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²⁵ The Sheffield Independent went into profit in 1913 and the Northern Echo in 1914, the latter after initially losing £7,000–£8,000 p.a.; JRSST, minutes 22 December 1913, 12 October 1914.

²⁶ Ibid., minutes 10 December 1907, 1 March 1910.

²⁷ Koss, S., The Rise and Fall of the Political Press in Britain, vol. 2 (London, 1984), pp. 42–43, 147–148, 172–173.Google Scholar

²⁸ JRSST, minutes, 29 October 1908, 17 November 1909.

²⁹ Letter, 6–9 11 1911Google Scholar; JRSST, minutes 13 September 1910.

³⁰ For the Rowntrees and the Nation, see Havighurst, A.F., Radical Journalist: H.W. Massingham (Cambridge, 1974), pp. 143–144, 153–155, 250–256, 294–302.Google Scholar

³¹ JRSST, minutes 29 November 1906.

³² Ibid., 22 December 1916.

³³ Koss, , Political Press, pp. 370–371.Google Scholar

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³⁶ A.S.R. did help to subsidize Greenwood, while Joseph Rowntree attempted to imbue him with suitable principles: A.S.R. to M.K.R., 13 February 1908; Vipont, , Arnold Rowntree, p. 54Google Scholar. Yorkshire Evening Press, 17 01 1906Google Scholar for A.S.R. urging support for G.H. Stuart.

³⁷ See Hills, , Politics in York, pp. 13–14.Google Scholar

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³⁹ See their joint election address, in Candidates Election Addresses, General Election, January 1910, National Liberal Club papers, University of Bristol Library.

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⁴¹ Ibid., 18 November 1910 for a particularly heartfelt cry.

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⁴⁴ A.S.R. to M.K.R., 24 June 1909 mentioning meetings with Arthur Henderson, Burns, and Rea at the Commons.

⁴⁵ Letters, 7 04 1910, 14 03, 19 04, 25 10 1911, 15 02, 14, 18 11 1912Google Scholar, for example.

⁴⁶ A.S.R. was less active in the HofC in the pre-1914 period than the average government backbencher. In 1913 he made 5 speeches and asked 9 questions, compared to a mean of 7·5 interventions in debate and 14·3 questions; see Rush, M., The Role of the Member of Parliament since 1868: From Gentlemen to Players (Oxford, 2001), pp. 155–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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⁴⁸ Hansard, 5th series, XXXV, 192–193 (5 03 1912)Google Scholar for a question on Belgian light railways.

⁴⁹ Ibid., LIX, 1056 (10 March 1914).

⁵⁰ Ibid., LI, 1562–1566 (11 April 1913); XLIII, 257 (29 October 1912).

⁵¹ Letters, 5, 6, 28 07, 23 10, 1, 2, 7 11 1911.Google Scholar

⁵² Hansard, 5th series, LV, 1160–1163 (15 07 1913)Google Scholar; Letters, 27 02, 18 06, 2 07 1912.Google Scholar

⁵³ A.S.R. participated in the major arms reduction rebellions by Liberal MPs on 13 and 16 March 1911, and 22 and 25 July 1912, as well as voting for minimum wages on 26 March 1912 and 11 February 1913.

⁵⁴ A.S.R. to M.K.R., 3 July 1907; Letters, 26 03, 18 05 1914.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ Hansard, 5th series, LXIX, 1221–1224 (17 02 1915)Google Scholar for minimum wages; Ibid., XCIV, 86–91 (5 June 1917) for industrial conciliation. A.S.R. was also secretary of an allparty group on housing reform.

⁵⁶ Ibid., 5th series, LXV, 1847.

⁵⁷ Letters, 10 08 1914.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ For the FAU see, M. Tatham and Miles, J.E., The Friends' Ambulance Unit, 1914–19: A Record (London, 1919).Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Hansard, 5th series, LI, 1566 (11 04 1913)Google Scholar on the National Service (Territorial Forces) Bill.

⁶⁰ Ibid., LXXVIII, 430 (19 January 1916).

⁶¹ Rae, J., Conscience and Politics: The British Government and the Conscientious Objector to Military Service, 1916–19 (Oxford, 1970)Google Scholar remains the best examination of this issue.

⁶² Some of this correspondence has been preserved in A.S.R.'s papers at Friends House, London, Temp. MS 977/2/2.

⁶³ Kennedy, T.C., ‘Fighting about peace: the No Conscription Fellowship and the British Friends’ Service Committee, 1915–1919', Quaker History, 69 (1980), pp. 3–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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⁶⁵ Yorkshire Herald, 15 01 1916Google Scholar for splits in the local Liberal Party.

⁶⁶ Yorkshire Gazette, 16 11 1918Google Scholar for Arnold's acceptance speech after his nomination.

⁶⁷ See advertisements in Yorkshire Evening Press, 5–12 12 1918Google Scholar, including ‘Rowntree stands for generous pensions’ and ‘Rowntree stands for free trade and no taxes on food’. M.K.R. wrote ‘A special appeal to the women voters of York’, Yorkshire Gazette, 23 11 1918Google Scholar. The same issue had a long feature on Arnold's work with the FAU.

⁶⁸ Yorkshire Evening Press, 12 12 1918.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ Vipont, , Arnold Rowntree, pp. 80–119Google Scholar for A.S.R.'s career after 1918.

⁷⁰ Copies of Mrs Cadbury's transcript are held at Friends House, London and the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, York.

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⁷³ Kennedy, T.C., British Quakerism, 1860–1920: The Transformation of a Religious Community (Oxford, 2001), pp. 211–236.Google Scholar