal rat liver. Reproduction, Fertility, and Development 7: 1375–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Griveau, J.F., Dumont, E., Renard, P., Callegari, J.P. and Lelannou, D. (1995) Reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation and enzymatic defence systems in human spermatozoa. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 103: 17–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gromadzinska, J., Sklodawska, M. and Wasowicz, W. (1988). Glutathione peroxidase activity, lipid peroxides and selenium concentration in various rat organs. Biomedica Biochimica Acta 47: 19–24.Google ScholarPubMed
Gunther, T., Hollrieglm, V. and Vormann, J. (1993) Perinatal development of iron and antioxidant defence system. Journal of Trace Elements and Electrolytes in Health and Disease 7: 47–52.Google Scholar
Hansen, J.C. and Deguchi, Y. (1996) Selenium and fertility in animals and man – A review. Acta Vererinaria Scandinavica 37: 19–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hassan, S. (1986) Effect of dietary selenium on the prevention of exudative diathesis in chicks, with special reference to selenium transfer via eggs. Journal of Vererinary Medicine. A, Physiology, Pathology, Clinical Medicine 33: 689–697.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hassan, S., Hakkarainen, J., Jonsson, ML. and Tyopponen, J. (1990) Histopathological and biochemical changes associated with selenium and vitamin E deficiency in chicks. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. A, Physiology, Pathology, Clinical Medicine 37: 708–720.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huang, S.Z., Meng, X.Y., GU, S.P., Zhou, Y.W. and Peng, LY. (1998) Effect of vitamin E and selenium on lipid peroxidation in chickens. Chinese Journal of Veterinary Sciences 18: 191–192.Google Scholar
Huang, K.H. and Chen, W.F. (1996) Effect of selenium on the resistance of chickens to Marek's disease and its mode of action. Acta Vererinaria Zootechnica Sinica 27: 448–455.Google Scholar
Froning, G.W. (1995) Colour of poultry meat. Poultry and Avian Biology Reviews 6: 83–93.Google Scholar
Janssens, G. (1998) Vitamin E improves chicken meat quality. Meat Processing: Inrernarional Edition. September/October 42: 44–46.Google Scholar
Jianhua, H., Ohtsuka, A. and Hayashi, K. (2000) Selenium influences growth via thyroid hormone status in broiler chickens. British Journal of Nutrition 84: 727–732.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Julien, W.E. and Murray, F.A. (1977) Effect of selenium and selenium with vitamin E on in vitro motility of bovine spermatozoa. In: Proceedings of the American Society of Animal Science, 69th Annual MeetingUniversity of WisconsinMadison. P. 174.Google Scholar
Kalytka, V.V. and Donchenko, H.V. (1995) The antioxidant system and lipid peroxidation in chickens during postnatal ontogenesis. Ukrainian Biochemical Journal 67: 80–85.Google ScholarPubMed
Kogut, M.H., Genovese, K.J. and Stanker, L.H. (1999) Effect of induced molting on heterophil function in White Leghorn hens. Avian Dis. 43: 538–548.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larsen, C.T., Pierson, F.W. and Gross, W.B. (1997) Effect of dietary selenium on the response of stressed and unstressed chickens to Escherichia coli challenge and antigen. Biological Trace Element Research 58: 169–176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leedle, R.A. and Aust, S.D. (1990) The effect of glutathione on the vitamin E requirement for inhibition of liver microsomal lipid peroxidation. Lipids 25: 241–245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, Q., Lanari, M.C. and Schaefer, D.M. (1995) A review of dietary vitamin E supplementation for improvement of beef quality. Journal of Animal Science 73: 3131–3140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacPherson, A., Scott, R. and Yates, R. (1993) The effect of selenium supplementation in subfertile males. In: Proceedings of 8th International Symposium On Trace Elements in Man and Animals. (Anke, M., Meissner, D. and Mills, C.F., Eds.) Jena, Germany: Verlag Media Touristik. pp. 566–569.Google Scholar
Mahan, D. (1999) Organic selenium: using nature's model to redefine selenium supplementation for animals. In: Biotechnology in the Feed industry. Proceedings of Alltech's 15th Annual Symposium (Lyons, T.P. and Jacques, K.A., Eds.). Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK, pp. 523–535.Google Scholar
Mahan, D.C. and Kim, Y.Y. (1999) The role of vitamins and minerals in the production of high quality pork. Review. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Sciences 12: 287–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsuo, M. (1993) Age-related alterations in antioxidant defence. In: Free Radicals in Ageing. (Yu, B.P., Ed) CRC Press, Boca Raton, London-Tokyo, pp. 143–181.Google Scholar
Matsuo, M., Gomi, F. and Dooley, M.M. (1992) Age-related alterations in antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation in brain, liver, and lung homogenates of normal and vitamin E-deficient rats. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 64: 273–292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meydani, M., Macauley, J.B., Blumberg, B. (1988) Effect of dietary vitamin E and selenium on susceptibility of brain regions to lipid peroxidation. Lipids 23: 405–409.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miyazaki, S. and Motoi, Y. (1992) Tissue distribution of monomeric glutathione peroxidase in broiler chicks. Research in Veterinary Science 53: 47–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mizuno, Y. (1984) Changes in superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities and thiobarbituric acid-reactive products levels in early stages of development in dystrophic chickens. Experimental Neurology 84: 58–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neylor, Aj., Chost, M. and Jacques, K.A. (2000) Effects of selenium source and level on performance and meat quality in male broilers. Poulrry Science 79 (Suppl) 117.Google Scholar
Noble, R.C. and Cocchi, M. (1990) Lipid metabolism in the neonatal chicken. Progress in Lipid Research 29: 107–140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Research Council (1994) Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 9th Edn, (Washington DC. National Academy Press), pp. 44–45.Google Scholar
Ouali, A. (1991) Sensory quality of meat as affected by muscle biochemistry and modern technologies. In: Animal Biotechnology and the Quality of Meat Producrion (Fiems, L.O., Cottyn, B.G. and Demeyer, D.I., Eds.). Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. Amsterdam, pp. 85–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Padmaja, K., Ramamurthi, R., Thyagaraju, K. and Prasad, A.R. (1996) Isolation of 75Se binding protein from hepatic tissues of chick embryos. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 34: 678–682.Google ScholarPubMed
Paton, N.D., Cantor, A.H., Pescatore, A.J., Ford, M.J. and Smith, C.A. (2000) Effect of dietary selenium source and level of inclusion on selenium content of incubated eggs. Poultry Science 79 (Suppl) 40.Google Scholar
Porter, R.E. Jr. and Holt, P.S. (1993) Effect of induced molting on the severity of intestinal lesions caused by Salmonella enteritidis infection in chickens. Avian Dis. 37: 1009–1016.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prakasam, A., Sethupathy, S. and Lalitha, S. (2001) Plasma and RBCs antioxidant status in occupational male pesticide sprayers. Clin. Chim. Acta 310: 107–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pratt, W. (1978) A study of the effect of in vitro supplementation of sodium selenite on the metabolism of bovine sperm, M.S. Thesis, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.Google Scholar
Rayman, M.P. (2000) The importance of selenium to human health. Lancet 356: 233–241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Renerre, M., Dumont, F. and Gatellier, P.H. (1996) Antioxidant enzyme activities in beef in relation to oxidation of lipid and myoglobin. Meat Science 43: 111–121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roch, G., Boulianne, M. and De Roth, L. (2000) Effect of dietary antioxidants on the incidence of pulmonary hypertension syndrome in broilers. Proceedings of Alitech's 16th Annual Symposium (Lyons, T.P. and Jacques, K.A., Eds.). Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK, pp. 261–276.Google Scholar
Salyi, G., Mezes, M. and Babhidi, G. (1990) Changes in the lipid peroxide status of broiler chickens in acute rnonensin poisoning. Acta Vet. Hung. 38: 263–270.Google ScholarPubMed
Sas, B. (1993) Contribution to the pathobiochemistry of furazolidone-induced oxidative toxicity in chickens. Acta Vet. Hung. 41: 103–21.Google Scholar
Sastre, J., Pallardo, F.V. and Vina, J. (1996) Glutathione, oxidative stress and aging. Age 19: 129–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, D.L., Kelleher, J. and Losowsky, M.S. (1977) The influence of dietary selenium and vitamin E on glutathione peroxidase and glutathione in the rat. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 497: 218–224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scott, R., MacPherson, A., Yates, R.W.S., Hussain, B. and Dixon, J. (1998) The effect of oral selenium supplementation on human sperm motility. British Journal of Urology 82: 76–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schrauzer, G.N. (2000) Selenomethionine: a review of its nutritional significance, metabolism and toxicity. Journal of Nutrition 130: 1653–1656.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schubert, A., Holden, J.M. and Wolf, W.R. (1987) Selenium content of a core group of foods based on a critical evaluation of published analytical data. Journal of the American Dieteric Associarion 87: 285–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sewalk, C.J, Brewer, G.L. and Hoffman, D.J. (2001) Effects of diquat, an aquatic herbicide, on the development of mallard embryos. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. A62: 33–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sheehy, P.J.A., Morrissey, P.A., Buckley, D.J. and Wen, J. (1997) Effects of vitamins in the feed on meat quality in farm animals: Vitamin E. In: Recent advances in animal nutrition. (Garnsworthy, P.C. and Wiseman, J., Eds.) Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, pp. 3–27.Google Scholar
Speake, B.K., Murray, A.M.B. and Noble, R.C. (1998) Transport and transformation of yolk lipids during development of the avian embryo. Progress in Lipid Research 37: 1–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stanley, D.W. (1991) Biological membrane deterioration and associated quality losses in food tissues. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Technology 30: 487–553.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Storz, G. and Tartaglia, L.A. (1992) OxyR: A regulator of antioxidant genes. Journal of Nutrition 122: 627–630.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Surai, P.F. (1999) Vitamin E in avian reproduction. Poultry and Avian Biology Reviews 10: 1–60.Google Scholar
Surai, P.F. (1999a) Tissue-specific changes in the activities of antioxidant enzymes during the development of the chicken embryo. British Poultry Science 40: 397–405.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Surai, P.F. (2000) Organic selenium: benefits to animals and humans, a biochemist's view. In: Biotechnology in the Feed industry. Proceedings of Alltech's 16th Annual Symposium (Lyons, T.P. and Jacques, K.A., eds.). Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK, pp. 205–260.Google Scholar
Surai, P.F. (2000a) Effect of the selenium and vitamin E content of the maternal diet on the antioxidant system of the yolk and the developing chick. British Poultry Science 41: 235–243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Surai, P.F. (2000b) Organic selenium and the egg: Lessons from nature. Feed Compounder 20: 16–18.Google Scholar
Surai, P.F. (2002) Selenium in poultry nutrition: a new look at an old element. 1. Antioxidant properties, deficiency and toxicity. WPSA Journal 3: 333–347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Surai, P.F. (2002a) Natural Antioxidants in Avian Nutrition and Reproduction. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham.Google Scholar
Surai, P.F., Blesbois, E., Grasseau, I., Ghalah, T., Brillard, J-P., Wishart, G., Cerolini, S. and Sparks, N.H.C. (1998) Fatty acid composition, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity and total antioxidant activity of avian semen. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 120B: 527–533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Surai, P.F., Brillard, J-P., Speake, B.K., Blesbois, E., Seigneurin, F. and Sparks, N.H.C. (2000) Phospholipid fatty acid composition, vitamin E content and susceptibility to lipid peroxidation of duck semen. Theriogenology 53: 1025–1039.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Surai, P.F., Cerolini, S., Wishart, G., Speake, B.K., Noble, R.C., Sparks, N.H.C. (1998a) Lipid and antioxidant composition of chicken semen and its susceptibility to peroxidation. Poultry and Avian Biology Reviews, 9: 11–23.Google Scholar
Surai, P.F. and Dvorska, J.E. (2001) Dietary organic selenium and eggs: from improvements in egg quality to production of functional food. Proceedings of the IX European Symposium on the Quality of Eggs and Egg ProductsKusadasiTurkey, pp. 163–169.Google Scholar
Surai, P.F. and Dvorska, J.E. (2001a) Is organic selenium better for animals than inorganic sources? Two different scenarios in stress conditions. Feed Mix 9: 8–10.Google Scholar
Surai, P.F., Fujihara, N., Speake, B.K., Brillard, J-P., Wishart, G. J. and Sparks, N.H.C. (2001) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Protection in Avian Semen – Review- Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Sciences 17: 1024–1050.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Surai, P.F., Ionov, I., Kuklenko, T., Kostjuk, I., Macpherson, A., Speake, B., Noble, R. and Sparks, N.H.C. (1998) Effect of supplementing the hen's diet with vitamin A on the accumulation of vitamins A and E, ascorbic acid and carotenoids in the egg yolk and in the embryonic liver. British Poultry Sci. 39: 257–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Surai, P.F., Ionov, I.A., Kuchmistova, E.F., Noble, R.C. and Speake, B.K. (1998b) The relationship between the levels of α tocopherol and carotenoids in the maternal feed, yolk and neonatal tissues: Comparison between the chicken, turkey, duck and goose. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 76: 593–598.3.0.CO;2-R>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Surai, P., Kostjuk, I., Wishart, G., Macpherson, A., Speake, B., Noble, R., Ionov, I. and Kutz, E. (1998c) Effect of vitamin E and selenium of cockerel diets on glutathione peroxidase activity and lipid peroxidation susceptibility in sperm, testes and liver. Biological Trace Element Research 64: 119–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Surai, P.F., Kuklenko, T., Ionov, I., Noble, R. and Sparks, N.H.C. (2000) Effect of vitamin A on antioxidant system of the chick during early postnatal development. Brit. Poultry Sci. 41: 454–458.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Surai, P.F., Macpherson, A., Speake, B.K. and Sparks, N.H.C. (2000a) Designer egg evaluation in a controlled trial. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54: 298–305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Surai, P.F, Noble, R.C. and Speake, B.K. (1996) Tissue-specific differences in antioxidant distribution and susceptibility to lipid peroxidation during development of the chick embryo. Biochem. Biochys. Acta 1304: 1–10CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Surai, P.F., Noble, R.C. and Speake, B.K. (1999) Relationship between vitamin E content and susceptibility to lipid peroxidation in tissues of the newly hatched chick. British Poultry Science 40: 406–410.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Surai, P.F. and Sparks, N.H.C. (2001) Designer eggs: from improvement of egg composition to functional food. Trends in Food Science and Technology 12: 7–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Surai, P.F. and Speake, B.K. (1998) Selective excretion of yolk-derived tocotrienols into the bile of chick embryo. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 121B: 393–396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Surai, P.F. and Speake, B.K. (1998a) Distribution of carotenoids from the yolk to the tissues of the chick embryo. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 9: 645–651.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Surai, P.F., Speake, B.K., Noble, R.C. and Sparks, N.H.C. (1999a) Tissue-specific antioxidant profiles and susceptibility to lipid peroxidation of the newly hatched chick. Biology Trace Element Research 68: 63–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Surai, P.F., Speake, B.K. and Sparks, N.H.C. (2001a) Carotenoids in avian nutrition and embryonic development. 2. Antioxidant properties and discrimination in embryonic tissues Journal of Poultry Science 38: 117–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swain, B.K., Johri, T.S. and Majumdar, S. (2000) Effect of supplementation of vitamin E, selenium and their different combinations on the performance and immune response of broilers. British Poultry Science 41: 287–292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, J.N. and Scott, M.L. (1970) Impaired lipid and vitamin E absorption related to atrophy of the pancreas in selenium-deficient chicks. Journal of Nutrition 100: 797–809.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Toyoda, H., Himeno, S. and Imura, N. (1990) Regulation of glutathione peroxidase mRNA level by dietary selenium manipulation. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1049: 213–215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tras, B., Inal, F., Bas, A.L., Altunok, V. and Yazar, E. (2000) Effects of continuous supplementations of ascorbic acid, aspirin, vitamin E and selenium on some haematological parameters and serum superoxide dismutase level in broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 41: 664–666.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vatassery, G.T., Angerhofer, C.K., Knox, C.A. and Deshmukh, D.S. (1984) Concentrations of vitamin E in various neuroanatomocal regions and subcellular fractions, and the uptake of vitamin E by specific areas, of rat brain. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 792: 118–122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vezina, D., Mauffette, F., Roberts, K.D. and Bleau, G. (1996) Selenium-Vitamin E supplementation in infertile men - effects on semen parameters and micronutrient levels and distribution. Biological Trace Element Research 53: 65–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiss, S.L., Evenson, J.K., Thompson, K.M. and Sunder, R.A. (1997) Dietary selenium regulation of glutathione peroxidase mRNA and other selenium-dependent parameters in male rats. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 8: 85–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wakebe, M. (1998) Organic selenium and egg freshness. Patent # 10–23864. Feed for meat chickens and feed for laying hens. Japanese Patent Office, Application Heisei 8–179629. Published, Jan. 27.Google Scholar
Wood, J.D. and Enser, M. (1997) Factors influencing fatty acids in meat and the role of antioxidants in improving meat quality. British Journal of Nutrition 78: S49–S60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wu, A.S., Oldfield, J.E., Shull, L.R. and Cheeke, P. (1979) Specific effect of selenium deficiency on rat sperm. Biology of Reproduction 20: 793–798.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wulf, D.M., Morgan, J.B., Sanders, S.K., Tatum, J.D., Smith, G.C. and Williams, S. (1995) Effects of dietary supplementation of vitamin E on storage and caselife properties of lamb retail cuts. Journal of Animal Science 73: 399–405.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed