Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T22:54:37.126Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Beliefs about Children’s Adjustment in Same-Sex Families: Spanish and Chilean University Students

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 February 2014

Dolores Frias-Navarro ,
Hector Monterde-i-Bort ,
Jaime Barrientos-Delgado ,
Laura Badenes-Ribera  and
Manuel Cardenas-Castro
Dolores Frias-Navarro*
Affiliation:
Universidad de Valencia (Spain)
Hector Monterde-i-Bort
Affiliation:
Universidad de Valencia (Spain)
Jaime Barrientos-Delgado
Affiliation:
Universidad Católica del Norte (Chile)
Laura Badenes-Ribera
Affiliation:
Universidad de Valencia (Spain)
Manuel Cardenas-Castro
Affiliation:
Universidad Católica del Norte (Chile)
*
*Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Dolores Frias-Navarro. Departamento de Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento. Facultad de Psicología. Universidad de Valencia. Avenida Blasco Ibáñez, 21. 46010. Valencia (Spain). Phone: 34–963864513. E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.uv.es/friasnav/
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The main purpose of our study is to compare the beliefs of Spanish and Chilean university students about the effects that same-sex parents might have on their children. A total of 491 participants completed the study (208 Spaniards and 283 Chileans). The results indicate a kind of modern and subtle rejection based on hetero-normativity. Furthermore, the results indicated the effects of sex (men have a greater degree of rejection), traditional and sexist opinions linked to a greater rejection of same-sex parents, and the contact variable which inversely correlates with this rejection. The results show that the etiology of homosexual orientation also correlates with rejection of same-sex parents when it is believed that homosexuality is learned or can be changed.

Keywords

children’s adjustmentsame-sex familiesscale developmentcross-cultural
Type
Research Article
Information
The Spanish Journal of Psychology , Volume 17 , 2014 , E5
Copyright
Copyright © Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Madrid 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akrami, N., Ekehammar, B., & Yang-Wallentin, F. (2011). Personality and social psychology factors explaining sexism. Journal of Individual Differences, 32, 143–160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000043 Google Scholar
Allen, M., & Burrell, N. (1997). Comparing the impact of homosexual and heterosexual parents on children: Meta-analysis of existing research. Journal of Homosexuality, 32, 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J082v32n02_02 Google Scholar
Anderssen, N. (2002). Does contact with lesbians and gays lead to friendlier attitudes? A two year longitudinal study. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 12, 124–136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/casp.665 Google Scholar
Anderssen, N., Amlie, C., & Ytteroy, E. (2002). Outcomes for children with lesbian or gay parents: A review of studies from 1978 to 2000. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 43, 335–351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9450.00302 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Augoustinos, M. (2009). Racism(s): One or many? International Journal of Psychology, 44, 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207590802057944 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barrientos, J., Cárdenas, M., & Gómez, F., & Frias-Navarro, D. (2013). Assessing the dimensionality of Scale on Beliefs about Children’s adjustment in same-sex families (SBCASSF) in Chile. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 10, 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13178-012-0107-0 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bos, H. M. W., van Balen, F., & van den Boom, D. C. (2005). Lesbian families and family functioning: An overview. Patient Education and Counseling, 59, 263–275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2004.10.006 Google Scholar
Cardenas, M., & Barrientos, J. (2008). The attitudes toward lesbians and gay men scale (ATLG): adaptation and testing the reliability and validity in Chile. Journal of Sex Research, 45, 140–149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224490801987424 Google Scholar
Clarke, V. (2001). What about the children? Arguments against lesbian and gay parenting. Women’s Studies International Forum, 24, 555–570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0277-5395(01)00193-5 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, V. (2002). Sameness and difference in research on lesbian parenting. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 12, 210–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/casp.673 Google Scholar
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2 nd Ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Collier, K. L., Bos, H. M. W., & Sandfort, T. G. M. (2012). Intergroup contact, attitudes toward homosexuality, and the role of acceptance of gender non-conformity in young adolescents, Journal of Adolescence, 35, 899–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.12.010 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cooley, J. J., & Burkholder, G. J. (2011). Using video and contact to change attitudes toward gay men and lesbians. Journal of Social, Behavioral and Health Sciences, 5, 83–90.Google Scholar
Crawford, I., & Solliday, E. (1996). The attitudes of undergraduate college students toward gay parenting. Journal of Homosexuality, 30, 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J082v30n04_04 Google Scholar
Crowl, A. L., Ahn, S., & Baker, J. (2008). A meta-analysis of developmental outcomes for children of same-sex and heterosexual parents. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 4, 385–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15504280802177615 Google Scholar
Ellis, S. J., Kitzinger, C., & Wilkinson, S. (2003). Attitudes towards lesbian and gay men and support for lesbian and gay human rights among psychology students. Journal of Homosexuality, 44, 121–138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J082v44n01_07 Google Scholar
Ernulf, K. E., Innala, S. M., & Whitam, F. L. (1989). Biological explanation, psychological explanation, and tolerance of homosexuals: A cross-national analysis of beliefs and attitudes. Psychological Reports, 65, 1003–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1989.65.3.1003 Google Scholar
Fabrigar, R. L., Wegener, T. D., MacCallum, C. R., & Strahan, J. E. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4, 272–299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//1082-989X.4.3.272 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Falomir-Pichastor, J. M., Martínez, C., & Paterna, C. (2010). Gender-role’s attitude, perceived similarity, and sexual prejudice against gay men. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 13, 841–848. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1138741600002493 Google Scholar
Frias-Navarro, D. (2009). Scale beliefs about children’s adjustment on same-sex families. Valencia, Spain. Universidad de Valencia. Retrieved from http://www.uv.es/∼friasnav/Scale_Items14.pdf Google Scholar
Frias-Navarro, D., & Monterde-i-Bort, H. (2012). A scale on beliefs about children’s adjustment in same-sex families: Reliability and validity. Journal of Homosexuality, 59, 1273–1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2012.720505 Google Scholar
Frias-Navarro, D., Badenes Ribera, L., Monterde-i-Bort, H., Pascual Soler, M., Barrientos Delgado, J., Cárdenas-Castro, M., ... Quintas de Oliveira, J. (2012, July). Evidence of cross-cultural invariance of the scale on beliefs about children’s adjustment in same-sex families (Spain, Chile and Portugal). Paper presented at the V European Congress of Methodology. Santiago de Compostela, Spain.Google Scholar
Frias-Navarro, D., Monterde-i-Bort, H., Pascual Soler, M., & Badenes Ribera, L., J. (In press). Etiology of homosexuality and attitudes toward same-sex parents: Randomized study. Journal of Sex Research.Google Scholar
Gerhards, J. (2010). Non-discrimination towards homosexuality: The European Union’s policy and citizens’ attitudes towards homosexuality in 27 European countries. International Sociology, 25, 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268580909346704 Google Scholar
Golombok, S., & Tasker, F. (1996). Do parents influence the sexual orientation of their children? Findings from a longitudinal study of lesbian families. Developmental Psychology, 32, 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0012-1649.32.1.3 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gómez, F., & Barrientos-Delgado, J. (2012). Efectos del prejuicio sexual en la salud mental de gais y lesbianas, en la ciudad de Antofagasta, Chile [Effects of the sexual prejudice on the mental health of gays and lesbians]. Sexualidad, Salud y Sociedad, 10, 100–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-64872012000400005 Google Scholar
Heinze, J. E., & Horn, S. S. (2009). Intergroup contact and beliefs about homosexuality in Adolescence. Journal of Youth Adolescence, 38, 937–951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9408-x Google Scholar
Herek, G. M. (1984). Attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: A factor-analytic study. Journal of Homosexuality, 10, 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J082v10n01_03 Google Scholar
Herek, G. M. (1988). Heterosexuals’ attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: Correlates and gender differences. Journal of Sex Research, 25, 451–477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224498809551476 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herek, G. M. (1995). Psychological heterosexism in the United States. In D’Augelli, A. & Patterson, C. (Eds.), Lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities over the life span: Psychological perspectives (pp. 321–346). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Herek, G. M. (1998). Stigma and sexual orientation: Understanding prejudice against lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herek, G. M. (2002). Gender gaps in public opinion about lesbians and gay men. Public Opinion Quarterly, 66, 40–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/338409 Google Scholar
Herek, G. M. (2010). Sexual orientation differences as deficits: Science and stigma in the history of American psychology. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 693–699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691610388770 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, B. T. (1993). DSTAT1.10: Software for the meta-analytic review of research literatures. Hillside, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
King, B. R., & Black, K. N. (1999). Extent of relational stigmatization of lesbians and their children by heterosexual college students. Journal of Homosexuality, 37, 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J082v37n02_04 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kitzinger, C. (2005). Heteronormativity in action: Reproducing the heterosexual nuclear family in after-hours medical calls. Social Problems, 52, 477–498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sp.2005.52.4.477 Google Scholar
Mazziotta, A., Mummendey, A., & Wright, S. (2011). Vicarious intergroup contact effects: Applying social-cognitive theory to intergroup contact research. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 14, 255–274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430210390533 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morrison, M. A., & Morrison, T. G. (2011). Sexual orientation bias toward gay men and lesbian women: Modern homonegative attitudes and their association with discriminatory behavioral intentions. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 41, 2573–2599.Google Scholar
Morrison, M. A., Morrison, T. G., & Franklin, R. (2009). Modern and old-fashioned homonegativity among samples of Canadian and American university students. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 40, 523–542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022109335053 Google Scholar
Moskowitz, D. A., Rieger, G., & Roloff, M. E. (2010). Heterosexual attitudes toward same-sex marriage. Journal of Homosexuality, 57, 325–336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00918360903489176 Google Scholar
Navarro, M. D. F., Llobell, J. P., & Pérez, J. F. G. (2000). Tamaño del efecto del tratamiento y significación estadística [Effect size and statistical significance]. Psicothema, 12, 236–240.Google Scholar
Nierman, A. J., Thompson, S. C., Bryan, A., & Mahaffey, A. L. (2007). Gender roles beliefs and attitudes toward lesbians and gay men in Chile and the US. Sex Roles, 57, 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9197-1 Google Scholar
Patterson, C. J. (2006). Children of lesbian and gay parents. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 241–244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00444.x Google Scholar
Peel, E. (2001). Mundane heterosexism: Understanding incidents of the everyday. Women’s Studies International Forum, 24, 541–554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pennington, J., & Knight, T. (2011). Through the lens of hetero-normative assumptions: Re-thinking attitudes towards gay parenting. Culture, Health and Sexuality, 13, 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2010.519049 Google Scholar
Petersen, J. L., & Hyde, J. S. (2010). A meta-analytic review of research on gender differences in sexuality, 1993–2007. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0017504 Google Scholar
Sheldon, J. P., Pfeffer, C. A., Javaratne, T. E., Feldbaum, M., & Petty, E. M. (2007). Beliefs about etiology of homosexuality and about the ramifications of discovering its possible genetic origin. Journal of Homosexuality, 52, 111–150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J082v52n03_06 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, S. J, Zanotti, D. C., Axelton, A. M., & Saucier, D. A. (2011). Individuals’ beliefs about the etiology of same-sex sexual orientation. Journal of Homosexuality, 58, 1110–1131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2011.598417 Google Scholar
Tasker, F. L., & Golombok, S. (1997). Growing up in a lesbian family: Effects on child development. New York, NY: Guilford.Google Scholar
Whitley, B. E. J., & Aegisdottir, S. (2000). The gender belief system, authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and heterosexuals’ attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. Sex Roles, 42, 947–967.Google Scholar
Whitley, B. E., & Kite, M. E. (2010). The psychology of prejudice and discrimination. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.Google Scholar
Whitley, B. E. Jr. (1990). The relationship of heterosexuals’ attributions for the causes of homosexuality to attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16, 369–377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167290162016 Google Scholar
Whitley, B. E. Jr. (2001). Gender-role variables and attitudes toward homosexuality. Sex Roles, 45, 691–721.Google Scholar
World Values Survey Association (2008). World Values Survey 1981–2008 Official Aggregate V.20090901. World Values Survey Association. Aggregate File Producer: ASEP/JDS, Madrid, Spain. Retrieved from http://www.wvsevsdb.com Google Scholar