Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T21:12:46.492Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Word Association Norms in Mexican Spanish

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 December 2014

Julia B. Barrón-Martínez  and
Natalia Arias-Trejo
Julia B. Barrón-Martínez*
Affiliation:
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (Mexico)
Natalia Arias-Trejo
Affiliation:
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (Mexico)
*
*Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Julia B. Barrón Martínez. Facultad de Psicología. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Avenida Universidad, 3000. Colonia Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. C.U., delegación Coyoacán. CP. 04510. DF. (Mexico). Phone: +52–5556222287. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The aim of this research is to present a Spanish Word Association Norms (WAN) database of concrete nouns. The database includes 234 stimulus words (SWs) and 67,622 response words (RWs) provided by 478 young Mexican adults. Eight different measures were calculated to quantitatively analyze word-word relationships: 1) Associative strength of the first associate, 2) Associative strength of the second associate, 3) Sum of associative strength of first two associates, 4) Difference in associative strength between first two associates, 5) Number of different associates, 6) Blank responses, 7) Idiosyncratic responses, and 8) Cue validity of the first associate. The resulting database is an important contribution given that there are no published word association norms for Mexican Spanish. The results of this study are an important resource for future research regarding lexical networks, priming effects, semantic memory, among others.

Keywords

word associationsassociative normslexical relationsMexican Spanish
Type
Research Article
Information
The Spanish Journal of Psychology , Volume 17 , 2014 , E90
Copyright
Copyright © Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Madrid 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alameda, J. R., & Cuetos, F. (1995). Diccionario de frecuencias de las unidades lingüísticas del castellano [Dictionary of linguistic unit frequency in the Spanish language] . Oviedo, Spain: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Oviedo.Google Scholar
Alario, F., & Ferrand, L. (1998). Normes d’associations verbales pour 366 noms d'objets concrets [Verbal association norms for 366 concrete nouns]. L’année psychologique, 98, 659–709.Google Scholar
Alario, F. X., Segui, J., & Ferrand, L. (2000). Semantic and associative priming in picture naming. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Section A, 53, 741–764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/027249800410535 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Algarabel, S., Ruíz, J. C., & Sanmartín, J. (1988). The University of Valencia’s computerized word pool. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 20, 398–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03202684 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Algarabel, S., Sanmartín, J., García, J., & Espert, R. (1986). Normas de asociación libre para la investigación experimental [Free association norms for experimental research]. Unpublished manuscript. Department of Experimental Psychology, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.Google Scholar
Alonso, M. A., Fernandez, A., & Díez, E. (2011). Oral frequency norms for 67,979 Spanish words. Behavior Research Methods, 43, 449–458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0062-3 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arias-Trejo, N., & Plunkett, K. (2009). Lexical-semantic priming effects during infancy. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 364, 3633–3647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0146 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arias-Trejo, N., & Barrón-Martínez, J. B. (2014). Base de datos: Normas de asociación de palabras para el español de México [Database: Word association norms in Mexican Spanish, data file]. Retrieved from http://www.labpsicolinguistica.psicol.unam.mx/Base Google Scholar
Aveleyra, E., Gómez, C., Ostrosky-Solís, F., Rigalt, C., & Cruz, F. (1996). Adaptación de los estímulos no verbales de Snodgrass y Vanderwart en población hispanohablante: Criterios para la denominación, concordancia de la imagen, familiaridad y complejidad visual [Adaptation of Snodgrass and Vanderwart's nonverbal stimuli for a Spanish-speaking population: Norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity]. Revista Mexicana de Psicología, 13, 5–19.Google Scholar
Cadavid, S., Beato, M. S., & Fernández, A. (2012). Falso reconocimiento en listas DRM con tres palabras críticas: Asociación directa vs. inversa [False recognition on DRM lists with three target words: Direct vs. inverse association]. Psicológica, 33, 39–58.Google Scholar
Callejas, A., Correa, Á., & Lupiáñez, J. (2003). Normas asociativas intracategoriales para 612 palabras de seis categorías semánticas en español [Associative intracategory norms for 612 words from six semantic categories in Spanish]. Psicológica, 24, 185–214.Google Scholar
Coronges, K. A., Stacy, A. W., & Valente, T. W. (2007). Structural comparison of cognitive associative networks in two populations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37, 2097–2129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00253.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deyne, S., & Storms, G. (2008). Word associations: Norms for 1,424 Dutch words in a continuous task. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.1.198 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diccionario del Español de México (DEM) [Spanish Dictionary of Mexico] El Colegio de México, A.C. Retrieved from http://dem.colmex.mx/ [November 2012].Google Scholar
Duchon, A., Perea, M., Sebastián-Gallés, N., Martí, A., & Carreiras, M. (2013). EsPal: One-stop shopping for Spanish word properties. Behavior Research Methods, 45, 1246–1258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13428-013-0326-1 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fernández, A., Diez, E., Alonso, M. A., & Beato, M. S. (2004). Free-association norms for the Spanish names of the Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers: A Journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc., 36, 577–583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03195604 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fernandez, A., Díez, E., & Alonso, M. A. (2010). Materiales normativos en castellano: Normas de asociación libre y normas de falso recuerdo y falso reconocimiento [Normative materials in Spanish: Norms of free association, false recall, and false recognition] . Salamanca, Spain: Grupo de Investigaciones Cognitivas de la Universidad de Salamanca. Retrieved from http://www.usal.es/gimc/nipe Google Scholar
Ferrand, L., & New, B. (2003). Semantic and associative priming in the mental lexicon. Mental lexicon: Some words to talk about words. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publisher.Google Scholar
Gallo, D. A., & Roediger, H. L. (2002). Variability among word lists in eliciting memory illusions: Evidence for associative activation and monitoring. Journal of Memory and Language, 47, 469–497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0749-596X(02)00013-X CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goikoetxea, E. (2000). Frecuencia de producción de las respuestas a 52 categorías verbales en niños de primaria [Frequency of response production in 52 verbal categories in elementary school children]. Psicológica, 21, 61–89.Google Scholar
Hagoort, P., Brown, C. M., & Swaab, T. Y. (1996). Lexical-semantic event-related potential effects in patients with left hemisphere lesions and aphasia, and patients with right hemisphere lesions without aphasia. Brain, 119, 627–649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/119.2.627 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hirsh, K. W., & Tree, J. J. (2001). Word association norms for two cohorts of British adults. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 14, 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0911-6044(00)00002-6 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchinson, K., Balota, D., Cortese, M., & Watson, J. (2008). Predicting semantic priming at the item level. Quarterly Journal of experimental psychology, 61, 1036–1066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470210701438111 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson-Maldonado, D., Thal, D., Marchman, V., Newton, T., Fenson, L., & Conboy, B. (2003). MacArthur inventarios del desarrollo de habilidades comunicativas [MacArthur communicative development inventories]. Baltimore, MD: Brookes.Google Scholar
Justicia, F. (1995). El desarrollo del vocabulario. Diccionario de frecuencias [Vocabulary growth. Word frequency dictionary]. Granada, Spain: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Granada.Google Scholar
Kent, G., & Rosanoff, A. (1910). A study of association in insanity. Journal of Insanity, 67, 317–390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/13767-000 Google Scholar
Kiss, G. R., Armstrong, C., Milroy, R., & Piper, J. (1973). An associative thesaurus of English and its computer analysis. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Lucas, M. (2000). Semantic priming without association: A meta-analytic review. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 7, 618–630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03212999 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macizo, P., Gómez-Ariza, C., & Bajo, M. T. (2000). Associative norms of 58 Spanish words for children from 8 to 13 years old. Psicológica, 21, 287–300.Google Scholar
Manzano, M., Piñeiro, A., & Pereira, M. (1997). Frecuencia de uso y edad de adquisición de palabras producidas por niños entre 11 y 49 meses de edad [Frequency of words' use and age of acquisition in children 11 to 49 months old]. Revista Cubana de Psicología, 14, 193–207.Google Scholar
McRae, K., & Boisvert, S. (1998). Automatic semantic similarity priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24, 558–572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.24.3.558 Google Scholar
McRae, K., Cree, G., Seidenberg, M., & McNorgan, C. (2005). Semantic feature production norms for a large set of living and nonliving things. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers, 37, 547–559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03192726 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyer, D. E., & Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1971). Facilitation in recognizing pairs of words: Evidence of a dependence between retrieval operations. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 90, 227–234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0031564 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moss, H. E., & Older, L. (1996). Birkbeck word association norms. Hove, UK: Sussex Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Nation, K., & Snowling, M. J. (1999). Developmental differences in sensitivity to semantic relations among good and poor comprehenders. Evidence from semantic priming. Cognition, 70, 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0277(99)00004-9 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, D. L., McEvoy, C. L., & Schreiber, T. A. (2004). The University of South Florida free association, rhyme, and word fragment norms. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 402–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03195588 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, D. L., & Bajo, M. T. (1985). Prior knowledge and cued recall: Category size and dominance. American Journal of Psychology, 98, 503–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1422505 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, D. L., McEvoy, C. L., & Dennis, S. (2000). What is free association and what does it measure? Memory & Cognition, 28, 887–889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03209337 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palermo, D. S., & Jenkins, J. J. (1964). Word association norms: Grade school through college. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Perea, M., & Rosa, E. (2002). The effects of associative and semantic priming in the lexical decision task. Psychological research, 66, 180–194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00426-002-0086-5 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Real Academia Española (RAE) (2001). Diccionario de la lengua española [Spanish language dictionary] (22 nd Ed.). Madrid, Spain: Espasa Calpe. Retrieved from http://www.rae.es/ Google Scholar
Rämä, P., Sirri, L., & Sarres, J. (2013). Development of lexical-semantic language system: N400 priming effect for spoken words in 18- and 24-month old children. Brain and Language, 125, 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2013.01.009 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roediger, H. L., & McDermott, K. B. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 803–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.21.4.803 Google Scholar
Salles, J. F., Holderbaum, C. S., & Machado, L. L. (2009). Normas de associação semântica de 50 palavras do Português Brasileiro para crianças: Tipo, força de associação e set size [Semantic association norms for 50 Brazilian Portuguese words in children: Type, association strength, and set size]. Interamericana de Psicologia, 43, 57–67.Google Scholar
Salles, J. F., Holderbaum, C. S., Becker, N., Rodrigues, J. C., Liedtke, F. V., Zibetti, M. R., & Piccoli, L. F. (2008). Normas de associação semântica para 88 palavras do Português Brasileiro [Semantic association norms for 88 Brazilian Portugese words]. Psico, 39, 362–370.Google Scholar
Sanfeliu, M. C., & Fernández, A. (1996). A set of 254 Snodgrass-Vanderwart pictures standardized for Spanish: Norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 28, 537–555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03200541 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schacter, D. L. (1985). Priming of old and new knowledge in amnesic patients and normal subjects. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 444, 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.tb37578.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schulte, S., Borgwaldt, S., & Jauch, R. (2012). Association norms of German noun compounds. Research on Language and Computation, 6, 632–639.Google Scholar
Schvaneveldt, R., Ackerman, B. P., & Semlear, T. (1977). The effect of semantic context on children’s word recognition. Child Development, 48, 612–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1128660 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shimamura, A. P., & Squire, L. R. (1984). Paired-associate learning and priming effects in amnesia: A neuropsychological study. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 113, 556–570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0096-3445.113.4.556 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, E. E. (1978). Theories of semantic memory. In Estes, W. K. (Ed.), Handbook of learning and cognitive processes (pp. 1–56). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Snodgrass, J. G., & Vanderwart, M. (1980). A standardized set of 260 pictures: Norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 6, 174–2156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.6.2.174 Google ScholarPubMed
Steyvers, M., & Tenenbaum, J. B. (2005). The large-scale structure of semantic networks: Statistical analyses and a model of semantic growth. Cognitive Science, 29, 41–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog2901_3 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steyvers, M., & Griffiths, T. (2003). Probabilistic topic models. In Landauer, T., McNamara, D., Dennis, S., & Kintsch, W. (Eds.), Latent semantic analysis: A road to meaning (pp. 1–15). New York, NY: Laurence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Torkildsen, J. V. C., Syversen, G., Simonsen, H. G., Moen, I., & Lindgren, M. (2007). Electrophysiological correlates of auditory semantic priming in 24-month-olds. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 20, 332–351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2007.02.003 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. In Tulving, E. & Donaldson, W. (Eds.) Organization of memory (pp. 381–404). New York, NY: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Ukkonen, M., Vahvelainen, T., Hämäläinen, P., Dastidar, P., & Elovaara, I. (2009). Cognitive dysfunction in primary progressive multiple sclerosis: A neuropsychological and MRI study. Multiple Sclerosis, 15, 1055–1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458509106231 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walde, S., Borgwaldt, S., & Jauch, R. (2008). An empirical characterization of response types in German association norms. Research on Language and Computation, 6, 205–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar