In the field of visual double stars, a long term follow-up is required, since their orbital periods may reach several centuries. Created in 1981 within the Société Astronomique de France (SAF) with the support of the late Paul Muller (1910-2000), the Commission des Etoiles Doubles provides the framework for the necessary collaboration between professional and amateur astronomers, through generations. The late Dr. Paul Baize (1901-1995) was a model for its members. Several professional astronomers became scientific advisors of the Commission and have guided many works made by amateurs.

In this article I review measurements of deuterium in the Milky Way.

Neutron-capture (Z > 30) elements are detected in many very metal-poor halo stars, and so they must have been manufactured by some of the earliest element donors in our Galaxy's history. The bulk amounts of neutron-capture elements with respect to the iron group vary by several orders of magnitude from star to star at low metallicities. Additionally, abundance distributions among these elements are often strikingly different from that of the solar system. Some stars exhibit abundances that must have been made purely in “rapid” neutron-capture events (the r-process), some in “slow” events (the s-process), and some have hybrid mixes. Here we summarize the major observed categories of the neutron-capture abundances in metal-poor stars, and discuss their implications for early Galactic nucleosynthesis.

In spite of significant recent and ongoing research efforts, most of the early evolution and long-term fate of young massive star clusters remain clouded in uncertainties. Here, I discuss our understanding of the initial conditions of star cluster formation and the importance of initial substructure for the subsequent dynamical-evolution and mass-segregation timescales. I also assess our current understanding of the (initial) binary fraction in star clusters and the shape of the stellar initial mass function at the low-mass end in the low-metallicity environment of the Large Magellanic Cloud. Finally, I question the validity of our assumptions leading to dynamical cluster mass estimates. I conclude that it seems imperative that observers, modellers and theorists combine efforts and exchange ideas and data freely for the field to make a major leap forward.

We investigate the formation of terrestrial planets in the late stage of planetary formation using two-planet model. At that time, the protostar has formed for about 3 Myr and the gas disk has dissipated. In the model, the perturbations from Jupiter and Saturn are considered. We also consider variations of the mass of outer planet, and the initial eccentricities and inclinations of embryos and planetesimals. Our results show that, terrestrial planets are formed in 50 Myr, and the accretion rate is about 60% - 80%. In each simulation, 3 - 4 terrestrial planets are formed inside “Jupiter” with masses of 0.15 – 3.6 M⊕. In the 0.5 - 4AU, when the eccentricities of planetesimals are excited, planetesimals are able to accrete material from wide radial direction. The plenty of water material of the terrestrial planet in the Habitable Zone may be transferred from the farther places by this mechanism. Accretion may also happen a few times between two giant planets only if the outer planet has a moderate mass and the small terrestrial planet could survive at some resonances over time scale of 108 yr.

We show that ALMA is the first telescope that can probe the dust-obscured central region of quasars at z > 5 with a maximum resolution of ~ 30 pc employing the 18 km baseline.

We explore the possibility of detecting the first quasars with ALMA (Schleicher, Spaans, & Klessen 2009). For this purpose, we adopt the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1068 as a reference system and calculate the expected fluxes if this galaxy were placed at high redshift. This choice is motivated by the detailed observations available for this system and the absence of any indication for an evolution in metallicity in high-redshift quasars. It is a conservative choice due to the moderate column densities in NGC 1068, leading to moderate fluxes.

Many astronomical systems require for their description in the frame of Einstein's theory of gravity not just one but several reference systems. In the first post-Newtonian approximation the Damour-Soffel-Xu (DSX) formalism presents a new and improved treatment of celestial mechanics and astronomical reference systems for the gravitational N-body problem. In the DSX-formalism the astronomical bodies are characterized by their Blanchet-Damour (BD) mass- and spin-multipole moments. However, the time dependence of these moments requires additional dynamical equations, usually local flow equations describing the internal motions inside the bodies or additional assumptions about them. In this article the internal motion of astronomical bodies will be adressed within the 1st post-Newtonian approximation to Einstein's theory of gravity. A concept of quasi-rigid bodies will be introduced; after that, astronomical fluid and elastic bodies will be discussed.

The halos of elliptical galaxies, through their orbit and angular momentum distribution, contain important information about the formation and evolution of these systems.

Due to its unique long-term coverage and high photometric precision, observations from the Kepler asteroseismic investigation will provide us with the possibility to sound stellar cycles in a number of solar-type stars with asteroseismology. By comparing these measurements with conventional ground-based chromospheric activity measurements we might be able to increase our understanding of the relation between the chromospheric changes and the changes in the eigenmodes.

In parallel with the Kepler observations we have therefore started a programme at the Nordic Optical Telescope to observe and monitor chromospheric activity in the stars that are most likely to be selected for observations for the whole satellite mission. The ground-based observations presented here can be used both to guide the selection of the special Kepler targets and as the first step in a monitoring programme for stellar cycles. Also, the chromospheric activity measurements obtained from the ground-based observations can be compared with stellar parameters such as ages and rotation in order to improve stellar evolution models.

Most stars are members of binaries, and the evolution of a star in a close binary system differs from that of an ioslated star due to the proximity of its companion star. The components in a binary system interact in many ways and binary evolution leads to the formation of many peculiar stars, including blue stragglers and hot subdwarfs. We will discuss binary evolution and the formation of blue stragglers and hot subdwarfs, and show that those hot objects are important in the study of evolutionary population synthesis (EPS), and conclude that binary interactions should be included in the study of EPS. Indeed, binary interactions make a stellar population younger (hotter), and the far-ultraviolet (UV) excess in elliptical galaxies is shown to be most likely resulted from binary interactions. This has major implications for understanding the evolution of the far-UV excess and elliptical galaxies in general. In particular, it implies that the far-UV excess is not a sign of age, as had been postulated prviously and predicts that it should not be strongly dependent on the metallicity of the population, but exists universally from dwarf ellipticals to giant ellipticals.

We present optical and IR integrated colors and SBF magnitudes, computed from stellar population synthesis models that include emission from the dusty envelopes surrounding mass-loosing TP-AGB stars. We explore the effects of varying the mass-loss rate by one order of magnitude around the fiducial value, modifying accordingly both the stellar parameters and the output spectra of the TP-AGB stars plus their dusty envelopes. We compare these models to optical and near-IR data of single AGB stars and Magellanic star clusters. Neither broad-band colors nor SBF measurements in the optical or the near-IR can discern global changes in the mass-loss rate of a stellar population. However, we predict that mid-IR SBF measurements can pick out such changes, and actually resolve whether a relation between metallicity and mass-loss exists.

Time series of the coordinates of the ICRF radio sources were analyzed. It was shown that part of radio sources, including even the so-called “defining” sources, show a the significant apparent motion. Corrections for their a priori coordinates are time functions. The celestial reference frame stability is provided by the no-net-rotation condition applied to the selected subset of sources, which leads in our case to a rotation of the frame axes with time. Parameters of this rotation were calculated for different subsets of sources.

To improve stability of the celestial reference frame new methods of selection of the extragalactic radio sources were suggested. The first one was called “cosmological” and the second one “kinematical”. It was shown that a selected subset of the ICRF sources, according to cosmological criteria, determines the most stable coordinate system during next decade.

The powerful compact continuum emission from quasars is understood only in outline. New surveys allow investigation of the quasar continuum over a wide range of parameters (z, L, L/LEdd) and wavelengths (radio to X-ray). I review the spectral energy distributions of quasars and how new scaling relations with physical parameters promise to take us to a deeper understanding of the quasar continuum.

We briefly present the history and activities of amateur and professionnal astronomers from the “Association Française des Observateurs d'Etoiles Variables” (AFOEV, the French society of variable star observers).

The centers of most galaxies in the local Universe are occupied by compact, barely resolved sources. Based on their structural properties, position in the Fundamental Plane, and integrated spectra, these sources clearly have a stellar origin. They are therefore called ‘nuclear star clusters’ (NCs) or ‘stellar nuclei’. NCs are found in galaxies of all Hubble types, suggesting that their formation is intricately linked to galaxy evolution. Here, I review some recent studies of NCs, describe ideas for their formation and subsequent growth, and touch on their possible evolutionary connection with both supermassive black holes and globular clusters.

Analyses of FUSE spacecraft spectra have provided measurements of D/H in the gas phase of the interstellar medium for many lines of sight extending to several kpc from the Sun. These measurements, together with the earlier Copernicus, HST, and IMAPS data, show a wide range of D/H values that have challenged both observers and chemical evolution modellers. I believe that the best explanation for the diverse D/H measurements is that deuterium can be sequestered on to carbonaceous grains and PAH molecules and thereby removed from the interstellar gas. Grain destruction can raise the gas phase D/H value to approximately the total D/H value. Supernovae and stellar winds, however, can decrease the total D/H value along lines of sight on time scales less than mixing time scales. I will summarize the theoretical and observational arguments for this model and estimate the most likely range for the total D/H in the local Galactic disk. This range in total D/H presents a constraint on realistic Galactic chemical evolution models or the primordial value of D/H or both.

Dynamical models of galaxies are limited by the paucity of kinematic data at large radii. Beyond the feasible limit of integrated-light spectroscopy, we rely on discrete tracers such as planetary nebulae and globular clusters. We describe a large (~200) sample of planetary nebula (PN) velocities in the outer regions of the cD elliptical NGC 1399. These data were obtained with a counter-dispersed slitless-spectroscopy technique which traces the kinematics to about 60 kpc (McNeil et al., 2009).

One major topic in studying stellar activity is to explain how phenomena seen on the Sun and stars, and specially magnetic phenomena, depend on stellar properties such as rotation and age. Differential rotation is an important physical process in theories of stellar magnetic field generation. The solar surface differential rotation was initially discovered via the simple method of tracking the rotation rates of individual starspots at different latitudes. Adopting a similar principle, high accuracy light curves of active stars observed with the CoRoT satellite are analyzed using a model based on the rotational modulation of the visibility of active regions.

We present abundance measurements for a large number of neutron-capture elements in giant stars of the globular clusters M4, M5, and M13. The relative abundance ratios differ between all three clusters. For all clusters, we find that the mean abundances for the elements from Ba to Hf can be well explained by scaled versions of the solar s- and r-process abundances, albeit with different mixtures of s- and r-process material for each clusters.

We simulate the chemical processes in the three evolution periods of the solar nebula, which are (i) the quasi-stationary prestellar cloud core, (ii) the gravitationally collapsing protostellar core, and (iii) the evolving gas-dust disk. Our purpose is to identify chemical parameters which reflect special aspects of the interactions between the gas and ice phase in the different periods, e.g. isotopic or molecular ratios. In this study we derive the D/H and 15N/14N ratio of selected compounds as well as the CO2/H2O ratio to measure the fraction of non-polar to polar ice in the grain mantles. The chosen ratios depend on the depletion-enrichment relation between the ice and gas phases driven by the thermal evolution in each period, especially during the collapse. Hence, we have made great efforts in order to derive realistic and compact hydrodynamic models to describe the evolutionary periods of the solar nebula.