¹ Grims Wood; home of George and Ada Newman in Harrow Weald, Middlesex.

² Kikuyu; in June 1913 the evangelical Anglican bishops of Mombasa and Uganda had concluded a concordat at Kikuyu in Kenya with the representatives of several other Protestant denominations. They agreed to federate their missionary societies for future work and the meeting ended with a joint communion service. These actions were denounced by the High Church bishop of Zanzibar, all three bishops returned to London and a huge controversy ensued.

³ Daily News, 7 01 1914Google Scholar carried a front-page denunciation of Crown Prince Wilhelm of Germany for sending a telegram to Col. von Reuther, congratulating him on upholding the honour of the army by firing on civilians in the Zabern incident in Alsace in 1913.

⁴ Revd Dinsdale Thomas Young (1861–1938), leading Methodist minister, who had worked at the Centenary Chapel, York. His article ‘box of chocolates’ in British Weekly, 8 01 1914Google Scholar was a humorous piece on the benefits of eating chocolate.

⁵ T.E. Harvey had become PPS to C.F.G. Masterman, the Fin. Sec. to the Treasury, in 1913.

⁶ Edmund Henry Gilpin (1876–1950), Dir. J. Baker & Sons, and creator of Baker, Perkins Ltd in 1920; resigned from Quakers over his support for First World War; Lib. cand. Finsbury 1922; kt. 1949.

⁷ George Peverett, Office Sec. NASU 1914–1933, Gen. Sec. 1933–1942.

⁸ ‘Christopher Holdenby’, Folk of the Furrow (1913)Google Scholar. ‘Holdenby’ was a pseudonym for the eminent agriculturist Ronald George Hatton (1886–1965); kt. 1949.

⁹ Devonshire Parks and Bath Co., set up in 1873 by the Duke of Devonshire, Eastbourne's ground landowner, who owned many of the town's premier recreational facilities, including the eight acres of Devonshire Park. The council was attempting to buy the company — a proposal defeated by the ratepayers in 1913 and again in February 1914 by 3,468 votes to 2,773.

¹⁰ Hansard, 5th series, 1914, LIX, 1056 for A.S.R.'s HofC question on reading material in coastguard libraries.

¹¹ Samuel Alexander Bell (1863–1936), Ulster Quaker from Lurgan and strong Unionist; manufacturer of cambric handkerchiefs. He had spoken at the Belfast Friends' Institute on 3 February 1914 on ‘The city's neglected children’.

¹² Charles William Reginald Duncombe, Vt Helmsley (1879–1916), Con. MP Thirsk & Malton 1906–1915, when succ, as 2nd Earl of Feversham. On 17 February 1914 he had been one of the Conservative MPs (though not the rudest) who persistently interrupted Lloyd George during his reply to a Conservative motion condemning the 1909 Budget and the Land Enquiry; Hansard, 5th series, 1914, LVIII, 800 916 for the debate.

¹³ C.F.G. Masterman had been promoted to the Cabinet as Chanc. Duchy of Lancaster, but was defeated in the subsequent by-election in his seat at Bethnal Green, SW on 19 February 1914.

¹⁴ Hansard, 5th series, 1914, LVIII, 1691–1728Google Scholar for the debate on a Conservative motion that the govt should submit its changes to the Home Rule Bill to the HofC. Bonar Law pledged to ‘assist Ulster in resisting by force what the Government mean to do’.

¹⁵ Brotherhood Movement, interdenominational nonconformist organization, founded 1875, aimed at working-class men. Promoted informal Sunday afternoon meetings for worship, study and discussion.

¹⁶ Asquith had met the Irish leaders on 2 March 1914 and proposed the exclusion of Ulster from Home Rule for a limited period.

¹⁷ Percy Bigland (1856–1926), Quaker and artist; founder member of the Royal Society of Portrait Painters.

¹⁸ Sir Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell (1857–1941), general, famous for his defence of Mafeking in the Boer War; founded Scout movement 1908; KCB 1909, cr. Lord Baden-Powell 1929.

¹⁹ Alfred Bigland (1855–1936), Quaker businessman; Con. MP Birkenhead December 1910–1918, E. Birkenhead 1918–1922; resigned from Quakers autumn 1914.

²⁰ Alfred Neave Brayshaw (1861–1940), old friend of A.S.R.; teacher at Bootham 1892–1903, Woodbrooke 1903–1906, when retd to Scarborough; bro. of Shipley and Russell Brayshaw.

²¹ Frederick John Edminson (1860–1922), teacher at Quaker schools, including Leighton Park and Grove House, and convert to Quakerism; Sec. Woodbrooke extension cttee 1912; later Ed. Police Review and The Land Worker.

²² Francis William Fox (1841–1918), Quaker businessman; well-known peace advocate and amateur ambassador.

²³ Ernest William Rowntree (1877–1936), senior civil servant at Bd of Trade; bro. of Olive Rowntree.

²⁴ This may refer to the fact that on 26 February 1914 Lloyd George had agreed state funds should be used to provide medical care for school children.

²⁵ Conservative leaders were considering whether to use the HofL to block the annual renewal of the Army Bill. This course of action would have theoretically made it impossible to maintain the Army.

²⁶ A.S.R. was attending the wedding of: John Percival Davies (1885–1950), Quaker cotton manufacturer; Lab. cand. Blackburn 1922, 1923, Skipton 1929, 1931, 1933, 1935, 1945; cr. Ld Darwen 1946, Ld-in-Waiting 1949–1950, and Mary Kathleen Brown (d. 1964).

²⁷ Anne Warner Marsh (1847–1936), American Quaker.

²⁸ Richenda Gillett (1873–1953), wife of J. Rowntree Gillett, A.S.R.'s first cousin.

²⁹ Possibly Henry Vigurs Harris (1850–1944), West-country Quaker.

³⁰ This letter has not survived. It may have been connected with the fact that A.S.R. joined the Council of the Boy Scouts' Association shortly after this time.

³¹ The Cons moved a motion of censure on the govt's Irish policy on 19 March 1914; Hansard, 5th series, 1914, LIX, 2256–2380Google Scholar. Bonar Law offered to abide by the result of a referendum of the whole UK on the Libs' Home Rule proposals. Carson referred to the Libs as a ‘government of cowards’ and ‘assassins’.

³² Hon. Neil James Archibald Primrose (1882–1917), Lib. MP Wisbech January 1910–1917; US Foreign Office 1915, Coalition Lib. whip 1916–1917; youngest s. of ex-PM, Lord Rosebery.

³³ John Edward Bernard Seely (1868–1947), Con. MP (Lib. from 1904) Isle of Wight 1900–1906, 1923–1924, Lib. MP Liverpool, Abercromby 1906–January 1910, Ilkeston March 1910–1922; US Colonies 1908–1911, US War Office 1911–1912, Sec. of State for War 1912–1914, PS Ministry of Munitions 1918–1919, US Ministry of Air 1919; cr. Ld Mottistone 1933.

³⁴ The Education (Provision of Aleais) Act, 1914 compelled local authorities to provide school meals, including during holiday periods, and provided a govt subsidy. A.S.R. spoke in favour of the Bill on 27 March 1914; Hansard, 5th series, 1914, LX, 767–770.

³⁵ Malcolm Spencer (1877–1950), Congregational minister; helped start the Student Christian Movement in 1905 and the Free Church Fellowship in 1909, as well as organizing numerous postwar interdenominational conferences; ‘God's Back-Room Boy’.

³⁶ Asquith announced on 30 March 1914 that he would take over from Seely as Sec. of State for War. This meant he had to seek re-election in his seat of E. Fife and he left for Scotland on 3 April. The two generals who also resigned were Sir John French (1852–1925), Chief of the Imperial General Staff, and Sir Spencer Ewart (1861–1930), Adjutant-Gen.

³⁷ Edith Jane Wilson (nee Brayshaw) (1869–1953), leading Quaker; lived in Birkenhead 1902–1915; prominent in peace movements and Asst Clerk of YM 1915–1921; sister of A.N., Shipley, and Russell Brayshaw.

³⁸ Horace Fleming (1872–1941), Quaker businessman; founder of Birkenhead Educational Settlement (Beechcroft) 1914, and later Chmn Educational Settlements Association 1922–1935. The Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust provided £200 for three years to pay an assistant warden at Beechcroft.

³⁹ William Middlebrook (1851–1936), Lib. MP South Leeds 1908–1922; kt. 1916, Bt 1930.

⁴⁰ C.F.G. Masterman attempted to be re-elected to Parlt in a by-election at Ipswich on 23 May 1914. He lost by 532 votes.

⁴¹ Swarthmore Lecture; annual public lecture on Quakerism inaugurated by the Woodbrooke Extension Cttee in 1908. In 1914 it was delivered by Edward Grubb on ‘The historic and inward Christ’.

⁴² Francis Edward Pollard (1872–1951), Quaker and teacher at Bootham School 1890–1920; Lib. representative for Bootham ward on York council 1910–1913; m. Mary (nee Spence Watson) (1875–1962), daughter of Robert Spence Watson, and hence J.B. Morrell's brother-in-law.

⁴³ Pounders; a family closely connected with Leeman Road Adult School in York, where A.S.R. taught for many years.

⁴⁴ The report of the Friends' Foreign Mission Association provoked a long debate on whether Quakers could join an interdenominational missionary organization, like that set up in Kikuyu in 1913.

⁴⁵ Hansard, 5th series, 1914, LXIII, 343–347Google Scholar. In the debate on Post Office supply day, A.S.R. argued for a higher minimum wage for Post Office employees and arbitration of industrial disputes.

⁴⁶ Headley Bros; Quaker printing and publishing firm set up in Canterbury in 1881 by Herbert Dimsdale Headley (1862–1937) and Burgess Henry Headley (1866–1943).

⁴⁷ Hansard, 5th series, 1914, LXIII, 508–560Google Scholar; a debate on suffragette violence and the treatment of suffragette prisoners inaugurated by Lord Robert Cecil.

⁴⁸ James Backhouse (1861–1945), Quaker nurseryman at Acomb, near York.

⁴⁹ Noel Buxton m. Lucy Edith Pelham (nee Burn) (1888–1960) on 30 April 1914. She succeeded him as Lab. MP North Norfolk 1930–1931, and was then Lab. MP Norwich 1945–1950.

⁵⁰ Lloyd George's 1914 Budget ran into procedural difficulties in the HofC. On 22 June 1914 Herbert Samuel announced that as increased grants to local authorities could not be paid that year, the top rate of income tax would only be increased by id, rather than 2d.

⁵¹ Annie Besant (1847–1933), activist in numerous causes, including at various times atheism, birth control, Fabianism, theosophy, and Indian Home Rule.

⁵² Rosalind Frances Howard, Countess of Carlisle (1845–1921), widow of 9th Earl of Carlisle; acted as his estate agent from 1888, inherited Castle Howard after his death 1911; temperance fanatic, leading suffrage activist and President Womens' Liberal Federation 1891–1901, 1906–1914. Leif Jones had been her secretary.

⁵³ Hansard, 5th series, 1914, LXIV, 326–328Google Scholar for A.S.R.'s brief intervention on the Great Northern Railway Bill.

⁵⁴ Harrison Barrow (1868–1953), cousin of George Cadbury; Managing Dir. Barrows Stores in Birmingham; Birmingham councillor as a Lib. 1898, 1899–1902, 1904–1918, Lab. 1922–1925, 1926–1930, Alderman 1930–1949; accepted Ld Mayoralty in 1914, but withdrew on outbreak of war. As Chmn FSC in 1918, accepted responsibility for publishing A Challenge to Militarism and served six months in prison.

⁵⁵ Henry Joseph Wilson died 29 June 1914.

⁵⁶ William Ward, leading figure in Brotherhood movement and author Brotherhood and Democracy (1910).Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Theodora Lloyd Wilson (nee Harris) (1865–1947), wife of Henry Lloyd Wilson.

⁵⁸ Ethel Sturge Johnson, schoolteacher in USA, cousin of M.K.R.; Elsie Chittick, her close friend.

⁵⁹ Joseph Elkinton (1859–1920), Philadelphia Quaker, widely-travelled and well-known as a minister and author. His wife was Sarah West Passmore.

⁶⁰ Margaret Harris, Sec. Ackworth Old Scholars' Association.

⁶¹ Sir George Toulmin (1857–1923), Lib. MP Bury 1902–1918; kt. 1911; m. 1882 Mary Elizabeth (nee Edelston).

⁶² On 21 July 1914 a conference of the Liberal, Conservative, Irish Nationalist, and Unionist leaders met at Buckingham Palace to attempt to settle the Ulster crisis.

⁶³ Frederick Merrttens (1849–1935), German-born industrialist. Active in Adult School movement in Rugby and in furthering international links. Joined Quakers 1914.

⁶⁴ Arthur John Bigge (1849–1931), Private Sec. Queen Victoria 1895–1901, extra equerry Edward VII 1901–1910, Private Sec. George V 1910–1931; cr. Lord Stamfordham 1911. A.S.R. is referring to George V's message to the Buckingham Palace conference. In reply to Arthur Ponsonby's question, Asquith stated, rather ambiguously, ‘I take the whole responsibility for it’; Hansard, 5th series, 1914, LXV, 454.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ Asquith had approved a national minimum wage for towns as part of the Liberals' Land Campaign on 11 June 1914.

⁶⁶ Amending bill; the govt bill to amend the Home Rule Bill, allowing concessions to Ulster.

⁶⁷ Irish Volunteers landed a consignment of guns at Howth on 26 July 1914; troops opened fire in Dublin, killing three people.

⁶⁸ About twelve Liberal MPs discussed the outbreak of war between Serbia and Austria and sent a letter to Grey demanding British neutrality.

⁶⁹ Liberal Foreign Affairs group; group of Liberal MPs critical of Grey's foreign policy, set up in 1911. At their meeting on 30 July 1914 about twenty-five MPs demanded Britain remain neutral in any war.

⁷⁰ Mary Augusta Ward (1851–1920), grand-daughter of Thomas Arnold and famous novelist; opposed women's suffrage, but active in many philanthropic causes, including founding play centres and schools for handicapped children.

⁷¹ James Bryce (1838–1922), Lib. MP Tower Hamlets 1880–1885, S. Aberdeen 1885–1907; US Foreign Office 1886, Chanc. Duchy of Lancaster 1892–1894, Pres. Bd of Trade 1894–1895, Chief Sec. for Ireland 1906–1907, Amb. to USA 1907–1913; cr. Vt Bryce 1914.

⁷² The officers of the National Council of Adult Schools issued a message on 30 July 1914, urging prayer for peace. A few days later a further message called on all members to aid those of foreign birth, work for relief of suffering, and be ready to help forward a speedy end to the war.

⁷³ Randall Thomas Davidson (1848–1930), Dean of Windsor 1883–1891, Bishop of Rochester 1891–1895, Bishop of Winchester 1895–1903, Archbishop of Canterbury 1903–1928, when cr. Ld Davidson of Lambeth. J.A. Baker saw Davidson on the night of 30 July to represent the views of the T Lib MPs opposed to war, so presumably he was accompanied by A.S.R.

⁷⁴ There were persistent false rumours on 3 August 1914 that Germany had already invaded Belgium and had also invaded the Netherlands and Switzerland.

⁷⁵ Hansard, 5th series, 1914, LXV, 1838–1839Google Scholar for T.E. Harvey's speech and 1845–1847 for A.S.R.'s.

⁷⁶ Joseph Henry Scattergood (1877–1953), Quaker businessman from Philadelphia; best man at A.S.R.'s wedding.

⁷⁷ British Neutrality Cttee; a cttee organized by Graham Wallas and financed by C.P. Trevelyan. Mainly consisted of Lib. intellectuals and journalists. This was its first meeting; it was wound up the next day.

⁷⁸ Graham Wallas (1858–1932), Lib. educationalist and social theorist; teacher and lecturer, latterly at London School of Economics 1895–1923.

⁷⁹ George Macaulay Trevelyan (1876–1962), Lib. historian, already well-known for his trilogy on Garibaldi; Regius Prof, of Modern History Cambridge Univ. 1927–1940, Master of Trinity College, Cambridge 1940–1951; bro. of C.P. Trevelyan.

⁸⁰ A.S.R. did not speak at this meeting.

⁸¹ Baker and Dickinson had been instrumental in setting up the Associated Councils of Churches in the British and German Empires in 1911. They had been attending an international church conference on peace at Constance when war was declared.

⁸² The Prince of Wales was Pres. of the National Relief Fund, an organization set up to distribute charitable donations to those in distress. It collected over £1 million in a week.

⁸³ John Wilfred Harvey (1889–1967), younger bro. of M.K.R.; lecturer in philosophy Birmingham Univ., prof, of philosophy Leeds Univ. 1932–1954. Active in FAU.

⁸⁴ Dr Henry Theodore Hodgkin (1877–1933), leading Quaker, particularly concerned with missions to China; Sec. Friends' Foreign Mission Association 1910–1920, Chmn Fellowship of Reconciliation 1915–1920; nephew of Thomas Hodgkin.

⁸⁵ Philip John Baker (Noel-Baker from 1923) (1889–1982), s. of J.A. Baker and leading young Quaker; Officer Commanding FAU 1914–1915; Lab. MP Coventry 1929–1931, Derby 1936–1950, S. Derby 1950–1970; PS Ministry of War Transport 1942–1925, Min. of State 1945–1946, Sec. of State for Air 1946–1947, Sec. of State Commonwealth Relations 1947–1950, Min. Fuel and Power 1950–1951; cr. Ld Noel-Baker 1977. Variously a silver medallist at 1920 Olympics, Cassell Prof, of International Relations at LSE 1924–1929, and winner of Nobel Peace Prize 1959.

⁸⁶ The Society of Friends issued a general statement on 8 August 1914. It described the conditions which caused the war as ‘unChristian’, urged consideration of the situation that would arise after the war and hoped the war would not be conducted in a vindictive spirit. Nine newspapers carried it as an advert and 475,000 copies were distributed.

⁸⁷ Margaret Ford (nee Harvey) (1881–1917), sister of M.K.R.; m. Rawlinson Charles Ford (1879–1964), Quaker silk manufacturer.

⁸⁸ Richard Leopold Reiss (1883–1959), barrister and univ. lecturer; Lib. cand. Chichester January, December 1910, St Pancras SE 1918, Lab. cand. Colchester 1922, 1923, 1924, 1929, Preston 1935; head organizer rural section of Land Enquiry 1912–1914, Chmn Executive Cttee Town and Country Planning Association 1918–1929.

⁸⁹ The Housing (No. 2) Bill, 1914 provided state subsidies for local authorities to construct housing. It was introduced on 8 August 1914 and passed on 10 August.

⁹⁰ Hansard, 5th series, 1914, LXV, 2096–2097Google Scholar for A.S.R.'s speech on the vote of credit for the war.

⁹¹ When co-operation with the Lab. Party was stymied by its prowar stance, Libs with doubts about the war formed a new group on 6 August. A.S.R. was included on its cttee, which was authorized on 7 August to draw up a statement on Grey's foreign policy. A.S.R. fully concurred with the agreement on to August not to make public any such statement.

⁹² Hansard, 5th series, 1914, LXV, 2283 and 2285Google Scholar for Hogge's objections and A.S.R.'s speech defending the compromise arrangements with the Cons to pass the Housing (No. 2) Bill.

⁹³ The decision to form the UDC was taken at a series of meetings, of which this was one, at Philip Morrell's house at 44 Bedford Square.

⁹⁴ Charles Philips Trevelyan (1870–1958), Lib. MP Elland 1899–1918, Lab. MP New-castle-upon-Tyne Central 1922–1931; PS Bd of Education 1908–1914, when resigned in protest at decision to declare war, Pres. Bd of Education 1924, 1929–1931; succ. as 3rd Bt 1928.

⁹⁵ Isaac Sharp (1847–1917), Recording Clerk of London YM 1890–1917.

⁹⁶ William Wedgwood Benn (1877–1960), Lib. MP Tower Hamlets, St George's 1906–1918, Leith 1918–1927, Lab. MP N. Aberdeen 1928–1931, Manchester, Gorton 1937–1942, when cr. Vt Stansgate; junior Lib. whip 1910–1915, Sec. of State India 1929–1931, Sec. of State for Air 1945–1946. In 1914 was Chmn and chief organizer of National Relief Fund.

⁹⁷ The Relief Cttee set up to deal with distress arising from the war in York.

⁹⁸ Friends' Ambulance Unit; Philip Baker published his appeal for volunteers in the Friend on 21 August 1914, but A.S.R. had been closely involved in preliminary discussions to create the unit. The FAU was not, however, an official Quaker body, as some Friends objected to its close links with the military.

⁹⁹ William James Waller (1877–1929), York Quaker and Rowntree & Co. employee; later Company Sec.

¹⁰⁰ Colonel Sir Thomas Edward Milborne-Swinnerton-Pilkington (1857–1944), Yorkshire soldier and landowner; Commander 14th Battalion Kings Royal Rifles 1914–1916; succ. as 12th Bt 1901.

¹⁰¹ This was the last meeting of the group of Lib MPs founded on 6 August that A.S.R. attended. No decisions were taken about the group's future actions and it was wound up in February 1915.

¹⁰² Rachel Barclay Braithwaite (1859–1946), sister of W.C. Braithwaite and leading Quaker active in the anti-opium movement. She and Hobhouse were seeing A.S.R. about the business of the emergency cttee set up on 7 August 1914 on Hobhouse's initiative to look after the interests of enemy aliens in Britain.

¹⁰³ loan Gwilym Gibbon (1874–1948), civil servant with the Post Office and then the Local Govt Bd, rising to be Dir. of Local Government in the postwar Ministry of Health; kt. 1936.

¹⁰⁴ Philip de Gylpyn Benson (1883–1931), s. of S.H. Benson; succ. his father as Chmn of his advertising firm in 1914.

¹⁰⁵ Christie Morris, American Quaker and enthusiastic cricketer.

¹⁰⁶ Percy Whitlock, Master at Bootham School; left for India in December 1914 to take up a post as Prof. of English at Ravenshaw College, Cuttack.

¹⁰⁷ James Hamilton (1857–1935), Dir. Yorkshire Insurance Co.; kt. 1929.

¹⁰⁸ Hansard, 5th series, 1914, LXVI, 574–577Google Scholar for the message from the Indian Viceroy to the HofC, detailing pledges of loyalty and aid from India.

¹⁰⁹ On 4 September 1914 Meeting for Sufferings had established the Friends' War Victims' Relief Ctte, with T.E. Harvey as one of its Hon. Sees. See Friend, 2 10 1914Google Scholar for his account of his visit to Holland.

¹¹⁰ Jordans, Buckinghamshire, Quaker centre, including a seventeeth-century meeting house and the grave of William Penn. In early September 1914, a training camp for about sixty Quakers was set up there to prepare them to serve in the embryonic FAU.

¹¹¹ In April 1914 four Quaker organizations had called for a conference at Llandudno on 25–30 September 1914 on the ‘needs of the world’. It became a meeting of Christian pacifists of various shades of opinion.

¹¹² Laurence Edmund Rowntree (1895–1917), s. of John Wilhelm Rowntree; medical student at Cambridge; early member of the FAU, but volunteered to join the Army in 1916 and was killed at Passchendaele.

¹¹³ Colin Rowntree (1891–1966), architect, s. of Frederick Rowntree, a cousin of A.S.R. from the Scarborough branch of the family.

¹¹⁴ Dr Hilda Clark (1881–1955), younger sister of Roger Clark; joint Hon. Sec. of the Friends' War Victims' Relief Cttee.

¹¹⁵ ‘Papers for War-Time’ was a series of forty-eight pamphlets issued to counteract the war's ‘degradation of ideals’. The Ed.-in-chief was William Temple and the pamphlets represented a range of Christian opinion on the war.

¹¹⁶ Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson (1862–1932), historian and Fellow of King's College, Cambridge; originator of the ‘Bryce Group’, which privately discussed the shape of the postwar settlement; may have invented the term ‘League of Nations’.

¹¹⁷ The FAU had finally received leave to depart for Belgium on 26 October 1914.

¹¹⁸ Emile Vandervelde (1866–1938), Belgian socialist leader; accepted office as Min. without Portfolio, 4 August 1914, Min. of War 1916–1917, Min. of Home Affairs 1917–1918, Min. of Justice 1918–1921, Min. of Foreign Affairs 1925–1927.

¹¹⁹ Sir Edgar Speyer (1862–1932), German Jewish financier, naturalized as a British citizen 1892; friend of the Asquiths and donor to Liberal funds; Bt 1906. Widely suspected of pro-German sympathies; left for USA May 1915 and naturalization revoked 1921. His wife, Leonora, daughter of Ferdinand, Count von Stosch, was well-known in London as a patroness of music.

¹²⁰ Paul Hymans (1865–1941), Belgian Lib. politician; Amb. to Court of St James's 1915–1917, Min. of Foreign Affairs 1918–1920, 1924–1925, 1927–1935, Min. of Justice 1926–1927.

¹²¹ There was no electoral truce in the municipal elections in York in November 1914 and three wards were contested. The only seat to change hands was in Castlegate, where the Quaker solicitor, George Henry Mennell (1873–1944), bro. of R.O. Mennell, lost to a Con. by seventy votes. For much of the campaign Mennell was in France on a private mission to give medical assistance to the wounded and refugees.

¹²² Newman was presumably the author of the leading article, ‘For general consideration’, Friend, 16 10 1914, pp. 755–757Google Scholar. Only one critical letter, by A. Wadham, appeared in the Friend, 6 11 1914.Google Scholar

¹²³ Anna Lloyd Thomas (1854–1947), sister of W.C. Braithwaite; sec. emergency cttee to help enemy aliens in Britain.

¹²⁴ A.S.R., Seebohm Rowntree, E.R. Cross, and Percy Alden visited the Netherlands at the request of both the British and Belgian goverments to assess how Quakers could help the 750,000 Belgian refugees who had fled the new German offensive in October 1914.

¹²⁵ H.B. Enke, Belgian manufacturer married to an Englishwoman.

¹²⁶ Benjamin Franklin Battin, Prof. of German at Swarthmore, a Quaker College in Pennsylvania, USA; in Europe as part of American Quaker Peace Mission. Had visited Netherlands with G. Crosfield to investigate reports of stranded orphan refugees. Returned to Europe 1915 as organizer for World Alliance of Churches for Promoting International Fellowship.

¹²⁷ Gulielma Crosfield (1851–1945), prominent Quaker from Cambridge.

¹²⁸ Eduard Bernstein (1850–1932), leading ‘revisionist’ German Social Democrat; opposed his party's support for the war and later helped found breakaway Independent German Social Democratic Party 1917.

¹²⁹ Karl Liebknecht (1871–1919), first Social Democrat member of Reichstag to oppose war credits in December 1914. In prison 1916–1918; helped found German Communist Party and murdered 1919.

¹³⁰ Wilhelmina (1880–1962), Queen of the Netherlands 1890–1948.

¹³¹ Collegium, Christian group for study of social problems that grew out of Student Christian Movement meeting at Matlock 1909, Its headquarters were at St George's Square and William Temple was its first Chairman.

¹³² Lloyd George presented his first war budget 17 November 1914.

¹³³ William Arthur Albright (1853–1942), Quaker businessman; Dir. Albright & Wilson, phosphorus manufacturers from 1877, Chmn 1903–1915, resigning when firm agreed to undertake war contracts. First Chmn Friends' War Victims' Relicf Cttee 1914–1916.

¹³⁴ William Rochester Preston (1851–1942), Canadian journalist and Lib. politician. Appointed commissioner of emigration for Canada in London 1902.

¹³⁵ James Backhouse Crosfield, tea dealer and s. of Joseph Crosfield, leading mid-nineteenth-century Quaker.

¹³⁶ Friends' War Victims' Relief Cttee; one of its most valuable roles was to reconstruct French civilian housing damaged during the war and to build temporary accommodation for refugees and the homeless.