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Fundamentos históricos de la gestión humanitaria

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2010

Extract

Tras casi 130 años de existencia, el Movimiento Internacional de la Cruz Roja y de la Media Luna Roja conserva totalmente intactas su originalidad y su fuerza en el ámbito de las relaciones humanas.

Nacido de la comprobación realizada por el observador ocasional y privilegiado que fue Henry Dunant, de la entrega espontánea de la población lombarda tras el desastre sanitario de Solferino, en junio de 1859, el Movimiento se ha visto sin cesar afianzado y difundido, hasta el punto de ser hoy una entidad irremplazable, que continúa suscitando compromisos desinteresados en todo el mundo.

Es cierto que la acción de los pioneros que, en todas las épocas han tenido epígonos convencidos, constituye una primera explicación evidente.

Type
Historia de las Ideas Humanitarias
Copyright
Copyright © International Committee of the Red Cross 1994

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References

1 ;γαπήσειζ τòν πλησίον σου ς σεαυτóν.

2 ;γαπτε τοὺς χϑροὺς μν καλς ποιεῖτε τοῖς μισοσιν μζ.

3 Et proelio operabitur filius pacis, cui nee litigare conveniet, De Corona, 11, 1.

4 Tenemus, ecce, arma et non resistimus, quia mori quam occidere satis malumus, et innocentes interire, quam noxii vivere praeoptamus, Passio Acaunensium martyrum, 9Google Scholar.

5 Justa bella solent definiri quae ulciscuntur injurias, Quaestionum in Heptateuchum, VI, 10Google Scholar.

6 Esto ergo etiam bellando pacificus, ut eos quos expugnas, ad pacis utilitatem vincendo perducas, Epistola CLXXXIX, 6Google Scholar.

7 At vero Christi milites securi praeliantur praelio Domini sui, nequaquam metuentes aut de hostium caede peccatum, aut de sua necepericulum: quandoquidem mors pro Christo vel ferenda, vel inferenda, et nihil habeat criminis, et plurimum gloriae mereatur! Hinc quippe Christo, inde Christus acquiritur, De laude novae militiae, III, 4Google Scholar.

8 Respondeo dicendum quod ad hoc aliquod bellum sit justum, tria requiruntur. Primo quidem, auctoritas principis, cujus mandato bellum est gerendum (…) Secundo, requiritur justa causa: ut scilicet illi qui impugnantur propter aliquam culpam impugnationem mereantur (…) Tertio, requiritur ut sit intentio bellantium recta: qua scilicet intenditur vel ut bonum promoveatur, vel ut malum vitetur, Summa theologica — Secunda Secundae. Quaestio 40Google Scholar.

9 Tertius canon: Parta victoria et confecto bello, oportet moderate et cum modestia Christiana victoria uti et oportet victorem existimare se judicem sedere inter duas Respublicas - alteram, quae laesa est, alteram quae injuriam fecit ut, non tamquam accusator, sed tanquam judex, sententiam ferat, qua satisfieri quidem possit Reipublicae laesae, sed quantum fiori poterit, cum minima calamitate et malo Reipublicae nocentis, castigatis nocentibus quantum licuerit, De jure belli, 60, Tres belligerandi canones.

10 Innocentes sunt quasi naturali jure pueri, mulieres, et quicumque non valent arma sumere, Disputatio XIII — De caritate, VII, 10Google Scholar.

11 Benn es fol ja ein kriegs man mit fich and beg fich haben falch gemifen and troft, bas are fehuldig feg and unites thun, damit es gabnith feg, das er Gott orunnen diene and koone fagen: Hie fehlecht, flicht, Grirget nicht ich, hondern Gott und mein Furft, wilcher diener utet mein hand and leib ift.

Bin ander frage: Wie, wenn mein herr unrecht hette eu kriegen? Anthort: Wenn du weift gewif, has er unrecht hat, to faltn Gott mehr furchten and gohorchen denn menkchen, Arts. 4.,

Ja, fprichftu, mein herr wingt mich, nmmpt mir mein leben, gibt mir mein gelt, laho and fold nicht; Antwort: Bas, mutu wagen and umb Botts willen lafen faren, was da feret.

12 «Mais en l'obéissance que nous avons enseignée estre deuëe aux superieurs, il y doibt avoir toujours une exception, ou plustost une reigle qui est à garder devant toutes choses. C'est, que telle obeissance ne nous destourne point de l'obeissance de celuy, soubz la volonté duquel il est raisonnable que tous les desirs des Roys se contiennent: et que tous leurs commandements cedent à son ordonnance, et que toute leur haultesse soit humiliée et abaissee soubz sa majesté…

Je scay bien quel dangier peut venir d'une telle Constance que je la requierz icy… Mais cest edit a esté prononcé par le celeste herault S. Pierre, qu'il fault plustost obeir à Dieu que aux hommes (Actes, 4), nous avons à nous consoler de ceste cogitation, que vrayement nous rendons lors à Dieu telle obeissance qu'il la demande, quand nous souffrons plustost toutes choses, que declinions de sa saincte parolle».

13 E infatti, qual è l'intento sociale? ridurre colla forza all'ordine. Dunque in primo luogo, tutto ciò che non può far resistenza, non dee distruggersi: ed ecco tolta la devastazione inutile delle case, la strage confusa di vecchi, donne, fanciulli, eccessi di barbara guerra: se pure alcuni di costoro non avessero individualmente meritata tal pena…

Perfino il soldato al momento che, rendendo le armi, si dichiara risoluto a cessar dalle offese, diviene fra popoli umani oggetto di commiserazione e, se cedea per dovere et non per codardia, ancor di rispetto&

La stessa legge di evitare un male non necessario vieta tra le nazioni l'uso di certi mezzi di sterminio, dei quali l'arte non potrebbe arrestare o maneggiare gli effetti a norma degl'intenti suoi, drizzandone il danno precisemente colà d'onde parte la resistenza. Propagare il contagio, avvelenar le acque, et simili altre invenzioni mortifere sono mezzi che non discerneranno tempo da tempo, né armato da inerme, Lib. VI — Cap. IV — Doveri internazionali nello stato ostile.

14 Wounds inflicted, wounds received by men acting as the organs of a higher personality, and inspired by a sense of fidelity and honour to a power that has the right to wield them as its will, are not the same things as cuts in the private flesh made upon their own account, not debasing the giver, and glorifying the suffering to the receiver (…).

The objection is often brought against the morality of war, that the soldier is not the principal in the quarrel, but hires himself to kill, without regard to the rectitude of the cause. The remark appears to me essentially injust in two respects. He does not hire himself out to kill; killing is not the end of an armed force, but only the possible means by which it may enforce its defense of right. As well might you say that the surgeon exists for the sake of wounding.

15 «E1 Islam y el derecho internacional humanitario», Revista Internacional de la Cruz Roja, nº 38, marzo-abril de 1980, pp. 5969Google Scholar.

16 El Corán. Traducción y comentarios — 1985 — vol. 1Google Scholar.

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20 Yadh ben Achur, op. cit., p. 69Google Scholar.