Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T13:04:06.952Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Sainfoin seeds in organic diets for weaned piglets—utilizing the protein-rich grains of a long-known forage legume

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 October 2014

L. Baldinger ,
W. Hagmüller ,
U. Minihuber ,
M. Matzner  and
W. Zollitsch
L. Baldinger*
Affiliation:
Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Division of Livestock Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor Mendel Strasse 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria.
W. Hagmüller
Affiliation:
Austrian Research and Education Center, Institute of Organic Farming and Farm Animal Biodiversity, Austrasse 10, 4600 Thalheim/Wels, Austria.
U. Minihuber
Affiliation:
Austrian Research and Education Center, Institute of Organic Farming and Farm Animal Biodiversity, Austrasse 10, 4600 Thalheim/Wels, Austria.
M. Matzner
Affiliation:
Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Division of Livestock Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor Mendel Strasse 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria.
W. Zollitsch
Affiliation:
Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Division of Livestock Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor Mendel Strasse 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria.
*
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) is a tanniniferous legume that has been used as non-bloating forage for horses and ruminants for centuries, but so far its protein-rich seeds have not been utilized as a feedstuff for monogastric animals. In Europe, the main protein sources in diets for organic pigs are the grain legumes faba beans (Vicia faba) and peas (Pisum sativum), alongside the expensive high-quality components soybean cake, skimmed milk powder and potato protein. Because of the scarce supply of organic soybean cake and the highly variable yield of peas, alternative and locally produced protein sources are of great interest. As part of the EU Core Organic II research project ICOPP (improved contribution of local feed to support 100% organic feed supply to pigs and poultry), sainfoin seeds have been tested as a protein source for organic weaned piglets. In a feeding trial, a control diet, one diet containing 10% sainfoin seeds with hulls and two diets with 10 and 16% dehulled seeds, respectively (as fed basis) were fed to 137 piglets (crosses of [Pietrain×Duroc]×[Landrace×Large White]) during the 4-week post-weaning phase. The protein-rich components of the control diet were peas and soybean cake, which were partly substituted for sainfoin seeds in the experimental diets. Sainfoin seeds were found to contain 279 g kg−1 crude protein (388 g kg−1 when dehulled, as fed basis) with an amino acid profile suitable for pig feeding. Neither feed intake and body weight gain nor feed conversion ratio differed between treatments. It is concluded that sainfoin seeds can be a valuable protein source in moderate percentages of 10–16% in organic diets for weaned piglets. Where sainfoin can be cultivated easily and the seeds are harvested, using them as feed for piglets can therefore be recommended.

Keywords

sainfoinlegumeproteinpiglet
Type
Research Papers
Information
Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems , Volume 31 , Issue 1 , February 2016 , pp. 12 - 21
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Früh, B., Bochicchio, D., Edwards, S., Hegelund, L., Leeb, C., Sundrum, A., Werne, S., Wiberg, S., and Prunier, A. 2013. Description of organic pig production in Europe. Organic Agriculture. DOI: 10.1007/s13165-013-0056-9.Google Scholar
2Zollitsch, W. 2007. Challenges in the nutrition of organic pigs. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 87:2747–2750.Google Scholar
3The Council of the European Union. 2007. Council Regulation (EC) No 834/2007 of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products. Official Journal of the European Union 189:1–23.Google Scholar
4Liebman, M. and Dyck, E. 1993. Crop rotation and intercropping strategies for weed management. Ecological Applications 3:92–122.Google Scholar
5Hauggaard-Nielsen, H. and Jensen, E.S. 2005. Facilitative root interactions in intercrops. Plant Soil 274:237–250.Google Scholar
6Eurostat. 2012. Certified production of organic animal products by type of products. Available at Web site: http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=food_pd_dmorg&lang=en (accessed April 30, 2014).Google Scholar
7Borreani, G., Peiretti, P.G., and Tabacco, E. 2003. Evolution of yield and quality of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) in the spring growth cycle. Agronomie 23:193–201.Google Scholar
8Hayot Carbonero, C., Mueller-Harvey, I., Brown, T.A., and Smith, L. 2011. Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia): A beneficial forage legume. Plant Genetic Resources 9:70–85.Google Scholar
9Cormack, W.F., Shepherd, M., and Wilson, D.W. 2003. Legume species and management for stockless organic farming. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture 21:383–398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10Peel, M.D., Asay, K.H., Johnson, D.A., and Waldron, B.L. 2004. Forage production of sainfoin across an irrigation gradient. Crop Science 44:614–619.Google Scholar
11Piano, E. and Pecetti, L. 2010. Minor legume species. In Boller, B., Posselt, U., and Veronesi, F. (eds). Fodder Crops and Amenity Grasses. Springer, New York, USA. p. 477–500.Google Scholar
12Traudtner, F. 2011. Personal communication, October 3, 2011.Google Scholar
13Goplen, B., Howarth, R., Sarkar, S., and Lesins, K. 1980. A search for condensed tannins in annual and perennial species of Medicago, Trigonella, and Onobrychis. Crop Science 20:801–804.Google Scholar
14Ditterline, R.L., Newman, C.W., and Carleton, A.E. 1977. Evaluation of sainfoin seeds as a possible protein supplement for monogastric animals. Nutrition Reports International 15:397–405.Google Scholar
15The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. 2010. Directive 2010/63/EU of 22 September 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. Official Journal of the European Union 276:33–79.Google Scholar
16Austrian Republic. 1999. 169th Federal Law of 19 August 1999 on the revision of the Act on Animal Experiments 1988. Federal Law Gazette 169/1999:1331–1333.Google Scholar
17GfE [Society of Nutrition Physiology]. 2008. Prediction of metabolisable energy of compound feeds for pigs. Proceedings of the Society of Nutrition Physiology 17:199–204.Google Scholar
18LfL [Bavarian State Research Institute for Agriculture]. 2011. Fütterungsfibel Ökologische Schweinehaltung [Handbook for Organic Pig Feeding]. 3rd ed.Self-publishing, Freising, Germany.Google Scholar
19VDLUFA [Association of German Agricultural Analytic and Research Institutes] (ed.). 2007. Handbuch der Landwirtschaftlichen Versuchs- und Untersuchungsmethodik (VDLUFA-Methodenbuch), Band III: Die chemische Untersuchung von Futtermitteln [Handbook of Agricultural Experimental and Analytical Methods, Volume III: The Chemical Analysis of Feedstuffs]. 3rd ed.VDLUFA-Verlag, Darmstadt, Germany.Google Scholar
20GfE [Society of Nutrition Physiology]. 2006. Empfehlungen zur Energie- und Nährstoffversorgung von Schweinen [Recommendations on the Energy and Nutrient Supply for Pigs]. DLG-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.Google Scholar
21ALVA. 1983. Österreichisches Methodenbuch für die Untersuchung von Futtermitteln, Futterzusatzstoffen und Schadstoffen [Austrian Method Book for the Examination of Feeds, Feed Additives and Harmful Substances]. ALVA, Vienna.Google Scholar
22Altmann, F. 1992. Determination of amino sugars and amino acids in glycoconjugates using precolumn derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde. Analytical Biochemistry 204:215–219.Google Scholar
23The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. 2000. Commission Directive 2000/45/EC of 6 July 2000 establishing community methods of analysis for the determination of vitamin A, vitamin E and tryptophan in feedingstuffs. Official Journal of the European Union 174:32–50.Google Scholar
24SAS. 2002. Software, Release 9.1.3 SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.Google Scholar
25Littell, R.C., Milliken, G.A., Stroup, W.W., Wolfinger, R.D., and Schabenberger, O. 2006. SAS for Mixed Models. 2nd ed.SAS Publishing, Cary, NC, USA.Google Scholar
26Wang, Z. and Goonewardene, L.A. 2004. The use of MIXED models in the analysis of animal experiments with repeated measures data. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 84:1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27Woodman, H.E. and Evans, R.E. 1947. The chemical composition and nutritive value of ryegrass-seed meal, clover-seed meal, lucerne-seed meal and sainfoin-seed meal. Journal of Agricultural Science 37:311–315.Google Scholar
28Woehlbier, W. and Kling, M. 1977. Handelsfuttermittel [Commercial Feedstuffs]. Ulmer, Stuttgart, Germany.Google Scholar
29Blair, R. 2007. Nutrition and Feeding of Organic Pigs. CABI, Wallingford, UK.Google Scholar
30Evonik-Degussa GmbH. 2006. AminoDat 3.0. The Amino Acid Composition of Feedstuffs. 5th revised ed.Hanau, Germany.Google Scholar
31Pluske, J.R., Le Dividich, J., and Verstegen, M.W. 2003. Weaning the Pig: Concepts and Consequences. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands. p. 26.Google Scholar
32Lees, G., Suttill, N., and Gruber, M. 1993. Condensed tannins in sainfoin. 1. A histological and cytological survey of plant tissues. Canadian Journal of Botany 71:1147–1152.Google Scholar
33Waghorn, G. 2008. Beneficial and detrimental effects of dietary condensed tannins for sustainable sheep and goat production – Progress and challenges. Animal Feed Science and Technology 147:116–139.Google Scholar
34Mueller-Harvey, I. 2006. Unravelling the conundrum of tannins in animal nutrition and health. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 86:2010–2037.Google Scholar
35Jansman, A. 1993. Tannins in feedstuffs for simple-stomached animals. Nutrition Research Reviews 6:209–236.Google Scholar
36Myer, R.O. and Gorbet, D.W. 1985. Waxy and normal grain sorghums with varying tannin contents in diets for young pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 12:179–186.Google Scholar
37Fekete, J., Willequet, F., Gatel, F., Quemere, P., and Grosjean, F. 1985. Utilisation de féverole par le porcelet sevré. Comparaison de niveaux et de variétés [Utilisation of field beans by weaned piglets. Comparison of levels and varieties.] Journées de la Recherche Porcine de France 17:397–405.Google Scholar
38Weißmann, F., Bussemas, R., and Falk, A. 2012. A study on four feeding strategies of 100% organic origin for piglets concerning performance, health status, losses and economy in organic agriculture. In Rahmann, G. and Godinho, D. (eds). 2nd IFOAM/ISOFAR International Conference on Organic Animal Husbandry, September 12–14, 2012, Hamburg, Germany.Google Scholar
39Van Beers-Schreurs, H.M.G., Vellenga, L., Wensing, T., and Breukink, H.J. 1992. The pathogenesis of the post-weaning syndrome in weaned piglets; a review. Veterinary Quarterly 14:29–34.Google Scholar
40Officer, D.I. 1995. Effect of multi-enzyme supplements on the growth performance of piglets during the pre- and post-weaning periods. Animal Feed Science and Technology 56:55–65.Google Scholar
41Dippel, S., Leeb, C., Bochicchio, D., Bonde, M., Dietze, K., Gunnarsson, S., Lindgren, K., Sundrum, A., Wiberg, S., Winckler, C., and Prunier, A. 2013. Health and welfare of organic pigs in Europe assessed with animal-related parameters. Organic Agriculture. DOI: 10.1007/s13165-013-0041-3.Google Scholar
42Madec, F., Bridoux, N., Bounaix, S., and Jestin, A. 1998. Measurement of digestive disorders in the piglet at weaning and related risk factors. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 35:53–72.Google Scholar
43Petersen, H.H., Nielsen, J.P., and Heegaard, P.M.H. 2004. Application of acute phase protein measurements in veterinary clinical chemistry. Veterinary Research 35:163–187.Google Scholar
44Piñeiro, C., Piñeiro, M., Morales, J., Andrés, M., Lorenzo, E., del Pozo, M., Alava, M.A., and Lampreave, F. 2009. Pig-MAP and haptoglobin concentration reference values in swine from commercial farms. Veterinary Journal 179:78–84.Google Scholar
45Pomorska-Mol, M., Kwit, K., and Markowska-Daniel, I. 2012. Major acute phase proteins in pig serum from birth to slaughter. Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 56:553–557.Google Scholar
46Kraft, W. and Dürr, U.M. 2005. Klinische Labordiagnostik in der Tiermedizin [Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic in Veterinary Medicine]. Schattauer, Stuttgart, Germany.Google Scholar