Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T16:28:57.321Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

From Categories to Contexts: A Decade of the ‘New Cross-Cultural Psychiatry’

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Roland Littlewood
Roland Littlewood*
Affiliation:
University College London, London WC1E 6BT
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Over the last ten years a new approach to psychiatric knowledge has developed under the influence of social anthropology. Its origins, assumptions, methods, achievements, and limitations are reviewed.

Type
Review Article
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 156 , Issue 3 , March 1990 , pp. 308 - 327
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1990 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alloway, R. & Bebbington, P. (1987) The buffer theory of social support: a review of the literature. Psychological Medicine, 17, 91–108.Google Scholar
Antze, P. (1987) Symbolic action in Alcoholics Anonymous. In Constructive Drinking (ed. Douglas, M.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Armstrong, D. (1984) The patient's view. Social Science and Medicine, 18, 737–744.Google Scholar
Armstrong, D. (1987) Theoretical tensions in biopsychosocial medicine. Social Science and Medicine, 25, 1213–1218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baer, H. A., Singer, M. & Johnson, J. H. (1986) Towards a critical medical anthropology. Social Science and Medicine, 23, 95–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrett, R. (1988) Interpretations of schizophrenia. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 12, 357–388.Google Scholar
Bharati, A. (1985) The self in Hindu thought and action. In Culture and Self: Asian and Western Perspectives (eds Marsella, A. J., De Vos, G. & Hsu, F. L. K.). New York: Tavistock.Google Scholar
Bhattacharyya, D. P. (1986) Pagalami: Ethnopsychiatric Knowledge in Bengal. New York: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar
Birnbaum, K. (1923) Der Aufbau der Psychosen (translated as ‘The making of a psychosis’). In Themes and Variations in European Psychiatry (eds Hirsch, S. R. & Shepherd, M.). Bristol: Wright.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, P. (1977) Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bynum, C. W. (1988) Holy anorexia in modern Portugal. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 12, 239–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carr, J. E. (1978) Ethno-behaviourism and the culture-bound syndromes: the case of amok. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 2, 269–293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carr, V. (1988) Patients' techniques for coping with schizophrenia: an explanatory study. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 61, 339–352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carrithers, M., Collins, S. & Lukes, S. (1985) The Category of the Person: Anthropology, Philosophy, History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chrisman, N. J. & Maretzki, T. W. (1982) Clinically Applied Anthropology. Dordrecht: Reidel.Google Scholar
Comaroff, J. (1981) Healing and cultural transformation: the Tswana of Southern Africa. Social Science and Medicine, 15, 367–378.Google Scholar
Comaroff, J. (1982) Medicine: symbol and ideology. In The Problem of Medical Knowledge (eds Wright, P. & Treacher, A.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Comaroff, J. (1983) The defectiveness of symbols or the symbols of defectiveness? On the cultural analysis of medical systems. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 7, 3–20 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, J. E. & Sartorius, N. (1977) Cultural and temporal variations in schizophrenia: a speculation on the importance of industrialisation. British Journal of Psychiatry, 130, 50–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
D'Andrade, R. G. (1976) A propositional analysis of US American beliefs about disease. In Meaning in Anthropology (eds Basso, K. & Selby, H.). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
De Vos, G. (1985) Dimensions of the self in Japanese culture. In Culture and Self: Asian and Western Perspectives (eds Marsella, A. J., De Vos, G. and Hsu, F. L. K.). New York: Tavistock.Google Scholar
De Vries, M. W., Berg, R. L. & Lipkin, M. (1982) The Use and Abuse of Medicine. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Deflem, M. (1989) From anomie to anomia and anomic depression: a sociological critique on the use of anomie in psychiatric research. Social Science and Medicine, 29, 627–634.Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1988) The Intentional Stance. Cambridge (Mass.): MIT Press.Google Scholar
Donovan, J. (1986) We Don't Buy Sickness, It Just Comes: Health, Illness and Health Care in the Lives of Black People in London. London: Gower.Google Scholar
Douglas, M. (ed.) (1988) Constructive Drinking: Perspectives on Drink from Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Eckman, P. (1980) Biological and cultural contributions to body and facial movement in the expression of emotions. In Explaining Emotions (eds Rorty, A. O. et al). Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Edgerton, R. (1984) Anthropology and mental retardation. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 8, 25–48.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, L. (1977) Disease and illness: distinctions between professional and popular ideas of sickness. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 1, 9–23.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, L. & Kleinman, A. (1981) Clinical social science. In The Relevance of Social Science for Medicine (eds Eisenberg, L. & Kleinman, A.). Dordrecht: Reidel.Google Scholar
Engle, G. L. (1977) The need for a new medical model: a challenge to biomedicine. Science, 196, 129–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Estroff, S. E. (1981) Making It Crazy. An Ethnography of Psychiatric Clients in an American community. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Fabrega, H. (1982) Culture and psychiatric illness. In Cultural Conceptions of Mental Health and Therapy (eds Marsella, A. J. & White, G. M.). Dordrecht: Reidel.Google Scholar
Favazza, A. R. & Oman, N. M. (1978) Foundations of cultural psychiatry. American Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 293–303.Google Scholar
Foster, B. M. (1976) Disease etiologies in non-Western medical systems. American Anthropologist, 78, 773–782 Google Scholar
Frankel, S. & Lewis, G. (1989) A Continuing Trial of Treatment: Medical Pluralism in Papua New Guinea. Dordrecht: Kluwer.Google Scholar
Frankenberg, R. (ed.) (1989) Gramsci, Marxism and phenomenology: essays for the development of a critical medical anthropology. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 2, no. 4.Google Scholar
Gaines, A. D. (1979) Definitions and diagnoses: cultural implications of psychiatric help-seeking and psychiatrists' definitions of the situation in psychiatric emergencies. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 3, 381–418.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gaines, A. D. (1982) Knowledge and practice: anthropological ideas and psychiatric practice. In Clinically Applied Anthropology (eds Chrisman, N. J. & Maretzki, T. W.). Dordrecht: Reidel.Google Scholar
Geertz, C. (1966) Religion as a cultural system. In Anthropological Approaches to Religion (ed. Banton, M.). London: Tavistock.Google Scholar
Geertz, C. (1986) Anti-anti-relativism. American Anthropologist, 86, 263–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glass, J. M. (1989) Private Life/Public Terror: Psychosis and the Politics of Community, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Gledhill, R. (1988) Alcohol and advertising. The Times, 26 October.Google Scholar
Godelier, M. (1986) The Mental and the Material: Thought, Economy and Society. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Good, B. J. & Good, M.-J. D. (1981) The semantics of medical discourse. In Sciences and Cultures: Sociology of the Sciences, vol. 5 (eds Mendelsohn, E. & Elkand, Y.). Dordrecht: Reidel.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Good, B. J. & Good, M.-J. D. (1982) Towards a meaning-centred analysis of popular illness categories: ‘fright-illness’ and ‘heat distress’ in Iran. In Cultural Conceptions of Mental Health and Therapy (eds Marsella, A. J. & White, G. M.). Dordrecht: Reidel.Google Scholar
Good, B. J., Herrara, H., Good, M.-J. D., et al (1985) Reflexivity, countertransference and clinical ethnography: a case from a psychiatric cultural consultation clinic. In Physicians of Western Medicine: Anthropological Approaches to Theory and Practice (eds Hahn, R. A. & Gaines, A. D.). Dordrecht: Reidel.Google Scholar
Good, M.-J. D. & Good, B. (1988) Ritual, the state and the transformation of emotional discourse in Iranian society. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 12, 43–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, D. R. (1988) Tenacious assumptions in Western medicine. In Biomedicine Examined (eds Lock, M. & Gordon, D.). Dordrecht: Kluwer.Google Scholar
Gottlieb, A. (1988) American premenstrual tension: a mute voice. Anthropology Today, 4, 10–13.Google Scholar
Greenwood, B. (1989) Healing images: some mind-body issues in contemporary medicine and anthropology. An Anthropological Perspective on Holistic Health (mimeo of conference proceedings). London: British Medical Anthropology Society.Google Scholar
Gusfield, J. (1987) Passage to play: rituals of drinking time in American society. In Constructive Drinking: Perspectives on Drink from Anthropology (ed. Douglas, M.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hahn, R. A. & Gaines, A. D. (eds) (1985) Physicians of Western Medicine: Anthropological Approaches to Theory and Practice. Dordrecht: Reidel.Google Scholar
Hare, E. (1988) Schizophrenia as a recent disease. British Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 521–531.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harré, R. (ed.) (1986) The Social Construction of Emotions. Oxford: Black well.Google Scholar
Harris, G. C. (1978) Casting Out Anger: Religion among the Taita of Kenya. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hazan, H. (1980) The Limbo People: A Study of the Construction of the Time Universe among the Aged. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Heelas, P. & Lock, A. (eds) (1981) Indigenous Psychologies: The Anthropology of the Self. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Helman, C. (1981) Tonic, fuel and food: social and symbolic aspects of the long-term use of psychotropic drugs. Social Science and Medicine, 15, 521–533.Google Scholar
Helman, C. (1985a) Disease and pseudo-disease: a case history of pseudo-angina. In Physicians of Western Medicine: Anthropological Approaches to Theory and Practice (eds Hahn, R. A. & Gaines, A. D.). Dordrecht: Reidel.Google Scholar
Helman, C. (1985b) Psyche, soma and society: the social construction of psychosomatic disorders. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 9, 1–26.Google Scholar
Helman, C. (1987) Heart disease and the cultural construction of time: the type A behaviour pattern as a Western culture-bound syndrome. Social Science and Medicine, 25, 969–979.Google Scholar
Herzfeldt, M. (1986) Closure as cure: tropes in the exploration of bodily and social disorder, Current Anthropology, 27, 170–220.Google Scholar
Higginbotham, N. & Marsella, A. J. (1988) International consultation and the homogenisation of psychiatry in Southeast Asia. Social Science and Medicine; 27, 553–561.Google Scholar
Horwitz, A. V. (1982) The Social Control of Mental Illness. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Howell, S. (1981) Rules not words. In Indigenous Psychologies: The Anthropology of the Self (eds Heelas, P. & Lock, A.). London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Hughes, C. C. (1985) Culture-bound or construct-bound? The syndromes and DSM–III. In The Culture-Bound Syndromes: Folk Illnesses of Psychiatric and Anthropological Interest (eds Simons, R. C. & Hughes, C. C.). Dordrecht: Reidel.Google Scholar
Jablensky, A. (1987) Prediction of the course and outcome of depression. Psychological Medicine, 17, 1–9.Google Scholar
James, W. (1988) The Listening Ebony: Moral Knowledge, Religion and Power Among the Uduk of Sudan. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Janes, C. R. Stall, R. & Gifford, S. M. (eds) (1986) Anthropology and Epidemiology. Dordrecht: Reidel.Google Scholar
Janzen, J. M. (1978) The Quest for Therapy: Medical Pluralism in Lower Zaire. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Janzen, J. M. (1982) Drums anonymous: towards an understanding of structures of therapeutic maintenance. In The Use and Abuse of Medicine (eds De Vries, M. W., Berg, R. L. & Lipkin, M.). New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Jenkins, J. H. (1988) Conceptions of schizophrenia as a problem of nerves: a cross-cultural comparison of Mexican-Americans and Anglo-Americans. Social Science and Medicine, 26, 1233–1243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, C. L. & Johnson, F. A. (1983) A micro-analysis of senility: the response of the family and the health professionals. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 7, 77–96.Google Scholar
Johnson, T. M. (1985) Consultation-liaison psychiatry: medicine as patient, marginality as practice. In Physicians of Western Medicine: Anthropological Approaches to Theory and Practice (eds Hahn, R. A. & Gaines, A. D.). Dordrecht: Reidel.Google Scholar
Katon, W. & Kleinman, A. (1981) Doctor-patient negotiation and other social science strategies in patient care. In The Relevance of Social Science for Medicine (eds Eisenberg, L. & Kleinman, A.). Dordrecht: Reidel.Google Scholar
Kaufman, S. R. (1988) Illness, biography and the interpretation of self following a stroke. Journal of Aging Studies, 2, 218–227.Google Scholar
Kennedy, J. G. (1987) The Flower of Paradise: The Institutionalised Use of the Drug Qat in North Yemen. Dordrecht: Reidel.Google Scholar
Kiev, A. (1972) Transcultural Psychiatry. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar
Kirmayer, L. J. (1989) Cultural variation in the response to psychiatric disorders and emotional distress. Social Science and Medicine, 29, 327–339.Google Scholar
Kleinman, A. (1977) Depression, somatisation and the new ‘cross-cultural psychiatry’. Social Science and Medicine, 11, 3–10.Google Scholar
Kleinman, A. (1978) Concepts and a model for the comparison of medical systems as cultural systems. Social Science and Medicine, 12, 85–93.Google Scholar
Kleinman, A. (1980) Patients and Healers in the Context of Medicine, Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kleinman, A. (1982) Clinically applied anthropology on a psychiatric consultation-liaison service. In Clinically Applied Anthropology (eds Chrisman, N. J. & Maretzki, T. W.). Dordrecht: Reidel.Google Scholar
Kleinman, A. (1983) Editor's note. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 7, 97–99.Google Scholar
Kleinman, A. (1986) Social Origins of Distress and Disease: Depression, Neurasthenia and Pain in Modern China. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Kleinman, A. (1987) Anthropology and psychiatry: the role of culture in cross-cultural research on illness. British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 447–454.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kleinman, A. (1988a) The Illness Narratives: Suffering, Healing and the Human Condition. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Kleinman, A. (1988b) Rethinking Psychiatry: From Cultural Category to Personal Experience. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Kleinman, A. & Good, A. (eds) (1985) Culture and Depression: Studies in the Anthropology and Cross-Cultural Psychiatry of Affect and Disorder. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Kraepelin, E. (1904) Vergleichende Psychiatrie (translated as ‘Comparative psychiatry’). In Themes and Variations in European Psychiatry (eds Hirsch, S. R. & Shepherd, M.). Bristol: Wright.Google Scholar
Krause, B. (1989) The sinking heart: a Punjabi communication of distress. Social Science and Medicine, 29, 563–575.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LaMarque, P. (1988) On the irrelevance of psychoanalysis to literary criticism. In Mind, Psychoanalysis and Science (eds Clark, P. & Wright, C.). Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Langness, L. L. & Levine, H. G. (eds) (1986) Culture and Retardation: Life Histories of Mildly Mentally Retarded Persons in American Society. Dordrecht: Reidel.Google Scholar
Lee, J. A. (1987) Chinese, alcohol and flushing: sociohistorical and biobehavioural considerations. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 19, 319–327.Google Scholar
Leff, J. (1973) Culture and the differentiation of emotional states. British Journal of Psychiatry, 123, 299–306.Google Scholar
Leff, J., Wigg, N. N., Ghosh, A., et al (1987) Influence of relatives' expressed emotion on the course of schizophrenia in Chandigarh. British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 166–173.Google Scholar
Levy, J. E., Neutra, R. & Parker, D. (1987) Hand Trembling, Frenzy Witchcraft and Moth Madness: A Study of Navaho Seizures Disorders. Tucson: Arizona University Press.Google Scholar
Lewis, G. (1975) Knowledge of Illness in a Sepik Society. London: Athlone.Google Scholar
Lewis, G. (1980) Day of Shining Red: An Essay on Understanding Ritual. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. C., Rose, S. & Kamin, L. J. (1984) Not In Our Genes: Biology, Ideology and Human Nature. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar
Lindenbaum, S. (1979) Kuru Sorcery: Disease and Danger in the New Guinea Highlands. Palo Alto: Mayfield.Google Scholar
Lipkin, , & Lamb, G. S. (1982) Couvade symptoms in a primary care practice. In The Use and Abuse of Medicine (eds De Vries, M. W., Berg, R. L. & Lipkin, M.). New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Littlewood, R. (1980) Anthropology and psychiatry: an alternative approach. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 53, 213–224.Google Scholar
Littlewood, R. (1983) The antinomian Hasid. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 56, 67–78.Google Scholar
Littlewood, R. (1984a) The individual articulation of shared symbols. Journal of Operational Psychiatry, 15, 17–24.Google Scholar
Littlewood, R. (1984b) The imitation of madness: the influence of psychopathology upon culture. Social Science and Medicine, 19, 705–715.Google Scholar
Littlewood, R. (1985a) Social anthropology in relation to psychiatry. British Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 552–554.Google Scholar
Littlewood, R. (1985b) An indigenous conceptualisation of reactive depression in Trinidad. Psychological Medicine, 15, 275–281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Littlewood, R. (1986) Russian dolls and Chinese boxes: an anthropological approach to the implicit models of comparative psychiatry. In Transcultural Psychiatry (ed. Cox, J.). London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar
Littlewood, R. (1988a) From vice to madness: the semantics of naturalistic and personalistic understandings in Trinidadian local medicine. Social Science and Medicine, 27, 129–148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Littlewood, R. (1988b) Towards an inter-cultural therapy. In “Aspects of Race and Culture in Psychotherapy” (ed. Miller-Pietroni, M.). Journal of Social Work Practice, 3, no. 3, 8–19.Google Scholar
Littlewood, R. (1988c) Community initiated research: a study of psychiatrists' conceptualisations of “cannabis psychosis”. Psychiatric Bulletin, 12, 486–488.Google Scholar
Littlewood, R. (1989) Science, shamanism and hermeneutics. Anthropology Today, 5, 5–11.Google Scholar
Littlewood, R. (1990a) Gender, role and sickness: the psychopathologies of the nurse. In Nursing and Anthropology (eds Holden, P. & Littlewood, J.). London: Routledge (in press).Google Scholar
Littlewood, R. (1990b) Clinical anthropology in psychosomatic medicine. (Submitted for publication.) Google Scholar
Littlewood, R. & Lipsedge, M. (1985) Culture-bound syndromes. In Recent Advances in Clinical Psychiatry: 5 (ed. Granville-Grossman, K.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.Google Scholar
Littlewood, R. & Lipsedge, M. (1987) The butterfly and the serpent: culture, psychopathology and biomedicinc. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 11, 289–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Littlewood, R. & Lipsedge, M. (1989) Aliens and Alienists: Ethnic Minorities and Psychiatry (2nd edn, revised). London: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar
Lock, M. & Gordon, D. (eds) (1988) Biomedicine Examined. Dordrecht: Kluwer.Google Scholar
Loudon, J. (ed.) (1976) Social Anthropology and Medicine. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Lutz, C. (1985) Depression and the translation of emotional worlds. In Culture and Depression: Studies in the Anthropology and Cross-Cultural Psychiatry of Affect and Disorder (eds Kleinman, A. & Good, A.). Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Lutz, C. (1988) Unnatural Emotions: Everyday Sentiments on a Micronesian Atoll and their Challenge to Western Theory. Chicago: Chicago University Press.Google Scholar
MacDonald, M. (1981) Mystical Bedlam: Madness, Anxiety and Healing in Seventeenth-Century England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Manderson, L. (1987) Hot-cold food and medical theories: cross-cultural perspectives. Social Science and Medicine, 4, 327–417.Google Scholar
Marsella, A. J. & White, G. M. (eds) (1982) Cultural Conceptions of Mental Health and Therapy. Dordrecht: Reidel.Google Scholar
Marsella, A. J., De Vos, G., Hsu, F. L. K. (eds) (1985) Culture and Self: Asian and Western Perspectives. New York: Tavistock.Google Scholar
McDaniel, J. (1989) The Madness of the Saints: Ecstatic Religion in Bengal. Chicago: Chicago University Press.Google Scholar
McKee, J. (1988) Holistic health and the critique of Western medicine. Social Science and Medicine, 26, 775–784.Google Scholar
Meltzer, J. D. (1978) A semiotic approach to suitability for psychotherapy. Psychiatry, 41, 360–376.Google Scholar
Mercer, K. (1986) Racism and transcultural psychiatry. In The Power of Psychiatry (eds Miller, P. & Rose, N.). London: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Metzger, T. A. (1981) Selfhood and authority in Neo-Confucian political culture. In Normal and Abnormal Behaviour in Chinese Culture (eds Kleinman, A. & Lin, T. Y.). Dordrecht: Reidel.Google Scholar
Morris, A. (1985) Sanctified madness: the god-intoxicated saints of Bengal. Social Science and Medicine, 21, 221–330.Google Scholar
Morris, B. (1984) The pragmatics of folk classification. Journal of Ethnobotany, 4, 45–60.Google Scholar
Mullings, L. (1984) Therapy, Ideology and Social Change: Mental Healing in Urban Ghana. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Murphy, H. B. M. (1982) Comparative Psychiatry. Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar
Myers, F. R. (1979) Emotions and the self: a theory of personhood and political order among the Pintupi. Ethos, 7, 342–370.Google Scholar
Needham, R. (1962) Structure and Sentiment: A Test Case in Social Anthropology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Neutra, R., Levy, J. E. & Parker, D. (1977) Cultural expectations versus reality in Navajo seizure patterns and sick roles. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 1, 255–275.Google Scholar
Nicod, J. (1962) La Géometrie dans Le Monde Sensible. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Obeyesekere, G. (1981) Medusa's Hair: An Essay on Personal Symbols and Religious Experience. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Parfit, D. (1984) Reasons and Persons. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rapp, R. (1988) Chromosomes and communication: the discourse of genetic counselling. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 2, 143–157.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, S. J. (1989) Accounting for belief: causation, misfortune and evil in Tuareg systems of thought. Man, 24, 124–144.Google Scholar
Rhodes, L. (1984) “This will clear your mind”: the use of metaphors for medication in psychiatric settings. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 8, 49–70.Google Scholar
Richters, A. (1987) Medical anthropology: From applied to critical science. The Development of Medical Anthropology: The European and the American Approach (mimeo conference proceedings). Bad Homburg.Google Scholar
Rittenberg, W. & Simons, R. C. (1985) Gentle interrogation: inquiry and interaction in brief initial psychiatric evaluations. In Physicians of Western Medicine: Anthropological Approaches to Theory and Practice (eds Hahn, R. A. & Gaines, A. D.). Dordrecht: Reidel.Google Scholar
Sachs, O. (1989) Seeing Voices: A Journey into the World of the Deaf. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Sargent, C. F. (1982) The Cultural Context of Therapeutic Choice. Dordrecht: Reidel.Google Scholar
Sartorius, N., Jablensky, A., Korten, A., et al (1986) Early manifestations and first contact incidence of schizophrenia in different cultures. Psychological Medicine, 16, 909–928.Google Scholar
Scambler, G. (1987) Habermas and the power of medical expertise. In Sociological Theory and Medical Sociology (ed. Scambler, G.). London: Tavistock.Google Scholar
Scambler, G. & Hopkins, A. (1986) Being epileptic: coming to terms with stigma. Sociology of Health and Illness, 8, 26–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheper-Hughes, N. (ed.) (1987a) Child Survival: Anthropological Perspectives on the Treatment and Maltreatment of Children. Dordrecht: Reidel.Google Scholar
Scheper-Hughes, N. (1987b) ‘Mental’ in ‘Southie’: individual, family and community responses to psychosis in South Boston. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 11, 53–78.Google Scholar
Scheper-Hughes, N. & Lock, M. (1986) Speaking ‘truth’ to illness: metaphors, reifications and a pedagogy for patients. Medical Anthropological Quarterly, 17, 137–140.Google Scholar
Scheper-Hughes, N. & Lock, M. (1987) The mindful body: a prolegomenon to future work in medical anthropology. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 1, 6–39.Google Scholar
Seligman, C. S. (1929) Sex, temperament, conflict and psychosis in a Stone Age population. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 9, 187–202.Google Scholar
Showalter, E. (1987) The Female Malady: Women, Madness and English Culture 1830–1980. London: Virago.Google Scholar
Shweder, R. A. (1985) Menstrual pollution, soul loss and the comparative study of emotions. In Culture and Depression: Studies in the Anthropology and Cross-Cultural Psychiatry of Affect and Disorder (eds Kleinman, A. & Good, A.). Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Shweder, R. A. (1988) Suffering in style. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 12, 479–497.Google Scholar
Shweder, R. A. & Bourne, E. J. (1982) Does the concept of the person vary cross-culturally? In Cultural Conceptions of Mental Health and Therapy (eds Marsella, A. J. & White, G. M.). Dordrecht: Reidel.Google Scholar
Simons, R. C. (1983) Latah II: problems with a purely symbolic interpretation. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 171, 168–175.Google Scholar
Simons, R. C. & Hughes, C. C. (eds) (1985) The Culture-Bound Syndromes: Folk Illnesses of Psychiatric and Anthropological Interest. Dordrecht: Reidel.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singer, M. (1989) The coming of age of critical medical anthropology. Social Science and Medicine, 38, 1193–1203.Google Scholar
Skultans, V. (1987) The management of mental illness among Maharastrian families: a case study of a Mahanubhav healing temple. Man, 22, 661–679.Google Scholar
Spindler, G. D. (ed.) (1978) The Making of Psychological Anthropology. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Steinglass, P., Bennett, L. A., Wolin, S. S., et al (1988) The Alcoholic Family: Drinking Problems in a Family Context. London: Hutchinson.Google Scholar
Swartz, S. & Swartz, L. (1987) Talk about talk: metacommentary and context in the analysis of psychotic discourse. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 11, 395–416.Google Scholar
Taussig, M. (1980) Reification and the consciousness of the patient. Social Science and Medicine, 14, 3–13.Google Scholar
Taussig, M. (1987) Shamanism, Colonialism and the Wild Man: A Study in Terror and Healing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Trostle, J. A., Hauser, W. A. & Susser, I. S. (1983) The logic of non-compliance: management of epilepsy from the patient's point of view. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 7, 35–56.Google Scholar
Vitebsky, P. (1990) Dialogues with the Dead: The Discussion of Mortality, Loss and Continuity among the Sora of Central India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (in press).Google Scholar
Wallace, E. R. (1983) Freud and Anthropology. New York: International Universities Press.Google Scholar
Warner, R. (1985) Recovery from Schizophrenia: Psychiatry and Political Economy. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Weiss, M. G., Desai, A., Jadhav, S., et al (1988) Humoral concepts of mental illness in India. Social Science and Medicine, 27, 471–477.Google Scholar
Westermeyer, J. (1982) Poppies, Pipes and People: Opium and Its Use in Laos. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Westermeyer, J. & Wintrob, R. (1979) Folk criteria for the diagnosis of mental illness in rural Laos. American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 755–761.Google Scholar
White, G. M. (1982a) The ethnographic study of cultural knowledge of ‘mental disorder’. In Cultural Conceptions of Mental Health Therapy (eds Marsella, A. J. & White, G. M.). Dordrecht: Reidel.Google Scholar
White, G. M. (1982b) The role of cultural explanations in ‘somatisation’ and ‘psychologisation’. Social Science and Medicine, 16, 1519–1530.Google Scholar
Wilkes, K. V. (1988) Real Persons: Personal Identity without Thought Experiments. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Winefield, R. (1987) Never the Twain Shall Meet: Bell, Gallaudet and the Communications Debate. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.Google Scholar
Wittgenstein, L. (1958) Philosophical Investigations. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1983) Depressive Disorders in Different Cultures: Report of the WHO Collaborative Study on Standardised Assessment of Depressive Disorders. Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar
Wu, D. Y. H. (1982) Psychotherapy and emotion in traditional Chinese medicine. In Cultural Conceptions of Mental Health and Therapy (eds Marsella, A. J. & White, G. M.). Dordrecht: Reidel.Google Scholar
Yap, P. M. (1974) Comparative Psychiatry: A Theoretical Framework. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Young, A. (1980a) The discourse on stress and the reproduction of conventional knowledge. Social Science and Medicine, 14, 133–146.Google Scholar
Young, A. (1980b) The creation of medical knowledge: some problems in interpretation. Social Science and Medicine, 15, 379–386.Google Scholar
Young, A. (1988) Reading DSM–III on PTSD: an anthropological account of a core text in American psychiatry. Anthropologies of Medicine (mimeo conference proceedings). University of Hamburg.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.