Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-b95js Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-10T20:47:59.695Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Pushed Toward the Exit? How Female MPs Leave Parliament

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 February 2013

Ine Vanlangenakker ,
Bram Wauters  and
Bart Maddens
Ine Vanlangenakker
Affiliation:
Catholic University of Leuven
Bram Wauters
Affiliation:
University College Ghent and Ghent University
Bart Maddens
Affiliation:
Catholic University of Leuven
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Worldwide, politicians devote increasing attention to the sociodemographic representativeness of political institutions. The underrepresentation of specific groups (and of women in particular) in political institutions is a democratic problem (Phillips 1995). To counter the lack of representativeness of political institutions, measures have been adopted to increase the influx of female politicians in parliaments and governments. Among others, quota regulations have been implemented in several countries in recent years (Dahlerup 2007; Krook 2007).

Type
Research Article
Information
Politics & Gender , Volume 9 , Issue 1 , March 2013 , pp. 61 - 75
Copyright
Copyright © The Women and Politics Research Section of the American Political Science Association 2013

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Bochel, John, and Denver, David. 1983. “Candidate Selection in the Labour Party: What the Selectors Seek.” British Journal of Political Science 13 (1): 45–69.Google Scholar
Beckwith, Karen. 2007. “Numbers and Newness: The Descriptive and Substantive Representation of Women.” Canadian Journal of Political Science 40 (1): 27–49.Google Scholar
Bledsoe, Timothy, and Herring, Mary. 1990. Victims of Circumstances : Women in Pursuit of Political Office. American Political Science Review 84 (1): 213–23.Google Scholar
Caul, Miki. 1999. “Women's Representation in Parliament: The Role of Political Parties.” Party Politics 5 (1): 79–99.Google Scholar
Celis, Karen, and Wauters, Bram. 2010. “Pinning the Butterfly: Women, Blue Collar and Ethnic Minority MPs vis-à-vis Parliamentary Norms and the Parliamentary Role of the Group Representative.” Journal of Legislative Studies 16 (3): 380–93.Google Scholar
Celis, Karen. 2000. “Gendering the New Political Culture? Women in the First Flemish Regional Parliament.” Presented at the 28th ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Childs, Sarah, and Krook, Mona L.. 2008. “Critical Mass Theory and Women's Political Representation.” Political Studies 56 (3): 725–36.Google Scholar
Costantini, Edmond. 1990. Political Women and Political Ambition : Closing the Gender Gap. American Journal of Political Science 34 (3): 741–70.Google Scholar
Dahlerup, Drude. 2007. “Electoral Gender Quotas, Between Equality of Opportunity and Equality of Result.” Representation 43 (2): 73–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Vos, Pieter L. 1990. De Uitgang van het Binnenhof: een onderzoek naar het vertrek van Kamerleden. Gouda: Quint.Google Scholar
Edinger, Michael, and Schwarz, Bertrand. 2009. “Leben nach dem Mandat. Eine Studie zu ehemaligen Abgeordneten”. SFB580 Mitteilung 35: 1–82.Google Scholar
Fox, Richard L., and Smith, Eric R.A.N.. 1998. “The Role of Candidate Sex in Voter Decision-Making.” Political Psychology 19 (2): 405–19.Google Scholar
Franceschet, Susan, Krook, Mona L., and Piscopo, Jennifer M., eds. 2012. The Impact of Gender Quota. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Francis, Wayne L., and Baker, John R.. 1986. “Why Do U.S. State Legislators Vacate Their Seats?” Legislative Studies Quarterly 11 (1): 119–26.Google Scholar
Frederick, Brian. 2007. “Political Parties, Self Perceived Qualifications and Political Ambition, Examining the Role Of Sex in the Candidate Emergence Process for Open U.S. House Seats.” Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago.Google Scholar
Hamm, Keith, and Olson, David M.. 1992. “Midsession Vacancies: Why Do State Legislators Exit and How Are They Replaced?” In Changing Patterns in State Legislative Careers, eds. Moncrief, Gary F. and Thompson, Joel. A.. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 127–46.Google Scholar
Hibbing, John R. 1982. “Voluntary Retirement from the US House of Representatives: Who Quits?” American Journal of Political Science 26 (3): 467–84.Google Scholar
Jacobson, Gary C. 2004. The Politics of Congressional Elections. New York: Pearson.Google Scholar
Jeydel, Alana, and Taylor, Andrew J.. 2003. “Are Women Legislators Less Effective? Evidence from the U.S. House in the 103rd–105th Congress.” Political Research Quarterly 56 (1): 19–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krook, Mona L. 2007. “Candidate Gender Quotas, A Framework for Analysis.” European Journal of Political Research 46 (3): 367–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawless, Jennifer L., and Fox, Richard L.. 2005. It Takes a Candidate: Why Women Don't Run for Office. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lawless, Jennifer L., and Theriault, Sean M.. 2005. “Will She Stay or Will She Go ? Career Ceilings and Women's Retirement from the U.S. Congress. Legislative Studies Quarterly 30 (4): 581–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leijenaar, Monique. 2004. “Een vrouwvriendelijk kiessysteem.” In Vrouwen vertegenwoordigd, Wetstraat gekraakt? Representativiteit feministisch bekeken, eds. Meier, Petra and Celis, Karen. Brussels: VUB Press, 49–80.Google Scholar
Matland, Richard E. 1994. “Putting Scandinavian Equality to the Test: An Experimental Evaluation of Gender Stereotyping of Political Candidates in a Sample of Norwegian Voters.” British Journal of Political Science 24 (2): 273–92.Google Scholar
Matland, Richard E.. 2005. “Enhancing Women's Political Participation, Legislative Recruitment and Electoral Systems.” In Women in Parliament, Beyond Numbers, eds. Ballington, Julie and Karam, Azza, Stockholm: IDEA, 93–111.Google Scholar
Matland, Richard E., and Montgomery, Kathleen A., eds. 2003. Women's Access to Political Power in Post-Communist Eastern Europe. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Meier, Petra. 2004. “The Mutual Contagion Effect of Legal and Party Quotas: A Belgian Perspective.” Party Politics 10 (5): 583–600.Google Scholar
Murray, Rainbow, Krook, Mona L., and Opello, Katherine. 2009. “Elite Bias, not Voter Bias: Gender Quotas and Candidate Performance in France.” Paper presented at the first European Conference on Politics and Gender, Belfast.Google Scholar
Niven, David. 1998. “Party Elites and Women Candidates.” Women & Politics 19 (2): 57–80.Google Scholar
Norris, Pippa. 1996. “Legislative Recruitment.” In Comparing Democracies. Elections and Voting in Global Perspective, eds. LeDuc, Lawrence, Niemi, Richard G., and Norris, Pippa. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 184–215.Google Scholar
Norris, Pippa, ed. 1997. Passages to Power. Legislative Recruitment in Advanced Democracies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Norris, Pippa.. 2004. Electoral Engineering. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peters, B. Guy. 1999. Institutional Theory in Political Science: The “New Institutionalism”. New York: Continuum.Google Scholar
Phillips, Anne. 1995. The Politics of Presence. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Samuels, David. 2000. “Ambition and Competition: Explaining Legislative Turnover in Brazil.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 25 (3): 481–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanbonmatsu, Kira. 2002. “Gender Stereotypes and Vote Choice.” American Journal of Political Science 46 (1): 20–34.Google Scholar
Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie A. 2005. “The Incumbency Disadvantage and Women's Election to Legislative Office.” Electoral Studies 24 (2): 227–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Theakston, Kevin, Gouge, Ed, and Honeyman, Victoria. 2007. Life after Losing or Leaving. The Experience of Former Members of Parliament. London: Association of Former Members.Google Scholar
Thelen, Kathleen. 2003. “How Institutions Evolve: Insights from Comparative Historical Analysis.” In Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences, eds. Mahoney, James and Rueschemeyer, Dietrich. New York: Cambridge University Press, 208–40.Google Scholar
Tremblay, Manon, ed. 2008. Women and Legislative Representation: Electoral Systems, Political Parties, and Sex Quotas. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wauters, Bram, Maddens, Bart, and Put, Gert-Jan. 2010. “The Effect of Quota on the Profile of Women Candidates in Belgium.” Presented at the Dutch-Flemish Politicologenetmaal, Leuven.Google Scholar
Wauters, Bram, Weekers, Karolien, and Maddens, Bart. 2010. “Explaining the Number of Preferential Votes for Women in an Open-List PR System: An Investigation of the 2003 Federal Elections in Flanders (Belgium).” Acta Politica 45 (4): 468–90.Google Scholar