The framework of post critically finite (p.c.f) self-similar fractals was introduced to capture the idea of a finitely ramified fractal, that is, a connected fractal set where any component can be disconnected by the removal of a finite number of points. These ramification points provide a sequence of graphs which approximate the fractal and allow a Laplace operator to be constructed as a suitable limit of discrete graph Laplacians. In this paper we obtain estimates on the heat kernel associated with the Laplacian on the fractal which are best possible up to constants. These are short time estimates for the Laplacian with respect to a natural measure and expressed in terms of an effective resistance metric. Previous results on fractals with spatial symmetry have obtained heat kernel estimates of a non-Gaussian form but which are of Aronson type. By considering a range of examples which are not spatially symmetric, we show that uniform Aronson type estimates do not hold in general on fractals.

In this paper we introduce a generalization of Picard groups to derived categories of algebras. First we study general properties of this group. Then we consider easy particular algebras such as commutative algebras, where we reduce to the classical case. Finally, we define and study a homomorphism of the braid group to the Picard group of the derived category of a Brauer tree algebra. In the smallest case we show that this homomorphism is injective and that its image is of finite index.

According to the Church-Turing Thesis a number function is computable by the mathematically defined Turing machine if and only if it is computable by a physical machine. In 1983 Pour-El and Richards defined a three-dimensional wave $u(t,x)$ such that the amplitude $u(0,x)$ at time 0 is computable and the amplitude $u(1,x)$ at time 1 is continuous but not computable. Therefore, there might be some kind of wave computer beating the Turing machine. By applying the framework of Type 2 Theory of Effectivity (TTE), in this paper we analyze computability of wave propagation. In particular, we prove that the wave propagator is computable on continuously differentiable waves, where one derivative is lost, and on waves from Sobolev spaces. Finally, we explain why the Pour-El-Richards result probably does not help to design a wave computer which beats the Turing machine.

2000 Mathematical Subject Classification: 03D80, 03F60, 35L05, 68Q05.

In this paper we adopt the hyperboloid in Minkowski space as the model of hyperbolic space. We define the hyperbolic Gauss map and the hyperbolic Gauss indicatrix of a hypersurface in hyperbolic space. The hyperbolic Gauss map has been introduced by Ch. Epstein [J. Reine Angew. Math. 372 (1986) 96–135] in the Poincaré ball model, which is very useful for the study of constant mean curvature surfaces. However, it is very hard to perform the calculation because it has an intrinsic form. Here, we give an extrinsic definition and we study the singularities. In the study of the singularities of the hyperbolic Gauss map (indicatrix), we find that the hyperbolic Gauss indicatrix is much easier to calculate. We introduce the notion of hyperbolic Gauss–Kronecker curvature whose zero sets correspond to the singular set of the hyperbolic Gauss map (indicatrix). We also develop a local differential geometry of hypersurfaces concerning their contact with hyperhorospheres.

2000 Mathematical Subject Classification: 53A25, 53A05, 58C27.

A systematic study is made of the isomorphic properties of the Banach space ${\cal C}_0(\Upsilon)$ of continuous functions, vanishing at infinity, on a tree $\Upsilon$, equipped with its natural locally compact topology. Necessary and sufficient conditions, expressed in terms of the combinatorial structure of $\Upsilon$, are obtained for ${\cal C}_0(\Upsilon)$ to possess equivalent norms with various good properties of smoothness and strict convexity. These characterizations, together with the construction of appropriate trees, lead to counter-examples refuting a number of conjectures about renormings. It is shown that the existence of a Fr\'echet-smooth renorming is not inherited by quotients, that strict convexifiability is not a three-space property and that neither the Kadec property nor the MLUR property implies the existence of an equivalent norm which is locally uniformly rotund. An example is also given of a space with a smooth norm but no equivalent strictly convex norm. Finally, it is shown that ${\cal C}_0(\Upsilon)$ always admits a ${\cal C}^\infty$ `bump-function', even in cases where no good norms exist.

We investigate definability in $\mathcal{R}$, the recursively enumerable Turing degrees, using codings of standard models of arithmetic (SMAs) as a tool. First we show that an SMA can be interpreted in $\mathcal{R}$ without parameters. Building on this, we prove that the recursively enumerable $T$-degrees satisfy a weak form of the bi-interpretability conjecture which implies that all jump classes $\mathrm{Low}_n$ and $\mathrm{High}_{n-1}$$(n\ge 2)$ are definable in $\mathcal{R}$ without parameters and, more generally, that all relations on $\mathcal{R}$ that are definable in arithmetic and invariant under the double jump are actually definable in $\mathcal{R}$. This partially answers Soare's Question 3.7 (R. Soare, {\emRecursively enumerable sets and degrees} (Springer, Berlin, 1987), Chapter XVI).

1991 Mathematics Subject Classification: primary 03D25, 03D35; secondary 03D30.

We study Rees algebras of modules within a fairly general framework. We introduce an approach through the notion of Bourbaki ideals that allows the use of deformation theory. One can talk about the (essentially unique) generic Bourbaki ideal I(E) of a module E which, in many situations, allows one to reduce the nature of the Rees algebra of E to that of its Bourbaki ideal I(E). Properties such as Cohen–Macaulayness, normality and being of linear type are viewed from this perspective. The known numerical invariants, such as the analytic spread, the reduction number and the analytic deviation, of an ideal and its associated algebras are considered in the case of modules. Corresponding notions of complete intersection, almost complete intersection and equimultiple modules are examined in some detail. Special consideration is given to certain modules which are fairly ubiquitous because interesting vector bundles appear in this way. For these modules one is able to estimate the reduction number and other invariants in terms of the Buchsbaum–Rim multiplicity.

It is shown that every sufficiently large integer congruent to $14$ modulo $240$ may be written as the sum of $14$ fourth powers of prime numbers, and that every sufficiently large odd integer may be written as the sum of $21$ fifth powers of prime numbers. The respective implicit bounds $14$ and $21$ improve on the previous bounds $15$ (following from work of Davenport) and $23$ (due to Thanigasalam). These conclusions are established through the medium of the Hardy-Littlewood method, the proofs being somewhat novel in their use of estimates stemming directly from exponential sums over prime numbers in combination with the linear sieve, rather than the conventional methods which `waste' a variable or two by throwing minor arc estimates down to an auxiliary mean value estimate based on variables not restricted to be prime numbers. In the work on fifth powers, a switching principle is applied to a cognate problem involving almost primes in order to obtain the desired conclusion involving prime numbers alone. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 11P05, 11N36, 11L15, 11P55.

In this paper we give a realization of crystal bases for quantum affine algebras using some new combinatorial objects which we call the Young walls. The Young walls consist of colored blocks with various shapes that are built on a given ground-state wall and can be viewed as generalizations of Young diagrams. The rules for building Young walls and the action of Kashiwara operators are given explicitly in terms of combinatorics of Young walls. The crystal graph of a basic representation is characterized as the set of all reduced proper Young walls. The character of a basic representation can be computed easily by counting the number of colored blocks that have been added to the ground-state wall.

2000 Mathematical Subject Classification: 17B37, 17B65, 81R50, 82B23.

The Laplacian on a metric tree is $\Delta u = u''$ on its edges, with the appropriate compatibility conditions at the vertices. We study the eigenvalue problem on a rooted tree $\Gamma$: $$-\lambda \Delta u = V u \quad \text{on } \Gamma, \qquad u(o)=0.$$ Here $V \ge 0$ is a given ‘weight function’ on $\Gamma$, and $o$ is the root of $\Gamma$. The eigenvalues for such a problem decay no faster than $\lambda_n = O(n^{-2})$, this last case being typical for one-dimensional problems. We obtain estimates for the eigenvalues in the classes $l_p$, with $p > \frac12$, and their weak analogues $l_{p,\infty}$ with $p \ge \frac12$. The results for $p<1$ and $p>1$ are of different character. The case $p<1$ is studied in more detail. To analyse this case, we use two methods; in both of them the problem is reduced to a family of one-dimensional problems. One of the methods is based upon a useful orthogonal decomposition of the Dirichlet space on $\Gamma$. For a particular class of trees and weights, this method leads to the complete spectral analysis of the problem. We illustrate this in several examples, where we were able to obtain the asymptotics of the eigenvalues. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification: primary 47E05, 05C05; secondary 34L15, 34L20.

There is a standard additive decomposition of the Hochschild cohomology ring of the group algebra of a finite group $G$ as the direct sum of the cohomology rings of the centralizers of representatives of the conjugacy classes of $G$. A special case of our main result describes the cup product in terms of this decomposition. As applications, we determine presentations for the Hochschild cohomology rings of

[(1)] the mod-$3$ group algebra of the symmetric group $S_3$,

[(2)] the mod-$2$ group algebra of the alternating group $A_4$, and

[(3)] the mod-$2$ group algebras of the dihedral $2$-groups.

Let $G$ be a locally compact group, $\mathrm{L}^p (G)$ be the usual $\mathrm{L}^p$-space for $1 \leq p \leq \infty$, and $\mathrm{A} (G)$ be the Fourier algebra of $G$. Our goal is to study, in a new abstract context, the completely bounded multipliers of $\mathrm{A} (G)$, which we denote $\mathrm{M_{cb}A} (G)$. We show that $\mathrm{M_{cb}A} (G)$ can be characterised as the ‘invariant part’ of the space of (completely) bounded normal $\mathrm{L}^\infty (G)$-bimodule maps on $\mathcal{B}(\mathrm{L}^2 (G))$, the space of bounded operators on $\mathrm{L}^2 (G)$. In doing this we develop a function-theoretic description of the normal $\mathrm{L}^\infty (X, \mu)$-bimodule maps on $\mathcal{B} (\mathrm{L}^2 (X, \mu))$, which we denote by $\mathrm{V}^\infty (X, \mu)$, and name the {\it measurable Schur multipliers} of $(X, \mu)$. Our approach leads to many new results, some of which generalise results hitherto known only for certain classes of groups. Those results which we develop here are a uniform approach to obtaining the functorial properties of $\mathrm{M_{cb} A} (G)$, and a concrete description of a standard predual of $\mathrm{M_{cb} A} (G)$.

We present two infinite families of generalized Lambert series identities, and deduce several known identities from them. They include an identity due to M. Jackson, a corollary of Ramanujan's $_1\psi_1$-summation formula, and a recent identity of G. E. Andrews, R. P. Lewis and Z.-G. Liu.

In this paper we prove an analogue of Jantzen's sum formula for the $q$-Weyl modules of the $q$-Schur algebra and, as a consequence, derive the analogue of Schaper's theorem for the $q$-Specht modules of the Hecke algebras of type $\bf A$. We apply these results to classify the irreducible $q$-Weyl modules and the irreducible ($e$-regular) $q$-Specht modules, defined over any field. In turn, this allows us to identify all of the ordinary irreducible representations of the finite general linear group $GL_n(q)$ which remain irreducible modulo a prime $p$ not dividing~$q$.

1991 Mathematics Subject Classification: 20C32.

We study the global behaviour of trees of Markoff triples over the complex numbers. We relate this to the space of type-preserving representations of the punctured torus group into $\mbox{SL}(2,{\Bbb C})$. In particular, we explore which Markoff triples correspond to quasifuchsian representations. We derive a variation of McShane's identity for quasifuchsian groups. In the case of non-discrete representations, we attempt to relate the asymptotic behaviour of Markoff triples to the realisability of laminations in hyperbolic 3-space. We also consider how some of these issues might be related for more general surfaces.

1991 Mathematics Subject Classification: 57M50.

The purpose of this paper is to describe a general procedure for computing analogues of Young's seminormal representations of the symmetric groups. The method is to generalize the Jucys-Murphy elements in the group algebras of the symmetric groups to arbitrary Weyl groups and Iwahori-Hecke algebras. The combinatorics of these elements allows one to compute irreducible representations explicitly and often very easily. In this paper we do these computations for Weyl groups and Iwahori-Hecke algebras of types $A_n$, $B_n$, $D_n$, $G_2$. Although these computations are in reach for types $F_4$, $E_6$ and $E_7$, we shall postpone this to another work.

1991 Mathematics Subject Classification: primary 20F55, 20C15; secondary 20C30, 20G05.

We show that the field of real numbers with multisummable real power series is model complete, o-minimal and polynomially bounded. Further expansion by the exponential function yields again a model complete and o-minimal structure which is exponentially bounded, and in which the Gamma function on the positive real line is definable. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: primary 03C10, 32B05, 32B20; secondary, 26E05.

We characterise those concealed-canonical algebras which arise as endomorphism rings of tilting modules, all of whose indecomposable summands have strictly positive rank, as those artin algebras whose module categories have a separating exact subcategory (that is, a separating tubular family of standard tubes).

This paper develops further the technique of shift automorphisms which arises from the tubular structure.

It is related to the characterisation of hereditary noetherian categories with a tilting object as the categories of coherent sheaves on a weighted projective line.

We consider the problem of minimizing the uniform norm on $[0, 1]$ over non-zero polynomials $p$ of the form

$$p(x) = \sum_{j=0}^n a_jx^j \quad\text{with } |a_j| \le 1,\, a_j \in {\Bbb C},$$

where the modulus of the first non-zero coefficient is at least $\delta > 0$. Essentially sharp bounds are given for this problem. An interesting related result states that there are absolute constants $c_1 > 0$ and $c_2 > 0$ such that

$$ \exp (-c_1 \sqrt{n} ) \le \inf_{0 \ne p \in {\cal F}_n }\|p\|_{[0, 1]} \le \exp (-c_2 \sqrt{n}),$$

for every $n \ge 2$, where ${\cal F}_n$ denotes the set of polynomials of degree at most $n$ with coefficients from $\{-1, 0, 1 \}$. This Chebyshev-type problem is closely related to the question of how many zeros a polynomial from the above classes can have at $1$. We also give essentially sharp bounds for this problem.

{\em Inter alia} we prove that there is an absolute constant $c > 0$ such that every polynomial $p$ of the form

$$p(x) = \sum_{j=0}^n a_j x^j, \quad\text{with } |a_j| \le 1,\,|a_0|=|a_n|=1,\, a_j \in {\Bbb C},$$

has at most $c\sqrt{n}$ real zeros. This improves the old bound $c\sqrt{n\log n}$ given by Schur in 1933, as well as more recent related bounds of Bombieri and Vaaler, and, up to the constant $c$, this is the best possible result.

All the analysis rests critically on the key estimate stating that there are absolute constants $c_1 > 0$ and $c_2 > 0$ such that

$$|f(0)|^{c_1/a} \le \exp (c_2/a)\|f\|_{[1-a,1]},$$

for every $f \in {\cal S}$ and $a \in (0, 1]$, where $\cal S$ denotes the collection of all analytic functions $f$ on the open unit disk $D := \{ z \in {\Bbb C}: |z| < 1 \}$ that satisfy

$$|f(z)| \le \frac{1}{1-|z|}\quad \text{for } z \in D.$$

For a finite group $H$, let $Irr(H)$ denote the set of irreducible characters of $H$, and define the ‘zeta function’ $\zeta^H(t) = \sum_{\chi \in Irr(H)} \chi(1)^{-t}$ for real $t > 0$. We study the asymptotic behaviour of $\zeta^H(t)$ for finite simple groups $H$ of Lie type, and also of a corresponding zeta function defined in terms of conjugacy classes. Applications are given to the study of random walks on simple groups, and on base sizes of primitive permutation groups.