Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T16:26:40.407Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Religion, Religiosity, and the Moral Divide in Canadian Politics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 March 2012

Adrian Ang*
Affiliation:
Florida International University
John R. Petrocik*
Affiliation:
University of Missouri
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Adrian Ang, Department of Politics and International Relations, Florida International Relations, SIPA Building, Room 440, 11200 SW 8th ST, Miami, FL 33199. E-mail: [email protected]; or John Petrocik, Department of Political Science, 113 Professional Building, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211. E-mail: [email protected]
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Adrian Ang, Department of Politics and International Relations, Florida International Relations, SIPA Building, Room 440, 11200 SW 8th ST, Miami, FL 33199. E-mail: [email protected]; or John Petrocik, Department of Political Science, 113 Professional Building, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Social group conflict along regional, ethnic, linguistic, and religious cleavages is deeply embedded in the Canadian historical experience. Contemporary analyses, however, have deprecated the role of religion and religiosity in shaping Canadians' political attitudes. This analysis demonstrates that religion and religiosity are significant correlates of Canadian attitudes on moral issues, paralleling the pattern observed in the United States. It demonstrates that the religious cleavage has been a salient feature of Canadian politics for some time and considers whether the contemporary moral divide could serve as a portent of cultural-religious conflict in Canada if a “political entrepreneur” articulated an issue agenda linked to these religion-based differences.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Religion and Politics Section of the American Political Science Association 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Ang, Adrian U-Jin, and Petrocik, John R.. 2005. “Social Cleavages and Party Constituencies in Diversity-Embracing Societies: The Case of Canada.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Bean, Lydia, Gonzalez, Marco, and Kaufman, Jason. 2008. “Why Doesn't Canada Have an American-Style Christian Right? A Comparative Framework for Analyzing the Effects of Evangelical Subcultural Identity.” Canadian Journal of Sociology 33:899944.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berelson, Bernard R., Lazarsfeld, Paul R., and McPhee, William N.. 1954. Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Blais, Andre. 2005. “Accounting for the Electoral Success of the Liberal Party in Canada.Presidential address to the Canadian Political Science Association.Canadian Journal of Political Science 38:821840.Google Scholar
Campbell, David E. 2007a. A Matter of Faith: Religion in the 2004 Presidential Election. Washington, DC: Brookings.Google Scholar
Campbell, David E. 2007b. “Religious ‘Threat’ in Contemporary Presidential Elections.” Journal of Politics 68:104115.Google Scholar
Campbell, David E., and Monson, J. Quin. 2008. “Gay Marriage and the 2004 Presidential Election.” Public Opinion Quarterly 72:399419.Google Scholar
Casson, Mark. 1982. The Entrepreneur: An Economic Theory. Oxford, UK: Martin Robertson.Google Scholar
Clarke, Harold D., Jenson, Jane, Leduc, Larry, and Pammett, Jon. 1984. Absent Mandate: The Politics of Discontent in Canada. Toronto, ON: Gage.Google Scholar
Coase, R.H. 1960. “The Problem of Social Cost.” Journal of Law and Economics 3:144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, John C. 2007. The Faith Factor: How Religion Influences American Elections. Westport, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar
Guth, James L., and Green, John C., eds. 1991. The Bible and the Ballot Box: Religion and Politics in the 1988 Elections. Boulder, CO: Westview.Google Scholar
Guth, James L., and Green, John C.. 1993. “Salience: The Core Concept?” In Rediscovering the Religious Factor in American Politics, eds. Leege, David C., and Kellstedt, Lyman A.. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Guth, James L., and Fraser, Cleveland R.. 2001. “Religion and Partisanship in Canada.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 40:5164.Google Scholar
Guth, James L., Kellstedt, Lyman A., Smidt, Corwin E., and Green, John C.. 2006. “Religious Influences in the 2004 Presidential Elections.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 36:223–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayek, Friedrich A. 1949. Individualism and Economic Order. London, UK: Routledge.Google Scholar
Holcombe, Randall G. 2002. “Political Entrepreneurship and the Democratic Allocation of Economic Resources.” The Review of Austrian Economics 15:143–59.Google Scholar
Hoover, Dennis, Martinez, Michael, Reimer, Samuel, and Wald, Kenneth. 2002. “Evangelicalism Meets the Continental Divide: Moral and Economic Conservatism in the United States and Canada.” Political Research Quarterly 55:351374.Google Scholar
Hunter, James Davison. 1991. Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Irvine, William P. 1974. “Explaining the Religious Basis of the Canadian Partisan Identity: Success on the Third Try.” Canadian Journal of Political Science 7:560563.Google Scholar
Iyengar, Shanto, and Kinder, Donald R.. 1987. News That Matters: Television and American Opinion. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Johnston, Richard. 1985. “The Reproduction of the Religious Cleavage in Canadian Elections.” Canadian Journal of Political Science 18:99113.Google Scholar
Kanji, Mebs, and Archer, Keith. 2004. “‘New’ Cleavages, Value Diversity, and Democratic Governance.” In Canadian Politics, eds. Bickerton, James, and Gagnon, Alain-G.. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press.Google Scholar
Kellstedt, Lyman A., Green, John C., Guth, James L., and Smidt, Corwin E.. 1997. “Is there a Culture War? Religion and the 1996 Election.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Kellstedt, Lyman A., Smidt, Corwin E., and Kellstedt, Paul M.. 1991. “Religious Tradition, Denomination, and Commitment.” In The Bible and the Ballot Box: Religion and Politics in the 1988 Elections, eds. Guth, James L., and Green, John C.. Boulder, CO: Westview.Google Scholar
Kim, Andrew E. 1993. “The Absence of Pan-Canadian Civil Religion.” Sociology of Religion 54:257275.Google Scholar
King, Paula J. 1988. “Policy Entrepreneurs: Catalysts in the Policy Innovation Process.” Ph.D. Dissertation. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirzner, Israel M. 1973. Competition and Entrepreneurship. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kollar, Nathan. 1998. “Fundamentalism in Canada.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion, Montreal.Google Scholar
Krosnick, Jon A., and Kinder, Donald R.. 1990. “Altering the Foundations of Support for the President through Priming.” American Political Science Review 84:497512.Google Scholar
Lapp, Miriam. 1999. Incorporating groups into rational choice explanations of turnout: An empirical test. Public Choice 98:171185.Google Scholar
Layman, Geoffrey C. 2001. The Great Divide: Religious and Cultural Conflict in American Party Politics. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Layman, Geoffrey C., and Carmines, Edward G.. 1987. “Cultural Conflict in American Politics: Religious Traditionalism, Postmaterialism, and US Political Behavior.” Journal of Politics 59:751777.Google Scholar
Layman, Geoffrey C., and Green, John C.. 1998. “The Changing Religious Voter: The Impact of Belonging, Believing, and Behaving in the 1960s and 1990s.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago.Google Scholar
Layman, Geoffrey C., and Green, John C.. 2005. “Wars and Rumors of Wars: The Contexts of Cultural Conflict in American Political Behavior.” British Journal of Political Science 36:6189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lazarsfeld, Paul R., Berelson, Bernard R., and Gaudet, Hazel. 1948. The People's Choice. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Leege, David C., Wald, Kenneth D., Krueger, Brian S., and Mueller, Paul D.. 2002. The Politics of Cultural Differences: Social Change and Voter Mobilization Strategies in the Post-New Deal Period. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Lusztig, Michael, and Wilson, J. Matthew. 2005. “A New Right? Moral Issues and Partisan Change in Canada.” Social Science Quarterly 86:109128.Google Scholar
Lopatto, Paul. 1985. Religion and the Presidential Election. New York, NY: Praeger.Google Scholar
Malloy, Jonathan. 2003. “High Discipline, Low Cohesion? The Uncertain Patterns of Canadian Parliamentary Groups.” Journal of Legislative Studies 9:116–29.Google Scholar
Malloy, Jonathan. 2009. “Bush/Harper? Canadian and American Evangelical Politics Compared.” American Review of Canadian Studies 39:352–63.Google Scholar
Meisel, John. 1967. “Religious Affiliation and Electoral Behavior: A Case Study.” In Voting in Canada, ed. Courtney, John.Toronto, ON: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Meisel, John. 1974. Cleavages, Parties, and Values in Canada. London, UK: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Meisel, John. 1975. “Bizzare Aspects of a Vanishing Act: The Religious Cleavage and Voting in Canada.” In Working Papers on Canadian Politics, ed. Meisel, John.Kingston, ON: McGill-Queen's University Press.Google Scholar
Mendelsohn, Matthew, and Nadeau, Richard. 1997. “The Religious Cleavage and the Media in Canada.” Canadian Journal of Political Science 30:129146.Google Scholar
Noll, Mark. 1997. “Canadian Evangelicalism: A View from the United States.” In Aspects of the Canadian Evangelical Experience, ed. Rawlyk, George A.Montreal, ON: McGill-Queen's University Press.Google Scholar
Petrocik, John R. 1998. “Reformulating the Party Coalitions: The Christian Democratic Republicans.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston.Google Scholar
Petrocik, John R. 2006. “Party Coalitions in the American Public: Morality Politics, Issue Agendas, and the 2004 Election.” In The State of the Parties, eds. Green, John C., and Coffey, Daniel. New York, NY: Rowan and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Reimer, Samuel. 1995. “A Look at the Cultural Effects of Religiosity: A Comparison between the United States and Canada.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 34:445–57.Google Scholar
Riker, William. 1986. The Art of Political Manipulation. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Schumpeter, Joseph. 1942. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. New York, NY: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Sidanius, James, and Pratto, Felicia F.. 2001. Social Dominance: An Intergroup Theory of Social Hierarchy and Oppression. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Simpson, John H., and MacLeod, Henry G.. 1985. “The Politics of Morality in Canada.” In Religious Movements: Genesis, Exodus, Numbers, ed. Stark, Rodney.New York, NY: Paragon.Google Scholar
Stackhouse, John G. Jr., 1993. Canadian Evangelicalism in the Twentieth Century: An Introduction to Its Character. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Stark, Rodney, and Glock, Charles. 1968. American Piety: The Nature of Religious Commitment. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Wald, Kenneth D., and Smidt, Corwin E.. 1993. “Measurement in the Study of Religion in Politics.” In Rediscovering the Religious Factor in American Politics, eds. Leege, David, and Kellstedt, Lyman. New York, NY: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Wilcox, Clyde. 1990. “Religion and Politics among White Evangelicals: The Impact of Religious Variables on Political Attitudes.” Review of Religious Research 32:4355.Google Scholar
Wuthnow, Robert. 1988. The Restructuring of American Religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Zaller, John R. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar