Dietary fibre (DF) is a non-digestible nutrient which has important roles in the digestive system including mantaining regularity, and reducing the risk of certain cancers and non-communicable diseases, such as metabolic syndrome. Even though the positive health effects of DF have long been established, it has been shown that DF intake for children and adults in Australia is below the recommended range – less than 20% of adults met the suggested intake for reducing risk of chronic diseases(1). Plantago ovata, also known as psyllium, is widely used as DF supplement with evidence showing positive effects on weight control, hyperglycaemic response, cholesterol levels, and irritable bowel syndrome(2). P. ovata seed husk produces a highly viscous gel called mucilage when seeds are exposed to moisture. This mucilage is nearly pure DF and has an intricately layered structure which can be further fractionated and studied as a proxy for different gelling systems. Interestingly, Australia is home to many mucilage-producing Plantago species, most of which are underexplored and underutilised, but show remarkable gelling properties and hypoglycaemic potential(3). In this work, we compare structural and functional properties of fractionated DF from P. ovata, and two promising Australian native relatives, P. turrifera and P. drummondii, and their effect on enzymatic hydrolysis in potato starch gels. Using a 3-step fractionation method, we have separated distinct fractions and explored their individual properties(4). P. turrifera and P. drummondii have higher water absorbing capacity, DF yield, and viscosity compared to P. ovata. Monosaccharide composition of all three species is similar – they are highly substituted heteroxylans with minor pectic component. Notably, arabinose to xylose ratio in all species increases with further extraction steps, which is different from cereal arabinoxylans. In an attempt to explore impact of DF in starch-rich systems, we have fabricated DF-potato starch gels and measured enzymatic hydrolysis (with porcine pancreatic α-amylase), freeze-thaw stability, and colour change. Addition of DF reduced syneresis (water separation) during 15 day freeze-thaw cycle measurement, which can lead to prolonged storage stability and has positive implications for shelf life. Colour change was most noticeable when P. drumondii DF were added, while colour of P. ovata and P. turiferra DF gels was similar to control potato starch gel. Effects on α-amylase starch hydrolysis were significant as well, and depended on species and fractions. Certain DFs had impacts on constant k (speed of hydrolysis), while effects on the extent of hydrolysis are still being explored. In conclusion, utility of Australia native P. turrifera and P. drumondii DFs are evident when applied to starch gels, and should be further explored in food products such as bread to increase DF intake and possibly lower glycaemic index.

Correction of dietary calcium and protein undernutrition using milk, yoghurt, and cheese in older adults in aged care homes is associated with reduced fractures and falls(1). As these foods contain potentially atherogenic fats, we aimed to determine whether these dietary changes adversely affect serum lipid profiles. Sixty aged care homes in Australia were randomised to intervention (n = 30 milk, yoghurt, and cheese enriched menu) or control (n = 30 regular menu) for 2 years. A sample of 159 intervention and 86 control residents (median age 87.8 years) had dietary intakes recorded using plate waste analysis and fasting serum lipids measured at baseline and 12 months. Diagnosis of cardiovascular disease and use of relevant medications were determined from medical records. Data were analysed using mixed effects linear regression model adjusting for clustering (aged care home) and other confounders. Intervention increased daily dairy servings from 1.9 ± 1.0 to 3.5 ± 1.4 (p<0.001) while controls continued daily intakes of £ 2 servings daily (1.7 ± 1.0 to 2.0 ± 1.0 (p<0.05). No group differences were observed for serum total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein-C (TC/HDL-C) ratio, Apoprotein B/Apoprotein A (ApoB/ApoA) ratio, low-density lipoprotein-C (LDL-C), non-HDL-C, or triglycerides (TGs) at baseline and 12 months. Among older adults in aged care homes, correcting insufficiency in the daily intake of calcium and protein using milk, yoghurt and cheese does not alter serum lipid levels, suggesting that this is a suitable intervention for reducing the risk of falls and fractures.

The aim of this study was to apply a comprehensive mathematical model designed to assess the current and future availability of food, as well as the resulting nutrient availability and intake, in the context of the Norwegian population. The model explores various scenarios, including self-sufficiency levels for food supply and impacts on nutrition recommendations. A food mass balance charting production, import, export, feed, seed, and consumer allocation in the Norwegian food system provided insights into the nutrients available to the population. The analysis included a comparison with two versions of the Nordic Nutrient Recommendations (NNR)1, with the latest version recommending substantial changes in food consumption compared to current dietary patterns in Norway. The nutrient analysis compared the food mass to Matvaretabellen2 and was supplemented with data from the United Nations World Population Prospects3 and the Food and Agriculture Organisation/World Health Organisation/United Nations4 report to ensure comprehensive nutrient analysis. Micronutrient gaps were observed in Iodine (94% of the target intake) and Vitamin D (46% of the target intake), while saturated-fatty acids slightly exceeded the recommended requirements (107% of the upper limit) based on the current baseline scenario. The updated NNR4 recommends changes to specific food categories, namely fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds. A secondary scenario testing compared against the updated NNR found that increasing the availability of the supply of these groups does not result in any new nutrient gaps, demonstrating the feasibility of addressing the issue on a national supply basis. These approach offers a mathematical-modelling based tool that can be used to provide information for a national food system. Leveraging the model’s capacity to simulate various scenarios, informed decisions to optimise self-sufficiency levels and align food supply with recommended nutritional guidelines can be made. To improve the model, higher data resolution and clearer categorisation of food groups are required which can then be linked into a more complete national food system. The mathematical model presented in this study provides a framework for understanding of food and nutrient availability in Norway. By identifying critical nutrient gaps and potential solutions, this research contributes knowledge for a healthier and sustainable food future for the nation.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, our international students were confined to their rooms in a foreign land and were unable to return to their home countries during their semester break due to border closures. A summer internship program, underpinned by Asian philosophies including Confucianism(1) and collectivism(2), was designed to bring them together physically in a COVID-safe environment and collectively develop employability skills. Twenty-five international students across six year-levels and from 11 countries participated in the five-week internship program. Our in-house dietitian presented participants with an authentic nutrition problem, i.e. observable unhealthy eating habits being prevalent amongst the international student client group. Participants were empowered to draw on their cultural knowledge, international student experience, cooking skills and evidence-based nutrition knowledge, in the development of an educational nutrition resource to be used in the dietitian clinic. Employability skills self-assessment was completed pre- and post-program for comparison. In addition, a collective reflection was facilitated at the end of the program to gather in-depth understanding of the unique learnings from the students’ and program facilitators’ perspectives. Thematic analysis was adopted to analyse the narrative data. It was found that the student-participants developed a website with healthy eating information, including tailored to international students’ habits of late-night snacking and suggestions for quick meals during exams. They developed 50 healthy, simple, multicultural recipes with cooking videos. The internship served as an opportunity for the students to work together with a shared purpose. They reported a strong sense of community which was longed for and extended the established friends outside of the internship program. Students were observed sharing acculturative experience and knowledge with one another when socialising together. Upon reflection, students reported feeling challenged by the lack of structure and assessment guide for the internship tasks. However, they were able to develop confidence in their judgement and decision-making skills through this process and work together exploring the uncertainties. Many reported feeling empowered from this internship as their cultural differences and unique international-student-experience were valued and utilised in the resource development. This low-cost education strategy contributed to the development of professional skills and formation of professional identity, and for the students to find their voice in the nutrition field.

Teacher food and nutrition (FN) related factors include diet quality, health perceptions and FN attitudes. These factors are associated with both personal health and wellbeing, and teacher classroom FN practices. With Australian schoolteachers currently experiencing high levels of stress, anxiety and burnout, measuring and understanding the status of teacher FN-related health and wellbeing is needed. However, first there needs to be a comprehensive and validated tool to collect these data. This study aims to evaluate content validity of a new tool, the Teacher Food and Nutrition Questionnaire (TFNQ), to measure FN-related health and wellbeing of Australian schoolteachers. The TFNQ was developed following an extensive literature review of FN data collection methods previously used in schoolteacher populations internationally. It initially included 16 FN-related constructs alongside six constructs of wellbeing and mental health, and seven lifestyle covariates identified from the literature review. A two-round e-Delphi methodology was implemented using a mix of structured, rank-order and qualitative questions administered to an international, multidisciplinary group of experts via an online survey1. Descriptive statistics were used to derive a consensus vote (set at 75%) of constructs and covariates to be prioritised for inclusion. Qualitative feedback was analysed to identify areas of potential change. Twenty-three experts participated in round-one from Australia (n = 15), Switzerland (n = 3), The United Kingdom (n = 2), Canada (n = 1), The United States of America (n = 1) and New Zealand (n = 1). Of the 29 constructs and covariates evaluated in round-one of the e-Delphi, all achieved above 75% consensus, yet qualitative feedback indicated potential to reduce and streamline the number of constructs. Rank order questions and qualitative feedback resulted in the removal of four FN and two wellbeing constructs along with four lifestyle covariates. Round-two included 19 (83%) experts from round-one, with 83% (n = 15) in agreement regarding question order. Final feedback indicated only minor adjustments to question item phrasing. The e-Delphi process modified the TNFQ and established content validity. Further construct validity and reliability testing is required to produce a robust tool for measuring FN-related health and wellbeing of contemporary Australian schoolteachers.

Cardiometabolic diseases are highly prevalent in Aotearoa New Zealand(1). Dietary intake is a modifiable risk factor for such diseases and certain dietary patterns, specifically the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), are associated with improved metabolic health(2). This study aims to test whether an intervention of a Mediterranean dietary pattern incorporating high quality New Zealand foods (NZMedDiet pattern) using behaviour change science can improve the metabolic health of participants and their household/whānau. This is a multi-centre, three-stage trial, with two randomised controlled trials (RCTs), both parallel groups, superiority trials, and a longitudinal cohort study. The first RCT (RCT1) is a comparison of the NZMedDiet pattern implemented using behaviour science compared to usual diet for 12 weeks, and the second (RCT2) is a behaviour-change intervention compared to no intervention for 12 weeks, administered after participants have been exposed to the intervention in RCT1. The third stage is a longitudinal cohort study where all participants are followed for up to a year. The primary outcome measure for each stage is the metabolic syndrome severity score (MetSSS). Two hundred index participants and their household/whānau have been recruited and randomised into the trial. Participants are from four centres, two of which are University research units (University of Auckland (n = 57) and University of Otago, Christchurch (n = 60)), one a community-based traditional meeting place (Tu¯ Kotahi Māori Asthma and Research Trust at Ko¯kiri Marae in Lower Hutt, Wellington (n = 19)), and the other based at a hospital-based research unit (the Centre for Endocrine Diabetes and Obesity Research (CEDOR) in Wellington (n = 64). The trial will test whether the NZMedDiet pattern and behaviour change support improves the cardiometabolic health of people in New Zealand.

In New Zealand, the community-based service, Green Prescription (GRx), has a preventative health focus, supporting clients to make lifestyle changes including improving nutrition literacy, which is known to improve health and reduce chronic disease risk and outcomes (1,2). Fourteen GRx services operate in New Zealand, each with staff who have backgrounds in health and/or exercise. Some staff are degree-qualified nutritionists and/or dietitians. Responsibilities of staff may include providing clients with information about nutrition. We aimed to identify the extent of nutrition information delivery in GRx including successes, challenges, and perspectives of staff and clients. An invitation was extended to all 14 GRx services inviting participation from both staff and clients. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a convenience sample of 15 GRx staff and 18 clients, representing nine and five GRx services respectively. Interviews were completed in-person, over video call, and by phone. Responses from clients and staff revealed both positive and challenging aspects of nutrition information delivery from GRx services. Thematic analysis identified factors that enhance or diminish the delivery of nutrition information including capacity of staff and appropriateness of information. One theme highlighted was expectations from both clients and staff about what is needed, beneficial and feasible. An expectation identified was for GRx staff to provide meal plans and tailored nutrition advice. Provision of this is dependent on the capacity of nutrition-qualified staff as well as confidence of non-nutrition-qualified staff delivering information beyond basic nutrition guidelines. Client respondents reported they benefit from nutrition information but are challenged when their dietary needs require more specific input, which may be beyond the capacity of GRx. From a staff perspective, there is an expectation that clients possess a certain level of basic nutrition literacy and the effect of nutrition on health. However, staff responses identified there is a vast range of nutrition knowledge among clients; limited foundational knowledge, while simultaneously having in-depth understanding of certain nutrition topics. Provision of information is further complicated by misconceptions about nutrition and limited knowledge about specific health conditions where nutrition plays a significant role. Factors that impact the practical implementation of eating more healthfully were identified by both clients and staff, demonstrating there needs to be both sensitivity and adaptability about what is feasible for clients and achievable in GRx service delivery. Greater focus on determining the nutrition literacy a person has and communicating what is practical in both service delivery and clients’ circumstances would aid in aligning the expectations of supporting clients well with nutrition education and enhance available resources within Green Prescription services.

The available literature on the nutritional status of children with cerebral palsy (CP) worldwide has identified high rates of malnutrition, specifically undernutrition(1). However, there is a current lack of clear CP-specific dietary guidelines for children with CP across all functional levels. Standard reference tools such as estimated energy requirement (EER) and recommended dietary intake (RDI) may overestimate requirements in children with CP, especially those with reduced mobility and activity levels. Furthermore, for children with severe CP, body composition data indicates higher risks of obesity and obesity-related conditions(2). There can be a wide range of functional abilities, classifiable with tools such as the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) and the Eating and Drinking Ability Classification System (EDACS). The majority of nutrition-related CP literature focuses on children requiring assistance for feeding (EDACS IV-V) with little information available for children with higher levels of functional independence. The aim of this study was to determine whether children with CP had received any prior dietary guidance for healthy body composition and to summarise the type of advice received. Children aged 5-12 years and their whānau were invited to participate in a study where a purpose-developed questionnaire captured their history of receiving tailored dietary recommendations for CP. Body composition was assessed via whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan. Nine participants (6 males, median age: 10y, n = 2 Māori), across GMFCS levels I-IV and EDACS levels I-III took part in the study. Out of 9 children, 5 (55%) indicated that their child had never received dietary advice, 3 of whom were classified as obese or overweight based on growth chart percentiles using their measures of body fat percentage, 1 was classified as underweight and 1 was within the healthy ranges. Of the 4 who had previously received advice, its nature was reported as in support of weight gain (n = 3), and weight loss (n = 1). All 4 received dietary advice from a dietitian and 1 reported some additional advice from a pediatrician and/or orthopedic doctor. Two of the children who had received dietary advice fell within a healthy body fat percentage based on the growth chart percentiles at the time of the study, while the other two were classified as overweight or obese. The results indicate the importance of developing clear dietary guidance for children with CP which may differ from that for typically developing children, particularly depending upon CP subtype diagnosis and functional level, in order to support healthy body composition.

Home enteral nutrition (HEN) is a long-term, life-sustaining nutrition therapy for patients unable to consume sufficient food orally. Patients rely on a prescribed, manufactured product to provide their full nutrient requirements, although some patients may have supplementary oral intake. Prescribed enteral nutrition is used as a treatment for malnutrition, but may, in the long-term, cause poor nutrition status. This study aimed to investigate the nutrition status (energy, protein, vitamin D, and selenium) and malnutrition incidence in long-term HEN patients in the Counties Manukau region. In this cross-sectional study, 42 adults on HEN for 4+ weeks under the care of Te Whatu Ora Health New Zealand were analysed. Participants’ enteral and oral feeding regimes were tracked using patient records and five non-consecutive 24-hour recalls. Biochemical markers, body mass index (BMI), body composition (BIA), and nutrition focussed physical findings were evaluated using reference standards and the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) malnutrition criteria(1). Independent t-tests and Mann-Whitney tests compared participants based on their enteral and supplementary oral intakes and adherence to their enteral prescription. Dependent t-tests and Wilcoxon tests evaluated nutrients contributions from various feeding methods and sources. Over half (54.7%, n = 23) relied exclusively on enteral nutrition, but 60% did not achieve their full energy prescription. Compared to requirements based on the Oxford equation and 1g/kg of body weight, energy and protein intake was low in 20% of all participants, mean intake of these participants was 1,242 ± 183 kcal and 57.5 ± 13.5 g respectively. Participants with full enteral intake had a significantly higher vitamin D intake (14.9 µg, P<0.05) than those with supplementary oral intake (11.2 µg, P<0.05). However, those with oral intake had significantly higher intake of selenium, energy, and all the macronutrients than those with sole enteral intake. Vitamin D and selenium intakes were significantly greater in participants obtaining their full prescription than those that did not. No participants had low vitamin D or selenium blood concentrations, however 40% and 38.1% respectively were high. There was a significant relationship between meeting their energy prescription and high plasma selenium. Low BMI, mid arm muscle circumference, and fat free mass index were observed in 47.5%, 40.5%, and 44.8% of participants respectively. This was not statistically significant between groups. Fat mass and waist circumference were significantly higher in participants on full enteral nutrition. According to the GLIM malnutrition criteria, 62.5% (n = 25) of all participants were malnourished. In conclusion, while HEN patients maintain good vitamin D and selenium status, energy and protein malnutrition are evident. The types of food consumed by those with oral intake may be responsible for the differences in nutritional status. Further attention to prescription adherence and nutritional balance from HEN and oral intake is necessary for this vulnerable group.

Aging is associated with increasing oxidative stress and declining antioxidant defences, making the body susceptible to various chronic conditions. Cruciferous vegetables contain glucoraphanin, which is metabolised into sulforaphane (SFN) in the gut(1). SFN activates a mechanism enhancing antioxidant defences that may contribute to a reduction in risk of age-related chronic diseases. Our hypothesis proposes that consuming cruciferous vegetables releases hepatic extracellular vesicles (EVs), which carry with a cargo of antioxidant proteins, into the systemic circulation(2) that are transported to ‘at risk’ tissues. We seek to characterise the antioxidant protein content of EVs from blood samples of healthy human volunteers from a prospective dietary intervention study trial called (GLOBE). The GLOBE study employs a randomised, single-blind, two-arm crossover design and involves 12 healthy male or female adults aged >55 years, at the time of enrolment, have a BMI in the range of 18.5-30 kg/m2, and have self-reported healthy (are not suffering from current illness like cancer, and gastrointestinal diseases including coeliac, Crohn’s, colitis, and irritable bowel syndrome) and not using any medications like antacids, laxatives and antibiotics which can interfere with normal digestive or metabolic processes. The dietary intervention consists of two commercially available treatments, one of which is a glucoraphanin-rich vegetable soup, while the other vegetable soup lacks glucoraphanin. Our initial focus lies in optimizing and standardizing a method for routinely characterizing EVs derived from healthy volunteers participating in dietary intervention studies. We specifically aim to extract EVs from a minimal plasma volume (2ml) using size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Subsequently, we intend to employ this method to analyse EVs obtained from 161 plasma samples collected from 12 participants during the GLOBE study for different time points like 0, 120, 240, 360, 480 min, 24 and 48 hr. Our goal is to gain insight into the role of EVs as part of the mechanisms by which consuming a moderate quantity of cruciferous vegetables may confer health benefits. Our research carries the potential to establish a standardised approach to the characterisation of EVs from healthy individuals which has several applications in nutrition research.

The adoption of dietary patterns emphasising higher intakes of plant foods and lower intakes of animal foods (plant-based diets, PBDs), continue to rise worldwide. PBDs have been associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality as well as major risk factors such as overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes. Evidence regarding the dietary profile and disease risk associated with various PBDs in comparison to traditional meat-eating diets are scarce within the Australian population. The aim of this study is to investigate the 5-year and 10-year risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) among Australians habitually following various PBDs compared to a regular meat diet (RMD). The Plant-based Diet (PBD) Study is a cross-sectional study consisting of healthy adults between aged 30-75 years from the Hunter Region (NSW) between 2021-2023. A validated FFQ was used to assess eligibility and categorise individuals who were habitually consuming one of five dietary patterns for at least 6 months into the following groups: vegan (nil animal products), lacto-vegetarian (LOV, including eggs and dairy), pesco-vegetarian (PV, including seafood with/without dairy and eggs), semi-vegetarian (SV, minimal consumption of animal products) or RMDs (including animal meat daily or multiple times/day)(1). 5-year and 10-year CVD risk was quantified using the Framingham Risk Equation(2) and the Australian Absolute CVD risk calculator, respectively. CVD risk and other quantitative measures was compared using One-way ANOVA or Kruskal Wallis, and Chi-square or Fisher’s Exact for qualitative data. Directed acyclic graphs displayed confounding variables and mediators and a regression model was used to adjust for these. A total of 240 participants (median age 55(16), 77.5% female) with 48 participants in each group showed a significant difference in predicted 5-year risk of CVD (P<0.05), however 10-year risk did not significantly differ across groups. 5-year CVD risk was significantly lower in the vegan group (1%) compared to the RMD, SV, PV, and LOV diet groups (all 2%). In comparison to a vegan diet, crude association showed those consuming a RMD had a 2.4% (95% CI 0.7, 4.1) higher 5-year risk of developing CVD, followed by 1.7% in LOV (95% CI 0.6, 2.9), 1.8% in PV (95% CI 0.5, 3), and 1.1% in SV (95% CI 0.2, 2.1). Significance was lost after adjusting for confounders such as age, gender, smoking status, alcohol intake, physical activity levels and BMI. This is the first study to purposefully sample Australians habitually following PBD, presenting novel population-based evidence for CVD risk. These findings suggest more restrictive PBDs such as vegan diets when compared to RMD may lead to lower CVD risk, however population-based longitudinal studies primary investigating the development of CVDs in the context of PBDs are warranted.

Adolescent obesity requires effective and accessible intervention options and there is potential for intensive dietary interventions to be used as adjunctive therapy to behavioural weight management for some individuals(1). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of two novel diet therapies, delivered in the as part of an intensive behavioural weight management intervention, in adolescents with metabolic complications associated with obesity. The Fast Track to Health study (HREC/17/SCHN/164; ACTRN12617001630303) was a multi-site 52-week RCT, conducted 2018 – 2023, comparing a very-low-energy diet (800kcal/day) followed by i) an intermittent energy restricted (IER) diet; and ii) a continuous energy restricted diet (CER), for adolescents (13-17years) with ≥1 obesity associated complication. Interventions were delivered as part of an intensive behavioural weight management intervention by a multidisciplinary team2. Anthropometry, body composition and cardiometabolic health were assessed at baseline and week-52. The primary outcome was change in BMI z-score at week-52. Dyslipidaemia was defined as HDL <1.03mmol/L and/or triglycerides ≥1.7mmol/l, and elevated liver function tests (LFTs) as ALT and/or GGT ≥1.5 upper limit of 30U/L3. The difference in BMI z-score between groups at week-52 (±4) was assessed using a t-test. Mixed models was used to investigate changes over time. Descriptive statistics were used to describe participants above and below clinical cut-points at baseline and week-52. In total, 141 adolescents (70 female) were enrolled and 97 (48 female) completed the intervention. At week-52, BMI z-score reduced by −0.23 [95%CI −0.37 to −0.22], BMI expressed as a percentage of 95th percentile reduced by −8.86 [95%CI −12.46 to −7.47] and Fat Mass Index reduced by −1.49 [95%CI −2.36 to −1.08]. There was no significant difference for weight or cardiometabolic outcomes between diet groups. The occurrence of dyslipidaemia was unchanged between baseline and week-52 (n = 60 [43%] and n = 37 [43%] respectively) and a small improvement in the occurrence of impaired LFTs (n = 37 [27%] to n = 15 [17.2%] respectively). There were no differences in change of occurrence of dyslipidaemia or impaired LFTs between intervention groups. These findings suggest that both IER and CER, delivered as part of an intensive behavioural weight management program, are equally effective for improving weight and cardiometabolic outcomes for adolescents with obesity.

Hypertension, characterised by elevated blood pressure (BP), continues to be a major global public health problem. It is defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP (DBP) ≥90 mmH(1) and is the leading risk factor for cardiovascular diseases(2). Nutritional metabolomics (Nutrimetabolomics) presents an objective approach to explore the interplay between diet and health outcomes(3). Through analysis of intermediate molecules and metabolic byproducts, metabolomic profiles can objectively reflect an individual’s dietary intake and assess variations in metabolism(3). To date, no review has been conducted that investigates the relationship between diet, metabolites and BP regulation. This systematic review aimed to identify and synthesise findings of human dietary feeding intervention studies that have examined the role of metabolites in BP regulation. A comprehensive search was conducted in November 2022 across EMBASE, Medline, CINAHL, PsychINFO, Scopus and Cochrane databases. Search terms were defined using a combination of keywords, including “metabolome”, “diet”, and “blood pressure”. All included intervention studies explored the dietary metabolome from food provision, meals or supplements to a comparator or control intervention and, examined the relationship between dietary-related metabolites and BP in humans and published in English. The initial search identified 1,109 studies, with a final six studies meeting all eligibility criteria and included in the final review. Metabolites were identified in urine (n = 4), plasma (n = 2), or faeces (n = 1). Various analytical techniques were employed, including H-NMR, LC-MS, and GC-MS, while majority of studies used untargeted metabolomics (n = 4). Among included studies, five reported a significant association between individual metabolites and BP or change in BP. These investigations emphasised dietary patterns as the primary focus of analysis. In contrast, one study revealed no relationship between the investigated metabolites and BP. However, this particular study evaluated the impact of a single food product rather than dietary patterns. In total, 39 metabolites were linked to BP, with 36 associated with SBP and 25 with DBP. Several super-pathways involved in blood pressure regulation were identified, across metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates, cofactors, vitamins, lipids, nucleotides, peptides, and xenobiotics. Within these, 17 distinct sub-pathways were delineated. The only metabolite found to have a significant relationship with BP measures across multiple studies was N-Acetylneuraminate. In one study, it showed a relationship with DBP, while another study linked it to a decrease in both 24-hour DBP and SBP. No other metabolites were consistently replicated between studies. Nutrimetabolomics appears to be a promising field in evaluation of diet and BP reduction. However, further research is required to understand which metabolites influence BP regulation.

Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) are diseases of the respiratory tract and are among the most prominent causes of disability and mortality globally(1). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer are among the leading cause of death among all CRDs(2). Evidence showed that diet, particularly ultra-processed foods (UPFs) are strongly associated with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and depression(3). However, the link between UPFs intake and CRDs has rarely been investigated. we aimed to examine the association between UPF consumption and risk of mortality due to CRDs overall, COPD and lung cancer among adults in the USA. A total of 96,607 participants aged 55 years and over were obtained from Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) cancer study, a randomised trial designed to investigate the effects of screening on cancer-related mortality. However, data collected also afforded the opportunity to examine the relationships between UPF intake and mortality caused by respiratory diseases. Dietary history of participants was collected at baseline using a validated food frequency questionnaire as was the presence of respiratory diseases. Food items were grouped into one of the four NOVA food classification system(4). Cox regression was fitted to estimate the risk of all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality due to increased consumption of UPFs over time. Competing risk regression was used to account for the competing risks events and effect of participant loss. During the follow-up period of 1,379,655.5 person-years (median 16.8 years), 28700 all-cause, 4,901 all respiratory, 2,015 lung cancer and 1,536 COPD mortalities occurred. A dose-response association was found between higher UPF intake and mortality from all respiratory diseases and COPD, but not lung cancer. After considering competing events, higher intake of UPF increased the risk of mortality from all respiratory diseases by 10% (HR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.21) and COPD by 20% (HR: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.42). After imputation for missing data, the risk of lung cancer increased by 25% among participants in the highest quintile of UPF intake. The PLCO trial data highlighted that consumption of UPF increased respiratory mortality, among those with COPD, however further mechanistic studies are recommended to further clarify the link between UPF and lung cancer. This study also indicated that a high intake of UPF generally increases the risk of mortality of those with respiratory diseases and contributes to a large body of evidence indicating that higher UPF consumption increases the overall risk of mortality.

Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs) are experiencing a Diet-Related Non-Communicable Disease (DR-NCD) health crisis(1). Increasing rates of DR-NCDs such as Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease have been linked to dietary transitions and increasing food insecurity in the region(2). Anthropogenic climate change has also been identified as a significant threat to food security in PICTs(3). Additionally, the impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic have been identified as both a contributor to food insecurity in the region and as an opportunity to transform PICT food systems and reduce rates of DR-NCDs(4). Yet, the drivers of dietary change, food security and agricultural practices in peripheral PICT communities are not well documented or understood. To determine how these drivers may change in the future and the impacts this may have on Pacific peoples, a deeper understanding of the historical and contemporary drivers of change is necessary. The aim of this scoping review was to collate existing information to improve this understanding, by mapping key factors evident in the literature that underpin the links between DR-NCDs and food security with a focus on women in PICT peripheral communities, to better clarify the challenges, working definitions and conceptual boundaries in the research area. The review maps where research has been conducted geographically and how the links between DR-NCDs and food security in PICTs have been investigated over time and identifies projections and suggestions for the future. The scoping review was conducted in accordance with a pre-defined protocol available online(5). A total of 476 peer-reviewed sources and 126 grey literature sources were identified by the initial search criteria. Two independent researchers completed title/abstract and full text screening using Covidence, and data extraction using a data extraction tool. The resulting data was quantified in table format, with common themes and ideas presented qualitatively. Sources spanned all sectors of PICT food systems with a heavy focus on production from fisheries and agriculture. Most PICTs were represented in the findings. Many drivers of change within food systems were identified, some of which included the impacts of anthropogenic climate change, the COVID-19 pandemic, and urbanisation. The drivers impacted all four pillars of food security, and many were directly or indirectly related to dietary and lifestyle changes associated with DR-NCD risk factors. This data is accompanied by an interpretation of results and a narrative summary. These results provide a useful platform to further explore the drivers of dietary change, food security, agricultural practices and DR-NCD’s in this region.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal condition affecting women of reproductive age(1). Women with PCOS experience a broad range of clinical symptoms, collectively grouped into reproductive, metabolic, psychological and anthropometric features(2). Complementary therapies, such as nutrient supplementation, have been identified as potential adjunct therapeutic approaches to support currently recommended lifestyle and pharmacological interventions(3). However, evidence for their overall efficacy and safety is inconsistent and unclear. This review aimed to systematically map the available literature on the use of nutrient supplementation for the management of PCOS features, including metabolic, reproductive, psychological and anthropometric. This review followed a systematic approach with literature searches using CINHAL, Cochrane reviews, Medline, PsycINFO, Scopus and LILACS conducted up to April 2022. All types of study designs were included if they reported on the efficacy or association between micronutrient supplementation and/or nutraceuticals on features of PCOS in women (≥ 18 years) with a confirmed diagnosis of PCOS. A total of 317 articles were included involving n = 23,926 women. Forty-three different supplements examined various clinical features of PCOS grouped into metabolic, reproductive, psychological and anthropometric. The most studied supplements included Inositols (n = 83), Vitamin D (n = 51), N-acetylcysteine (n = 25), Omega-3 fatty acids (n = 18) and Biotics (n = 14). Most studies (n = 262; 83%) reported on reproductive features followed by metabolic (n = 212; 66%), anthropometric (n = 181; 57%) and psychological (n = 5; 2%). Less than half (n = 148; 47%) of the included studies reported on the potential for adverse events. Our results highlight that the potential therapeutic benefit of micronutrient and nutraceutical supplementation on psychological features of PCOS warrants future exploration. Additional primary studies that are adequately powered are needed to investigate therapeutic doses needed for clinical benefits. Lastly, a more rigorous approach to monitoring and recording adverse event data is recommended.

Dysregulation of immune responses results in the development of chronic inflammatory conditions. The current frontline therapy, glucocorticoids, are effective immunosuppressive drugs but come with a trade-off of cumulative, debilitating side effects with sustained use. Clearly, alternative drug options with improved safety profiles are urgently needed. Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) is a pleotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine and integral component of immune and inflammatory responses. MIF counter-regulates the immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids and promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation.1, 2 Elevated MIF is a feature of multiple diseases, including multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematous. Given the association of increased MIF in serum with multiple disease models, it is considered MIF may be a plausible, specific druggable target in treatment of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, particularly as a target for glucocorticoid-sparing therapy to reduce the dose or duration of glucocorticoid treatment. The organosulfur isothiocyanate phytochemical sulforaphane (SFN) is extracted from cruciferous vegetables, including broccoli and Brussel sprouts following hydrolysis of its inactive precursor, glucoraphanin. SFN has antioxidant and cancer chemoprotective properties, and promotes NRF2 antioxidant signalling to upregulate the expression of numerous antioxidant enzymes. SFN has been shown to covalently modify MIF with high reactivity and is a potent inhibitor of MIF tautomerase activity. However, to date, no such study has evaluated the role of SFN as a novel inhibitor of MIF-mediated inflammatory pathway activation. Using cell-based assays, we have sought to investigate the role of SFN as an inhibitor of multiple inflammatory pathways which have previously implicated MIF as a possible regulator. Our initial work has examined SFN as an inhibitor of NF-κB activity, inflammasome activation, and evaluated if MIF is required for this effect. RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells stably expressing NF-κB-luciferase reporter construct were pre-treated with SFN (2.5 µM) before the induction of inflammation, via LPS (100ng/mL). For NLRP3 inflammasome activation, cells were subsequently treated with the NLRP3-specific inflammasome activator, nigericin (10 µM). TNF, IFN-β and IL-1β cytokine expression was measured by ELISA and NF-κB activity by luciferase reporter assay. We found SFN is a potent inhibitor of NF-κB activity and inhibits release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β through inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Finally, co-incubation of SFN with the glucocorticoid dexamethasone significantly suppressed TNF and IFN-β expression, demonstrating steroid sparing activity of SFN in vitro. Thus, SFN may be a suitable treatment for disruption of inflammatory pathways and suggest some of these effects may be mediated through direct interactions with MIF.

It is well-known that many modern lifestyles, including the use of artificial light, shift work, irregular or short sleep, sedentary activity, and unhealthy diet can disrupt the circadian rhythm. This disruption can result in the so-called Circadian Syndrome (CircS) which has been identified as a risk factor for a variety of chronic diseases. The concept of Circadian Syndrome (CircS) was first proposed by Zimmet et al in 2019. CircS has been shown to be a better predictor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) than the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adults in China and USA 1,2. Dietary patterns are found to be associated with CircS 3, whereby western dietary pattern was positively related, while prudent pattern was inversely associated, with CircS in the US adults. However, no prior study has investigated the association between fiber intake and CircS. We, thus, aimed to fill this research gap. We analysed data from 10,486 adults aged 20 years and above years who attended the 2005-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Fiber and other nutrients intake were assessed using two days 24 hours recall. CircS was derived from all five components of MetS (i.e. central obesity, elevated fasting glucose, elevated triglyceride, reduced HDL-Cholesterol and elevated blood pressure), in addition to short sleep (sleep duration <6 hours/day) and depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 score ≥5). A cut-off for CircS was set as ≥ 4 components. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association between fiber intake and CircS. Mean age of participants was 50.3(SD 17.6) years, and 41.3% had CircS. The mean (SD) fiber intake was 7.8 (2.1), 12.9 (1.3), 17.9 (1.7), and 28.9 (8.2) g/day across the quartiles of fiber intake. The prevalence of CircS decreased across quartiles of fiber intake (44.5% in Q4 and 37.1% in Q1). In the multivariable logistic model adjusting for age, gender, ethnicity, energy intake, education and lifestyle factors, across the quartiles of fiber intake, the odds ratios (ORs) (95%CI) for CircS were: 1.00, 0.91 (0.76-1.08), 0.82 (0.70-0.96), 0.79 (0.63-0.98) (p trend 0.012), respectively. No significant interactions were found between fiber intake and race, gender, smoking, alcohol drinking, and physical activity, in relation to CircS. In conclusion, a high fiber intake was associated with a lower prevalence of CircS among US adults. The findings highlight the importance of fiber intake for the prevention of metabolic and circadian syndrome, suggesting a potentially accessible and cost-effective lifestyle approach to improve public health. Our results underscore the concern that most of the US adults had fiber intake below the recommended level. Longitudinal studies are needed to validate the findings in different populations.

The popularity of a vegan diet is growing worldwide. Data analysed from the 2018 NZ Attitudes and Values study showed that 1.1% of New Zealanders followed a vegan diet(1). Though there are potential nutrient deficiencies in a vegan diet, it is generally accepted that a vegan diet, with its emphasis on a variety of vegetables, fruit, grains, legumes, and pulses, has greater metabolic benefits than a Western-style diet high in red meat and processed foods and lower in plants(2). This observational cross-sectional study aimed to explore the dietary intake (4-day food diary) and metabolic health status (including anthropometry, blood pressure, lipids, body fat percentage, omega-3 index and glycaemic control) of adults who had been consuming a vegan diet for 2+ years. Participants (N = 212) were predominantly female (N = 155) with a mean (SD) age of 39.5 (12.4) years. Mean cardiometabolic markers of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, BMI, waist circumference, HbA1c, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, Chol:HDL ratio and triglycerides were all below the thresholds for disease risk. Omega-3 index results <4% placed most participants (86.3%) in the high-risk category for heart disease. Many female participants (71%) had >30% body fat, compared to 5.3% of males. With reference to the AMDR (total fat 20-35%, carbohydrate 45-65% and protein 15-25%), the intake of total fat was at the upper end (males 34.4%, females 35.9%), carbohydrate was at the lower end (males 46.2%, females 44.7%), and protein was below the lower end (males 14.9%, females 14.2%). Saturated fat intakes ranged from 4.0-65.9 g/d, with a mean (SD) of 24.9 (10.5) g/d for males and 20.2 (9.9) g/d for females. The mean (SD) dietary fibre intake was much higher than the AI set by the Ministry of Health of 25g/d for females and 30g/d for males, at 55.0 (17.8) g/d for males and 43.4 (12.8) g/d for females, ranging from 10.9-133.9g/d. This is the first New Zealand study to examine the metabolic health and dietary intake of adult vegans. The results of cardiometabolic health markers indicate that the vegan diet confers cardioprotective benefits. However, the low Omega-3 index of most participants is concerning, which warrants longitudinal research to assess the level of risk conferred by a low Omega-3 index result in a population with no other cardiometabolic risk factors. The findings of the present study may help guide the growing New Zealand vegan community towards a nutritionally optimal vegan diet.

Cow’s milk is the primary source of calcium in the NZ diet(1). The absence of dietary planning in a vegan diet can result in the individual unknowingly obtaining low intakes of calcium. Prolonged low calcium intakes can result in negative implications on bone mineral density by increasing the risk of osteoporosis later in life. The measurement of bone health parameters in NZ vegan adults have not been investigated. Therefore, we measured bone mineral density, markers of calcium homeostasis and assessed intake of essential nutrients for optimal bone health in vegans. This cross-sectional study included adults (>18yrs), who followed a vegan diet for 2 years minimum. Demographic and lifestyle information was obtained from questionnaires including previous history of bone fractures and background of familial osteoporosis. A 4-day food record was completed for analysis of calcium, zinc, protein, magnesium, phosphorus and vitamin C intake and compared to the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)(2). Weight, height and BMI were obtained, bone mineral density was measured at the hip and spine via dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and reported as Z and T scores. Plasma calcium concentrations were corrected for albumin. All values are presented as mean and standard deviation. The study included 212 participants, aged 39 ± 12.38 years, 71% female. T scores at the lumbar spine and femoral neck were −0.63 ± 1.22 (Z score: −0.29 ± 1.12) and −0.66 ± 1.00 (Z score: −0.24 ± 0.89), respectively. Nine participants had a Z-score of <-2.0 at the lumbar spine, and three at the femoral neck. Corrected calcium concentrations were 2.21 ± 0.33 mmol/L. Calcium intake was 917 ± 347.23 (range 195 to 2,429 mg/day) in all participants, which exceeded the EAR of 840 mg/day for adults aged 19-50 years. Men had higher intakes of calcium than women, 1,051 ± 363.7 mg/day (range 382 to 2,267 mg/day) vs. 867 ± 328.04 mg/day (range 194 to 2,428 mg/day), P-value <0.001. The main source of calcium in the vegan diet was tofu. The intake of protein (77 ± 27.80) g/day, magnesium (569 ± 181.05) mg/day, and vitamin C (145 ± 96.94) mg/day met the EAR, excluding vitamin and mineral supplements. However, the intake of phosphorus (1,472 ± 459.98) mg/day and zinc (10.6 ± 4.01) mg/day were below the EAR. The findings of this study suggest that bone health of vegans are not negatively affected by the exclusion of dairy in the diet, provided that appropriate dietary planning is included to avoid nutrient deficiencies associated with poor bone health. Despite mean intake of calcium exceeding the EAR, very low intakes demonstrated significant variations between participants.