Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T18:55:20.941Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Economics of organic and conventional hazelnut production in the Terme district of Samsun, Turkey

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 June 2008

Kursat Demiryurek  and
Vedat Ceyhan
Kursat Demiryurek*
Affiliation:
Department of Agricultural Economics, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139, Samsun, Turkey.
Vedat Ceyhan
Affiliation:
Department of Agricultural Economics, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139, Samsun, Turkey.
*
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Understanding the economics of organic agriculture is crucial to support of organic production by policy-makers and to facilitate producers converting their lands to organic production. The aim of this research was to compare organic and conventional hazelnut producers, in terms of their socio-economic characteristics, production systems and economic performance. The main data were gathered with surveys of 64 randomly selected conventional hazelnut producers and all the organic hazelnut producers (39) living in villages of the Terme district of Samsun, Turkey in 2005. Results revealed that, compared to conventional hazelnut producers, organic hazelnut producers were more educated, had larger hazelnut areas and spent more time on agricultural activities. The current research also used cluster analysis to define relatively similar farmers from both production systems and to compare variables. Organic producers needed more labor, especially hired workers, and used more lime, organic fertilizer and insect traps, while conventional producers used more synthetic inputs. Organic producers had lower costs of production and had higher income. It is recommended that the organic producers be supported financially, and assisted by research and extension services to produce and use their own inputs, rather than purchasing from outside. They should also be encouraged to establish associations to increase their marketing efficiency.

Keywords

economicsorganic agriculturecluster analysishazelnutTurkey
Type
Research Papers
Information
Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems , Volume 23 , Issue 3 , September 2008 , pp. 217 - 227
Copyright
Copyright © 2008 Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Demiryurek, K. and Guzel, A. 2006. Extension in organic agriculture: the case of Kelkit. Journal of Extension Systems 22(1):63–73.Google Scholar
2 Heckman, J. 2006. A history of organic farming: transitions from Sir Albert Howard's war in the soil to USDA National Organic Program. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 21(3):143–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3 Yussefi, M. and Willer, H. 2007. Organic farming worldwide 2007 overview and main statistics. In Willer, H. and Yussefi, M. (eds) The World of Organic Agriculture: Statistics and Emerging Trends 2007. IFOAM, Bonn and FIBL, Frick.Google Scholar
4 Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FIBL). 2007. Organic agricultural land and farms in Europe, 31.12.2006. Available at Web site: http://www.organic-europe.net/europe_eu/statistics-europe.htm (verified July 2007).Google Scholar
5 Sahota, A. 2005. Overview of the global market for organic food and drinks. In Willer, H. and Yussefi, M. (eds) The World of Organic Agriculture: Statistics and Emerging Trends 2005 (7th revised ed.). IFOAM, Bonn. Available at Web site: http://orgprints.org/4297/01/365-world-of-organic-agriculture.pdf (verified July 2007).Google Scholar
6 Demiryurek, K. 2000. The analysis of information systems for organic and conventional hazelnut producers in three villages of the Black Sea region, Turkey. PhD thesis, The University of Reading, Reading, UK.Google Scholar
7 The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, General Directorate of Agricultural Production Development (TUGEM). 2007. Türkiye'deki organik tarım ile ilgili veriler (in Turkish). Data on organic agriculture in Turkey. Available at Web site: http://www.tugem.gov.tr/tugemweb/bilgiler_veriler.html (verified July 2007).Google Scholar
8 The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, General Directorate of Agricultural Production Development (TUGEM). 2006. Organik tarım strateji belgesi (Taslak) (in Turkish). Strategic document of organic agriculture for Turkey (Draft). Available at Web site: http://www.tarim.gov.tr/arayuz/10/icerik.asp?efl=uretim/organiktarim/organik_tarim.htm&curdir=\uretim\organiktarim&fl=organiktarim_taslak_strateji.htm (verified July 2007).Google Scholar
9 Pimentel, D. 1993. Economics and energetics of organic and conventional farming. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 6(1):53–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10 Lampkin, N.H. and Padel, S. (eds) 1994. The Economics of Organic Farming: An International Perspective. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11 Butler, L.J. 2002. The economics of organic milk production in California: a comparison with conventional costs. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 17(2):83–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12 Mendoza, T.C. 2002. Comparative productivity, profitability and energy use in organic, LEISA and conventional rice production in the Philippines. Livestock Research and Rural Development 14(6). Available at Web site: http://www.cipav.org.co/lrrd/lrrd14/6/mend146.htm (verified July 2007).Google Scholar
13 Parrot, N., Olesen, J.E., and Jensen, H.H. 2005. Certified and non-certified organic faming in the developing world. In Halberg, N., Alroe, H.F., Knudsen, M.T., and Kristensen, E.S. (eds) Global Development of Organic Agriculture: Challenges and Promises. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK. Available at Web site: http://ecowiki.org/uploads/GlobalPerspective/Chapter_6.pdf (verified June 2007).Google Scholar
14 Ankomah, S.B. and Yiridoe, E.K. 2006. Organic and Conventional Food: A Literature Review of the Economics of Consumer Perceptions and Preferences. Organic Agriculture Centre of Canada, Canada.Google Scholar
15 Bülbül, M. and Tanrıvermiş, H. 1999. Türkiye'de ekolojik ve geleneksel fındık üretiminin ekonomik yapısı ve ihracat potansiyeli (in Turkish). Economic structure and export potential of ecological and conventional hazelnut production in Turkey. Symposium of Agricultural Production and Marketing in the Black Sea Region of Turkey, 15–16 October 1999, Black Sea Agricultural Research Institute, Samsun, Turkey.Google Scholar
16 Demirci, R., Erkuş, A., Tanrıvermiş, H., Gündoğmuş, E., Parıltı, N., and Özüdoğru, H. 2002. Türkiye'de ekolojik tarım ürünleri üretiminin ekonomik yönü ve geleceği: ön araştırma sonuçlarının tartışılması (in Turkish, with English abstract). Economic aspects and future of organic farming in Turkey: discussion on preliminary research results. V. Turkish Agricultural Economics Congress, 18–20 September 2002, Erzurum, Turkey.Google Scholar
17 Franco, S., Pancino, B., and Ferrucci, D. 2005. Production and marketing of organic hazelnuts: the case of ‘Tonda Gentile Romana’. In Tous, J., Rovira, M., and Romero, A. (eds) Proceedings of the VI International Congress on Hazelnut. ISHS, Spain. Acta Horticulturae 686:565–572.Google Scholar
18 Lampkin, N.H. 1994. Researching organic farming systems. In Lampkin, N.H. and Padel, S. (eds) The Economics of Organic Farming: An International Perspective. CAB International, Wallingford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19 Padel, S. and Lampkin, N.H. 1994. Conversion to organic farming: an overview. In Lampkin, N.H. and Padel, S. (eds) The Economics of Organic Farming: An International Perspective. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.Google Scholar
20 van der Werf, E., Kariuki, J., and Onduru, D.D. 1997. Methodological issues in comparative agro-economic on-farm research assessment of organic versus conventional farming techniques. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture 14(1):53–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21 Kristiansen, P. 2006. Overview of organic agriculture. In Kristiansen, P., Taji, A., and Reganold, J. (eds) Organic Agriculture: A Global Perspective. CSIRO Publishing, Australia.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22 Parra-Lopez, C., Calatrava-Requena, J., and de-Haro-Gimenez, T. 2008. A systemic comparative assessment of the multifunctional performance of alternative olive systems in Spain within an AHP-extended framework. Ecological Economics 64(4):820–834.Google Scholar
23 Demiryurek, K. 2007. Social network analysis (SNA): the case of communication networks for organic hazelnut producers in Turkey. In Slavik, M. and Zakova, P. (eds) Proceedings of 18th European Seminar on Extension Education: Supporting Viable Rural Communities. Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague. p. 112–117.Google Scholar
24 Cronbach, L.J. 1951. Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Physometrica 16: 297–334.Google Scholar
25 Hair, J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L., and Black, W.C. 1998. Multivariate Data Analysis, 5th ed.Prentice Hall, London.Google Scholar
26 Smith, T.L. and Zopf, P.E. 1970. Principles of Inductive Rural Sociology. F.A. Davis Company, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
27 Rogers, E.M. 1995. Diffusion of Innovations, 4th ed.The Free Press, New York.Google ScholarPubMed
28 Padel, S. 1994. Adoption of organic farming as an example of the diffusion of innovation: a literature review on the conversion to organic farming. Discussion Paper Series 94/1. Centre for Organic Husbandry and Agroecology, Aberystwyth, Wales.Google Scholar
29 Padel, S. 2001. Conversion to organic farming: a typical example of the diffusions of an innovation. Sociologia Ruralis 41(1):40–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30 Demiryurek, K. 2006. Distance education for rural people in developing countries: Turkish experience. Journal of Extension Systems 22(2):83–94.Google Scholar
31 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. 1995. 3rd ed.Longman Group, Essex.Google Scholar
32 Anderson, M.D. 1994. Economics of organic and low-input farming in the United States of America. In Lampkin, N.H. and Padel, S. (eds) The Economics of Organic Farming: An International Perspective. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.Google Scholar
33 Henning, J. 1994. Economics of Organic Farming in Canada. In Lampkin, N.H. and Padel, S. (eds) The Economics of Organic Farming: An International Perspective. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.Google Scholar
34 Wynen, E. 1994. Economics of organic farming in Australia. In Lampkin, N.H. and Padel, S. (eds) The Economics of Organic Farming: An International Perspective. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.Google Scholar
35 Pals, L.S., Braun, J., and Dabbert, S. 1994. Financial assistance for conversion to organic farming in Germany under the European Community's extensification programme. In Lampkin, N.H. and Padel, S. (eds) The Economics of Organic Farming: An International Perspective. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.Google Scholar
36 Schmid, O. 1994. Agricultural policy and impacts of national and regional government assistance for conversion to organic farming in Switzerland. In Lampkin, N.H. and Padel, S. (eds) The Economics of Organic Farming: An International Perspective. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.Google Scholar
37 Dubgaard, A. 1994. Economics of organic farming in Denmark. In Lampkin, N.H. and Padel, S. (eds) The Economics of Organic Farming: An International Perspective. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.Google Scholar
38 Ceyhan, V. 1998. Samsun ili Vezirköprü ilçesinde sığır besiciliğine yer veren işletmelerin değişken fiyatlı programlama yöntemi ile planlanması (in Turkish, with English abstract), Alternative optimum production organizations for cattle fattening farms by using variable price programming in Vezirkopru district of Samsun. Unpublished PhD thesis, Ankara University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ankara, Turkey.Google Scholar
39 Cinemre, H.A., Ceyhan, V., and Kılıç, O. 1995. Çarşamba ovası tarım işletmelerinin ekonomik analizi (in Turkish, with English abstract). Economic analysis of farm enterprises in Carsamba basin of Samsun, Turkey. Ondokuz Mayis University, Faculty of Agriculture, Research No: 2, Samsun, Turkey.Google Scholar
40 Ceyhan, V. and Cinemre, H.A. 2004. Estimation of risk efficient farm structures along the Kızılırmak River in north central Anatolia: an application of minimization of the absolute deviation. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 28:131–140.Google Scholar
41 Lampkin, N.H. 1994. Economics of organic farming in Britain. In Lampkin, N.H. and Padel, S. (eds) The Economics of Organic Farming: An International Perspective. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
42 Rigby, D., Woodhouse, P., Young, T., and Burton, M. 2001. Constructing a farm level indicator of sustainable agricultural practice. Ecological Economics 39(3):463–478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
43 Demiryurek, K. 2001. Discriminant analysis of organic and conventional hazelnut producers in the Black Sea region of Turkey. In Mehlenbacher, S.A. (ed). Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress on Hazelnut, Corvallis, OR, USA.ACTA Horticulturae 556:349–354.Google Scholar
44 Ozman-Sullivan, S.K. and Akca, I. 2005. Efficiency of pesticides against big bud mites [Phytoptus avellanae Nal. and Cecidophyopsis vermiformis Nal. (Acarina: Eriophyoidea)] on hazelnut. Acta Horticulturae 686:393–399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
45 Padel, S. and Zerger, U. 1994. Economics of organic farming in Germany. In Lampkin, N.H. and Padel, S. (eds) The Economics of Organic Farming: An International Perspective. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.Google Scholar
46 Muhlebach, I. and Muhlebach, J. 1994. Economics of organic farming in Switzerland. In Lampkin, N.H. and Padel, S. (eds) The Economics of Organic Farming: An International Perspective. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.Google Scholar
47 Demiryurek, K. 2001. Conversion to organic hazelnut production in the Black Sea region of Turkey. In Mehlenbacher, S.A. (ed.). Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress on Hazelnut, Corvallis, OR, USA.ACTA Horticulturae 556:453–460.Google Scholar
48 Kirner, L., Vogel, S., and Schneeberger, W. 2006. Intended and actual behavior of organic farmers in Austria after a five-year commitment period. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 21(2):95–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
49 Padel, S. and Lampkin, N.H. 1994. Farm level performance of organic farming systems. In Lampkin, N.H. and Padel, S. (eds) The Economics of Organic Farming: An International Perspective. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.Google Scholar
50 Swezey, S.L., Goldman, P., Bryer, J., and Nieto, D. 2007. Six-year comparison between organic, IPM and conventional cotton production systems in the Northern San Joaquin Valley California. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 22(1):30–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar