¹ Ludwig Fürst von Oettingen-Wallerstein.

² Enclosure: Stuttgart Gazette.

³ King Frederick I of Württemberg had always pursued his own interests and opposed the formation of a confederation of German states wherever he could. This is why the Act of Confederation of 8 June 1815 was passed without Württemberg. Württemberg did not join the confederation until 1 September 1815, with various provisos against those conditions of the Act that encroached upon internal affairs. However, the King's attitude did not change and although he appointed an envoy to the Bundestag did not give his declaration of membership until the first confidential meeting of the Bundesrat on 1 October 1816.

⁴ Karl Ludwig Friedrich.

⁵ Ludwig I.

⁶ Cf. note 14 in Frankfurt section.

⁷ Johann Friedrich Seyffer.

⁸ Luise.

⁹ Katharina.

¹⁰ Enclosure: Königlich-Würtembergisches Staats- und Regierungs-Blatt, Samstag, 1. Febr., No. 6, Gesetz über die Preβ Freyheit; d.d. 30. Jan. 1817.

¹¹ Enclosure: Court Gazette.

¹² Cf. note 14 in Frankfurt section; Under §6 of the ‘Reichsdeputationshauptschluβ’ (decision of the Deputation of the German Estates compensating German sovereign princes for losses of territories ceded to France) of 1803 the Duke of Württemberg had to pay rent in perpetuity for the estates of mediatised princes.

¹³ Enclosure: Königlich privilegierte Stuttgarter Zeitung, Freitag, den 6. Juni 1817, darin: Erklärung der Stände-Versammlung auf das Königliche Rescript vom 26. Mai. Königl. Bekanntmachung dieser Auflösung derselben betr. Darstellung des bisherigen Gangs der landständischen Verhandlungen im Königreich Württemberg über eine Verfassung des Königreichs.

¹⁴ Transcription by cypher; Georg Friedrich Karl Graf zu Waldeck und Pyrmont auch Limpurg.

¹⁵ Christian Friedrich Schnurrer.

¹⁶ Tübingen.

¹⁷ Marginal: ‘From Wiesbaden and Ems’.

¹⁸ Rudolf Graf Lützow.

¹⁹ The British envoy is referring here to two authors: Emmerich de Vattel (1714–1767), whose works include ‘Le droit des gens, ou principes de la loi naturelle, appliqué à la conduite et aux affaires des Nations ct des Souverains’, Neufchalel 1758, reprinted 1773, 1775, 1820, and later translated into various other languages; the Dutch diplomat Abraham van Wicquefort (1598–1682) whose works include a two-volume book enlilled ‘L'Ambassadeur el ses fonctions’, La Hague 1680–81, reprinted 1689–90, 1724, 1730, also translated into German and English.

²⁰ Johann Emmanuel Küster.

²¹ Marc-René-Anne-Marie Comte de Montalembert.

²² Mr. von Kinkel.

²³ Johann Nepomuk Franz Xaver Freiherr von Tautphoeus.

²⁴ Original in FO 163/2.

²⁵ Marginal: ‘See My Despatch N.o 3’.

²⁶ Ferdinand Ludwig Graf von Zeppelin.

²⁷ This refers to Article 14 of the Federal Act regarding the rights of the mediatised princes. These were then confirmed in 1820 in Article 63 of the Vienna Final Act.

²⁸ Cf. note 63 in Bavaria section.

²⁹ Enclosure: Proklamation, Wilhelm, von Gottes Gnaden, König von Württemberg.

³⁰ Enclosure: Schwäbischer Merkur, 9 Nov. 1819; Translation Neckar Zeitung, No. 35, Donnerstag, den 4. November 1819: ‘England. Das Grundübel, an welchem England leidet, ist seine Menge von Armen, die aus öffentlichen Kassen erhalten werden müssen. Man wird dieses Uebel wohl mehr in der ungleichen Vertheilung des Eigenthums, als in Ueberbevölkerung suchen müssen…’

³¹ Pius VII.

³² In Teplitz and Carlsbad Foreign Minister Wintzingerode had more or less accepted the prevailing political opinion. The only thing he tried to do, at the King's behest, was to define Article 13 more precisely, to guarantee completion of the work on the Stuttgart constitution. King William was not keen on the Carlsbad Decrees. After they had been deliberated in the Geheimer Rat, Wangenheim was told to express his reservations in a closed session of the Bundestag, but to agree in the public session; only some of the Decrees were implemented in Württemberg.

³³ August Heinrich Freiherr von Trott auf Solz zu Imshausen.

³⁴ Probably: Heidelberg.

³⁵ Petrowitch Boris Kozlovskij.

³⁶ Friedrich Graf von Franquemont.

³⁷ The imperial Estates and knights mediatised with the founding of the Confederation of the Rhine included – apart from all the territories of the Princes of Hohenlohe, the Princes of Waldburg, the Dukes of Königsegg-Aulendorf, the Princes of Windischgrätz (for Egloffs) and the Swabian possessions of the houses of Turn and Taxis, Quadt, Sternberg-Manderscheid, Schaesberg, Aspremont, Törring, Bassenheim and Kolbe von Wartenberg – the house of Metternich, belonging to the last group.

³⁸ Enclosure.

³⁹ Not traceable; it could be Karl Freiherr von Werneck or Franz Xaver Freiherr von Welden.

⁴⁰ Karl Friedrich Lebrecht Graf von Normann-Ehrenfels.

⁴¹ Georg Graf Thurn-Valsassina.

⁴² At the conferences of Carlsbad and Vienna King William of Württemberg had repeatedly opposed the union between Prussia and Austria. In September 1820 a political tract was disseminated from Stuttgart entitled ‘Manuskript aus Süddeutschland’, which propagated a trialistic confederal policy and aligned itself with the democratic and liberal ‘ideas of 1789’. Even though the radical writer Lindner was nominally the author, no one was in any doubt that the tract had been inspired by King William. These developments noticeably intensified tensions between Württemberg and the great powers Austria and Prussia, and also led to a deterioration in relations with Russia, which had traditionally been good.

⁴³ Alois Franz Graf von Rechberg-Rothenlöwen.

⁴⁴ Maria von Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach.

⁴⁵ Switzerland.

⁴⁶ Enclosure: Das neue französische Douanensystem in seiner fortschreitenden Entwicklung oder die Vernichtung des Handels des südwestlichen Teutschland mit Frankreich, Karlsruhe and Baden 1822.

⁴⁷ Ludwig I.

⁴⁸ Konstantin (Christoforov) von Benckendorff.

⁴⁹ Charlotte.

⁵⁰ Cf. note 37 in Frankfurt section.

⁵¹ Later Karl I.

⁵² Charlotte.

⁵³ Henriette.

⁵⁴ Marie (Sofie).

⁵⁵ Joseph (of Austria) and Marie (of Württemberg).

⁵⁶ Wilhelm II and Anna.

⁵⁷ Karl Friedrich and Maria.

⁵⁸ Josef von Sachsen-Hildburghausen and Amalie.

⁵⁹ Alexander Graf von Benckendorff.

⁶⁰ Marie and Sofie.

⁶¹ In January 1823 Metternich summoned the representatives of the restorative German governments to a second conference in Vienna. The main reason was the fact that under the leadership of the Wurrtemberg envoy to the Bundestag, Wangenheim, the ‘German Trias’ was threatening to become a serious opposition to the main powers in the confederation. Since the early 1820s Wangenheim had voted against Austria and Prussia in all important confederation matters. On 14 March 1822 he even managed to get a majority vote passed demanding the dissolution of the Mainz Zentraluntersuchungskommission. In order to put down this opposition Metternich proposed the Epuration of the Bundestag, which meant ridding it, and above all Metternich's system, of all unloyal elements. Soon after this meeting, when Wangenheim, in the name of the Württemberg government, criticised the counter-revolutionary policy of the Holy Alliance as expressed in the manifesto of Verona, Austria, Prussia and Russia broke off diplomatic relations with Württemberg. In July 1823 Wangenheim was recalled.

⁶² Johann Emmanuel Küster.

⁶³ Hofrat von Hasse.

⁶⁴ Heinrich Karl Friedrich Levin Graf von Wintzingerode.

⁶⁵ François-Auguste Vicomte de Chateaubriand.

⁶⁶ Bernhard Albrecht Rudolf von Mülinen.

⁶⁷ Enclosure: Copy of the despatch sent by Prince Metternich to Baron Oechsner.

⁶⁸ Jérôme Buonaparte.

⁶⁹ Bernhard Albrecht Rudolf von Mülinen.

⁷⁰ Heinrich Fürst zu Hohenlohe-Kirchberg.

⁷¹ Joachim Graf von Münch-Bellinghausen.

⁷² Hans Detlef Freiherr von Hammerstein.

⁷³ Friedrich Graf von Eyben.

⁷⁴ Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig August Spiridion Graf von Lusi.

⁷⁵ Enclosure: Journal de Francfort, No 155, 3 June 1824.

⁷⁶ Wagner, first name not traceable.

⁷⁷ Cf. note 35 in Frankfurt section.

⁷⁸ Enclosure: Journal de Francfort, No. 162, 10 June 1824.

⁷⁹ Cf. note 84 in Prussia section.

⁸⁰ Cf. note 35 in Frankfurt section.

⁸¹ Hans Detlef Freiherr von Hammerstein.

⁸² Samuel Gottlieb Liesching.

⁸³ Not traceable.

⁸⁴ Karl Follen.

⁸⁵ David Montagu, 2^nd Baron Erskine.

⁸⁶ Charlotte.

⁸⁷ Pauline.

⁸⁸ Ferdinand Freiherr von Varnbüler von und zu Hemmingen.

⁸⁹ Grand Duke Constantine was not intended to become the new Tsar. In a secret paper Alexander I had nominated the younger brother Nicholas as his successor. However, due to the sudden death of Tsar Alexander there was a certain amount of confusion.

⁹⁰ Johann Nepomuk Franz Xaver Freiherr von Tautphoeus.

⁹¹ Added in pencil.

⁹² Enclosure: State of the Corn Laws in Würtemberg, signée Beroldingen, Stuttgart le 18 Janvier 1827.

⁹³ After the military intervention by France in 1823 [cf. note 59 in Austria section], an absolutist and repressive regime ruled in Spain for a decade under Ferdinand VII, supported by the royalists of the ‘Apostolic Party’. Ferdinand, however, was confronted not only by a liberal opposition, but also by extreme absolutists for whom he had not gone far enough, for example by not re-introducing the Inquisition. In 1827 there was an uprising in Catalonia, in which early expression was given to the extremely reactionary-absolutist views of the later Carlist movement. England's policy of recognising the revolutionary states of South America and supporting national citizens' movements and the independence of the smaller European states was in sharp contrast to this sort of attitude.

⁹⁴ After the death of King John VI on 10 March 1826, orders regarding the succession were awaited from Pedro, Emperor of Brazil. Acting as King of Portugal he proclaimed an amnesty, prepared a constitution for Portugal modelled on that of Brazil and eventually abdicated in favour of his seven-year-old daughter, Maria da Gloria, Princess of Grao Para. She was to marry her uncle, the Infante Miguel, as soon as he had sworn the oath on the constitution granted by Pedro. After Pedro's abdication there were disturbances amongst the Portuguese people. On 26 July the Infante Miguel was proclaimed king, initially by the garrison of Braganza, and in December rebellious troops started to occupy parts of Portugal. Since the fate of Pedro's constitution appeared to have been sealed by supporters of absolutism, Emperor Pedro and the Infanta Maria as regent of Lisbon asked the English government for help. London then sent a division to Portugal which soon conquered absolutism. Meanwhile Miguel, at the insistance of the Holy Alliance, took the oath on Pedro's constitution in Vienna, married his niece and took on the rank of his brother's deputy. However, on orders from Metternich in Vienna he was cut off like a prisoner from all relations with Portugal, which he complained about to Pedro. In 1828 Miguel arrived in Lisbon, on 13 March the Cortes was dissolved and the absolutist movement again proclaimed Miguel king. His regime first became established as a result of official recognition by the United States and Spain. However, in 1831 military intervention by Pedro against Miguel's troops liberated Portugal from absolutism.

⁹⁵ Dimitrij Pavlowitch Tatischef.

⁹⁶ Sir Henry Wellesley.

⁹⁷ Anton Freiherr von Gremp-Freudenstein.

⁹⁸ In December 1825 a small group of aristocrats tried to exploit the temporary confusion surrounding the succession when Alexander I died without issue to bring down the autocratic regime and abolish serfdom. However, the attempted coup d'état failed within a very short time, since the anticipated support from the military was not forthcoming. Although the conspiracy had no prospect of success, it fuelled Nicholas I's fear of revolution, so that he became the ‘gendarme of Europe’ (Dieter Langewiesche), and not only in international politics.

⁹⁹ Not traceable.

¹⁰⁰ On 12 April 1827 a prelimary treaty had been agreed between Bavaria and Württemberg which – with a view to potential additional signatories – was federalist in nature. On 18 January 1828 Bavaria and Württemberg signed the treaty. This represented the first modern customs union on German soil because in contrast to previous customs agreements, such as the one concluded between Prussia and the enclaves – it was concluded between two sovereign partners. Sovereign rights in customs policy remained with each individual state. Customs revenue was divided between the partners, in proportion to the size of each population.

¹⁰¹ On the principle of a union of Protestant denominations, which was promoted in the individual German states during this period, cf. note 153 in Prussia section.

¹⁰² Cf. note 100 in this section.

¹⁰³ On 10 May 1827 Carl II., Duke of Brunswick, had declared the constitution passed by the Regent while he was still a minor (25 April 1820) to be invalid, since it illegally restricted his sovereign rights. The Estates of Brunswick made a complaint to the Bundestag about this, on the basis of Art. 56 of the Vienna Final Act. This stated that ‘regional constitutions that were recognisably functioning … could only be changed by constitutional means.’ The Bundestag threatened the Duke with exclusion from their confederation. He then withdrew his decree and again recognized the constitution.

¹⁰⁴ Original in FO 163/18.