Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T04:57:44.022Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Transmission of Theileria parva to cattle by Rhipicephalus appendiculatus adults fed as nymphae in vitro on infected blood through an artificial membrane

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2009

S. M. Waladde ,
A. S. Young ,
S. A. Ochieng' ,
S. N. Mwaura  and
F. N. Mwakima
S. M. Waladde
Affiliation:
The International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya
A. S. Young
Affiliation:
The International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
S. A. Ochieng'
Affiliation:
The International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya
S. N. Mwaura
Affiliation:
The International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
F. N. Mwakima
Affiliation:
The International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

A technique is described for the efficient feeding of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus nymphae on cattle blood through an artificial membrane bearing tactile and olfactory stimuli. The effect of four anticoagulation methods on the feeding of nymphae was compared and heparinized blood was found to be the most efficacious, followed by defibrinated blood. Blood treated with acid citrate dextrose (ACD) or ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA) inhibited nymphal feeding. Nymphae fed on heparinized and defibrinated blood obtained engorgement weights within the range of ticks fed on mammalian hosts and they subsequently moulted and fed normally as adults and produced viable eggs. Nymphae fed on membranes using either defibrinated or heparinized blood infected with Theileria parva piroplasms developed salivary gland infections as adult ticks and transmitted East Coast fever (ECF) to susceptible cattle. There were indications that T. parva-infected defibrinated blood was not as infective to the feeding nymphae as the infected heparinized blood. When T. parva-infected heparinized blood was used to feed nymphae through membranes in two experiments, it was found that the infections in the resultant adult ticks could be comparable to those of nymphae fed on donor cattle, but were usually lower. The membrane feeding technique will enable the study of factors affecting the tick and T. parva transmission without the complication of host/T. parva interactions and could be useful for both tick maintenance and Theileria parasite isolation and maintenance.

Keywords

Theileria parva transmissionRhipicephalus appendiculatusnymphsmembranesin vitro feeding
Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 107 , Issue 3 , September 1993 , pp. 249 - 256
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1993

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Arthur, D. R. (1962). Ticks and Disease. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Bailey, K. P. (1960). Notes on the rearing of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and their infection with Theileria parva for experimental transmission. Bulletin of Epizootic Diseases of Africa 8, 33–4.Google Scholar
Binnington, K. C. & Kemp, D. H. (1980). Role of tick salivary glands in feeding and disease transmission. Advances in Parasitology 18, 315–39.Google Scholar
Brocklesby, D. W. & Vidler, B. O. (1962). Further attempts to infect laboratory animals with Theileria parva. Veterinary Record 74, 1277.Google Scholar
Büscher, G. & Otim, B. (1986). Quantitative studies on Theileria parva in the salivary glands of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus adults: quantitation and prediction of infection. International Journal for Parasitology 16, 93–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chabaud, A. G. (1950). Sur la nutrition artificielle des tiques. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée 25, 42–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galun, R. (1977). Response of blood-sucking arthropods to vertebrate hosts. In Chemical Control of Insect Behavior: Theory and Application (ed. Shorey, H. H. & McKelvey, J. J. Jr), pp. 103–5. New York: Wiley Interscience.Google Scholar
Goddeeris, B. M., Katende, J. M., Irvin, A. D. & Chumo, R. S. F. (1982). Indirect fluorescent antibody test for experimental and epizootiological studies on East Coast fever (Theileria parva infection in cattle): evaluation of cell culture antigen fixed and stored in suspension. Research in Veterinary Science 33, 360–6.Google Scholar
Gregson, J. D. (1969). Electrical observations on tick feeding in relation to disease transmission. Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress of Acarology, pp. 329–39.Google Scholar
Irvin, A. D. & Brocklesby, D. W. (1970). Rearing and maintaining Rhipicephalus appendiculatus in the laboratory. Journal of the Institute of Animal Technicians 21, 278–84.Google Scholar
Irvin, A. D., Purnell, R. E. & Peirce, M. A. (1970). Infection of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks with Theileria parva, using a rabbit's head perfusion technique. Research in Veterinary Science 11, 493–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irvin, A. D., Purnell, R. E., Brown, C. G. D., Cunningham, M. P., Ledger, M. A. & Payne, R. C. (1974). Application of an indirect method of infecting ticks with piroplasms for use in the isolation of field infections. British Veterinary Journal 130, 280–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaufman, R. W. (1989). Tick host interaction: a synthesis of current concepts. Parasitology Today 5, 47–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kemp, D. H., Stone, B. F. & Binnington, K. C. (1982). Tick attachment and feeding: role of mouth parts, feeding apparatus, salivary gland secretions and host response. In Physiology of Ticks (ed. Obenchain, F. D. & Galun, R.), pp. 119–69. Oxford: Pergamon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Musoke, A., Morzaria, S., Nkonge, C., Jones, E. & Nene, V. (1992). A recombinant sporozoite surface antigen of Theileria parva induces protection in cattle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 89, 514–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Norval, R. A. I., Perry, B. D. & Young, A. S. (1992). The Epidemiology of Theileriosis in Africa. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Ponnudurai, T., Lensen, A. H. W., Van Gemert, G. J. A., Bensink, N. P. E., Bolmer, M. & Meuwissen, J. H. E. T. (1989). Infectivity of cultured Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes to mosquitoes. Parasitology 98, 165–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Purnell, R. E. (1970). Infection of the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus with Theileria parva using an artificial feeding technique. Research in Veterinary Science 11, 403–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Purnell, R. E. & Joyner, L. P. (1967). Artificial feeding technique for Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and transmission of Theileria parva from the salivary secretions. Nature, London 216, 484–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Purnell, R. E., Irvin, A. D., Kimber, C. D., Omwoyo, P. L. & Payne, R. C. (1974). East Coast fever: further laboratory investigations on the use of rabbits as vehicles for infecting ticks with theilerial piroplasms. Tropical Animal Health and Production 6, 145–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sas Institute Inc. (1987). SAS STAT Guide for Personal Computers, pp. 549–640. Cary, NC., USA.Google Scholar
Schreuder, B. E. C. & Uilenberg, G. (1976). Studies on Theileriidae (Sporozoa) in Tanzania. V. Preliminary experiments on a new method for infecting ticks with Theileria parva and Theileria mutans. Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie 27, 422–6.Google Scholar
Voigt, W. P., Young, A. S., Mwaura, S. N., Nyaga, S. G., Njihia, G. M., Mwakima, F. N. & Morzaria, S. P. (1993). In vitro feeding of instars of the ixodid tick Amblyomma variegatum through skin membranes and its application to the transmission of Theileria mutans and Cowdria ruminantium. Parasitology 107, 257–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waladde, S. M. & Ochieng', S. A. (1992). Advances in the artificial feeding of ticks. Insect Science and its Application 13, 579–83.Google Scholar
Waladde, S. M., Ochieng', S. A. & Gichuhi, P. M. (1991). Artifical membrane feeding of the ixodid tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus to repletion. Experimental and Applied Acarology 11, 297–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waladde, S. M. & Rice, M. J. (1982). The sensory basis of tick feeding behavior. In Physiology of Ticks (ed. Obenchain, F. D. & Galun, R.), pp. 71–118. Oxford: Pergamon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, A. R. (1990). Parasitic adaptations in the transmission of Theileria by ticks. A review. Tropical Animal Health and Production 22, 23–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, A. S. & Leitch, B. L. (1981). Epidemiology of East Coast fever. Some effects of temperature on the development of Theileria parva in its tick vector Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. Parasitology 83, 199–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed