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Organic no-tillage system effects on soybean, corn and irrigated tomato production and economic performance in Iowa, USA

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 December 2011

Kathleen Delate ,
Daniel Cwach  and
Craig Chase
Kathleen Delate*
Affiliation:
Departments of Agronomy and Horticulture, 106 Horticulture Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1100, USA.
Daniel Cwach
Affiliation:
Departments of Agronomy and Horticulture, 106 Horticulture Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1100, USA.
Craig Chase
Affiliation:
Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture, 209 Curtiss Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
*
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
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Abstract

Novel technologies to reduce tillage in organic systems include a no-tillage roller/crimper for terminating cover crops prior to commercial crop planting. The objective of this experiment was to compare: (1) weed management and yield effects of organic tilled and no-tillage systems for corn (Zea mays L.), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and irrigated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), using a roller/crimper and two cover crop combinations [hairy vetch/rye (Vicia villosa Roth/Secale cereale L.) and winter wheat/Austrian winter pea (Triticum vulgare L./Pisum sativum L. ssp. arvense (L.) Poir.)]; and (2) the economic performance of each system. Weed management ranged from fair to excellent in the organic no-tillage system for soybean and tomato crops, with the rye/hairy vetch mulch generally providing the most weed suppression. Corn suffered from low rainfall, competition from weeds and hairy vetch re-growth and, potentially, low soil nitrogen (N) from lack of supplemental fertilization and N immobilization during cover crop decomposition. No-tillage corn yields averaged 5618 and 634 kg ha−1 in 2006 and 2007, respectively, which was 42–92% lower than tilled corn. No-tillage soybeans in 2007 averaged 2793 kg ha−1 compared to 3170 kg ha−1 for tilled soybeans, although no-tillage yields were 48% of tilled yields in the dry year of 2006. Irrigated tomato yields averaged 40 t ha−1 in 2006 and 63 t ha−1 in 2007, with no statistical differences among tillage treatments. Economic analysis for the three crops revealed additional cover crop seed and management costs in the no-tillage system. Average organic corn returns to management were US$1028 and US$2466 ha−1 greater in the tilled system compared to the no-tillage system in 2006 and 2007, respectively, which resulted mainly from the dramatically lower no-tillage yields. No-tillage soybean returns to management were negative in 2006, averaging US$ −14 ha−1, compared to US$742 ha−1 for tilled soybeans. However, in 2007, no-tillage soybean returns averaged US$1096 ha−1. The 2007 no-tillage irrigated tomato returns to management averaged US$53,515 compared to US$55,515 in the tilled system. Overall, the organic no-tillage soybean and irrigated tomato system demonstrated some promise for reducing tillage in organic systems, but until economic benefits from soil carbon enhancement can be included for no-tillage systems, soil improvements probably cannot offset the economic losses in no-tillage systems. Irrigation could improve the performance of the no-tillage system in dry years, especially if grain crops are rotated with a high-value irrigated tomato crop.

Keywords

cover cropsorganic weed managementroller/crimperhairy vetchrye
Type
Research Papers
Information
Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems , Volume 27 , Issue 1: Special Issue: Conservation Tillage Strategies in Organic Management Systems , March 2012 , pp. 49 - 59
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

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