¹ See, for example, Patterson, Linda, Singing the Crusades: French and Occitan Responses to the Crusading Movements 1137–1336 (Woodbridge, 2018)Google Scholar.

² This is a problem most clearly expressed by Switten, Margaret, ‘Music and Versification’, in The Troubadours: an Introduction, ed. Gaunt, Simon and Kay, Sarah (Cambridge, 1999), 141–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 148–9. Pollina, Vincent, ‘Word/Music Relations in the Work of the Troubadour Gaucelm Faidit: Some Preliminary Observations on the Planh’, in Miscellanea di studi in onore di Aurelio Roncaglia a cinquant'anni dalla sua laurea (Modena, 1987), 3: 1076–90Google Scholar, passim and Treitler, Leo, ‘The Marriage of Poetry and Music in Medieval Song’, in With Voice and Pen: Coming to Know Medieval Song and How It was Made (Oxford, 2003), 457–81Google Scholar, at 472–81 have also addressed this difficulty head on.