Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T22:43:25.306Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Toxicity of cadmium and zinc to the decaudised cercarial life-span of Diplostomum spathaceum (Trematoda: Diplostomidae)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 October 2003

N. J. MORLEY ,
M. CRANE  and
J. W. LEWIS
N. J. MORLEY
Affiliation:
School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
M. CRANE
Affiliation:
School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
J. W. LEWIS
Affiliation:
School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The toxicity of cadmium and zinc at concentrations ranging from 0·1 to 10 000 μg/l to the life-span of decaudised cercarial bodies (cercariae that have shed their tails) of Diplostomum spathaceum was investigated. The effects of metal exposure at 3 temperatures (12, 20, and 25 °C) and 3 levels of water hardness (distilled water, soft water and hard water) were studied. In general, under most experimental conditions increasing metal concentrations reduced the life-span of decaudised cercariae. Increasing water hardness and decreasing water temperature caused an increase in the life-span of both control and metal exposed decaudised cercariae. However, at certain isolated metal concentrations, associated with a specific level of water hardness and temperature, increased survival above controls occurred. Differences in the relative toxicity of cadmium and zinc were dependent on the environmental conditions of exposure. The decaudised cercarial life-span under metal exposure was found to be generally independent of the overall cercarial survival and tail loss in most experimental conditions. Prolonged exposure to cadmium and zinc caused changes in the decaudised cercarial life-span when compared to individuals decaudised during the initial 24 h exposure period to those which were decaudised during the final 24 h period of cercarial survival. The validity of studying the decaudised cercarial life-span as an indicator of ‘fitness’ of larvae to migrate through the tissues of the target fish host, in terms of glycogen utilization, was assessed for those cercariae decaudised during the initial 24 h exposure period only. A limited reduction in the decaudised cercarial life-span during this period compared to controls was recorded, which may possibly indicate a reduced penetration ‘fitness’ of cercariae exposed to cadmium and zinc. The importance and relevance of these findings to parasite migration and establishment in the fish host are discussed.

Keywords

cadmiumzincDiplostomum spathaceumcercariaedecaudised cercariaediplostomulestail losslife-spaninfectivity
Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 127 , Issue 5 , November 2003 , pp. 497 - 506
Copyright
2003 Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

ABD ALLAH, A. T., WANAS, M. Q. & THOMPSON, S. N. ( 1996). The effects of lead, cadmium, and mercury on the mortality and infectivity of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. Journal of Parasitology 82, 1024–1026.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BRAHAM, G. L., RILEY, M. W. & UGLEM, G. L. ( 1996). Infectivity and the cercarial tail chamber in Proterometra macrostoma. Journal of Helminthology 70, 169–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CHAPPELL, L. H., HARDIE, L. J. & SECOMBES, C. J. ( 1994). Diplostomiasis: the disease and host-parasite interactions. In Parasitic diseases of fish (ed. Pike, A. W. & Lewis, J. W.), pp. 59–86. Samara Publishing Ltd, UK.
CHUBB, J. C. ( 1979). Seasonal occurrence of helminths in freshwater fish. II. Trematodes. Advances in Parasitology 17, 141–313.Google Scholar
CLEGG, J. A. & SMITHERS, S. R. ( 1968). Death of schistosome cercariae during penetration of the skin. II. Penetration of mammalian skin by Schistosoma mansoni. Parasitology 58, 111–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FRIED, B., EYSTER, L. S. & PECHENIK, J. A. ( 1998). Histochemical glycogen and neutral lipid in Echinostoma trivolvis cercariae and effects of exogenous glucose on cercarial longevity. Journal of Helminthology 72, 83–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
GINETSINSKAYA, T. A. ( 1960). The relationship between the distribution of glycogen in the bodies of different cercariae and their biological peculiarities. Doklady Biological Sciences 135, 949–951.Google Scholar
GOIL, M. M. ( 1978). Effect of some –SH and other reagents on aspartate aminotransferase and L-alanine aminotransferase of Paramphistomum explanatum Fischoeder, 1901. Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde 55, 59–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
GOIL, M. M. & HARPUR, R. P. ( 1979). A comparison of the non-specific acid phosphomonoesterase activity in the larva of Phocanema decipiens (Nematoda) with that of the muscle of its host the codfish (Gadus morhua). Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde 60, 177–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
GUPTA, S. P. & TRIVEDI, K. K. ( 1986). Effect of various chemical substances on the activity of trehalase in nematodes, Bunostomum trigonocephalum and Haemonchus contortus of veterinary importance. Indian Journal of Helminthology 38, 19–30.Google Scholar
HELLAWELL, R. M. ( 1986). Biological Indicators of Freshwater Pollution and Environmental Management. Elsevier Applied Sciences, London.CrossRef
HMSO (1969). Fish toxicity tests. Her Majesty's Stationary Office Leaflet, No. Dd. 139779 K36 12/69.
HOGLUND, J. ( 1991). Ultrastructural observations and radiometric assay on cercarial penetration and migration of the digenean Diplostomum spathaceum in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Parasitology Research 77, 283–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
HOGLUND, J. ( 1995). Experiments on second intermediate fish host related cercarial transmission of the eyefluke Diplostomum spathaceum into rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Folia Parasitologica 42, 49–53.Google Scholar
HOWELLS, R. E., GERKEN, S. E., RAMALHO-PINTO, F. J., KAWAZOE, U., GAZZINELLI, G. & PELLEGRINO, J. ( 1975). Schistosoma mansoni: tail loss in relation to permeability changes during cercaria-schistosomulum transformation. Parasitology 71, 9–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KARLSSON-NORRGREN, L., RUNN, P., HAUX, C. & FORLIN, L. ( 1985). Cadmium-induced changes in gill morphology of zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio (Hamilton-Buchanan), and rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Journal of Fish Biology 27, 81–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KIRK, R. S. & LEWIS, J. W. ( 1993). An evaluation of pollutant induced changes in the gills of rainbow trout using scanning electron microscopy. Environmental Technology 14, 577–585.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LAWSON, J. R. & WILSON, R. A. ( 1980 a). The survival of the cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni in relation to water temperature and glycogen utilization. Parasitology 81, 337–348.Google Scholar
LAWSON, J. R. & WILSON, R. A. ( 1980 b). Metabolic changes associated with migration of the schistosomulum of Schistosoma mansoni in the mammalian host. Parasitology 81, 325–336.Google Scholar
LAWSON, J. R. & WILSON, R. A. ( 1983). The relationship between the age of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae and their ability to penetrate and infect the mammalian host. Parasitology 87, 481–492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LYHOLT, H. C. K. & BUCHMANN, K. ( 1996). Diplostomum spathaceum: effects of temperature and light on cercarial shedding and infection of rainbow trout. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 25, 169–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MILLS, C. A. ( 1979). The influence of differing ionic environments on the cercarial, post-cercarial and adult stages of the ectoparasitic digenean Transversotrema patialense. International Journal for Parasitology 9, 603–608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MITCHELL, J. B., MASON, A. R. & WHALLEY, A. J. S. ( 1980). The anterior tail chamber and survival of Gorgoderina vitelliloba. International Journal for Parasitology 10, 181–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MORLEY, N. J., CRANE, M. & LEWIS, J. W. ( 2001). Toxicity of cadmium and zinc to Diplostomum spathaceum (Trematoda: Diplostomidae) cercarial survival. International Journal for Parasitology 31, 1211–1217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MORLEY, N. J., CRANE, M. & LEWIS, J. W. ( 2002 a). Toxicity of cadmium and zinc to cercarial tail loss in Diplostomum spathaceum (Trematoda: Diplostomidae). Parasitology 125, 293–301.Google Scholar
MORLEY, N. J., CRANE, M. & LEWIS, J. W. ( 2002 b). Toxicity of cadmium and zinc mixtures to Diplostomum spathaceum (Trematoda: Diplostomidae) cercarial survival. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 43, 28–33.Google Scholar
MORLEY, N. J., CRANE, M. & LEWIS, J. W. ( 2003). Toxicity of cadmium and zinc to the cercarial activity of Diplostomum spathaceum (Trematoda: Diplostomidae). Folia Parasitologica 50, 57–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MURTHY, R. C. & TAYAL, S. ( 1978). Trehalase activity in Stilesia globipunctata (Cestoda). Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde 56, 63–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NIEWIADOMSKA, K. ( 1986). Verification of the life-cycles of Diplostomum spathaceum (Rudolphi, 1819) and D. pseudospathaceum Niewiadomska, 1984 (Trematoda, Diplostomidae). Systematic Parasitology 7, 23–31.Google Scholar
ORTEL, J. ( 1996). Metal-supplemented diets alter carbohydrate levels in tissue and hemolymph of Gypsy moth larvae (Lymantria dispar, Lymantriidae, Lepidoptera). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17, 1171–1176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PARA, J., LEWERT, R. M. & OZCEL, M. A. ( 1970). Schistosoma mansoni: distribution of 14C in isotopically labelled cercariae and its loss during early infection. Experimental Parasitology 27, 273–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PARSHAD, V. R. & GURAYA, S. S. ( 1978). Phosphatases in helminths: effects of pH and various chemicals and anthelmintics on the enzyme activities. Veterinary Parasitology 4, 111–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PECHENIK, J. A. & FRIED, B. ( 1995). Effect of temperature on survival and infectivity of Echinostoma trivolvis cercariae: a test of the energy limitation hypothesis. Parasitology 111, 373–378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PIETROCK, M., MEINELT, T., MARCOGLIESE, D. J. & STEINBERG, C. E. W. ( 2001). Influence of aqueous sediment extracts from the Oder River (Germany/Poland) on survival of Diplostomum sp. (Trematoda: Diplostomidae) cercariae. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 40, 327–332.Google Scholar
PORTNOY, M., HIGASHI, G. I. & KAMAL, K. A. ( 1983). Percutaneous infection by Schistosoma mansoni ‘tailless’ cercariae. Journal of Parasitology 69, 1162–1164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
RAI, S. L. & CLEGG, J. A. ( 1968). Death of schistosome cercariae during penetration of the skin. I. Penetration of bird skin by Austrobilharzia terrigalensis. Parasitology 58, 199–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
RAMALHO-PINTO, F. J., GAZZINELLI, G., HOWELLS, R. E., MOTA-SANTOS, T. A., FIGUEIREDO, E. A. & PELLEGRINO, J. ( 1974). Schistosoma mansoni: Defined system for stepwise transformation of cercariae to Schistosomule in vitro. Experimental Parasitology 36, 360–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
RATANARAT-BROCKELMAN, C. ( 1974). Migration of Diplostomum spathaceum (Trematoda) in the fish intermediate host. Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde 43, 123–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SAMUELSON, J. C. & STEIN, L. D. ( 1989). Schistosoma mansoni: Increasing saline concentration signals cercariae to transform to schistosomula. Experimental Parasitology 69, 23–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SIDDALL, R. & DES CLERS, S. ( 1994). Effects of sewage sludge on the miracidium and cercariae of Zoogonoides viviparus (Trematoda: Digenea). Helminthologia 31, 143–153.Google Scholar
STABLES, J. N. & CHAPPELL, L. H. ( 1986). Diplostomum spathaceum (Rud. 1819): effects of physical factors on the infection of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, to Diplostomum spathaceum infections. Parasitology 93, 71–79.Google Scholar
SOUCEK, D. J. & NOBLET, G. P. ( 1998). Copper toxicity to the endoparasitic trematode (Posthodiplostomum minimum) relative to physid snail and bluegill sunfish intermediate hosts. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17, 2512–2516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
VIVIAN, C. M. G. & MASSIE, K. S. ( 1977). Trace metals in waters and sediments of the River Tawe, South Wales, in relation to local sources. Environmental Pollution 14, 47–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WHYTE, S. K., SECOMBES, C. J. & CHAPPELL, L. H. ( 1991). Studies on the infectivity of Diplostomum spathaceum in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Helminthology 65, 169–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WOOTTEN, R. ( 1974). Observations on strigeid metacercariae in the eyes of fish from Hanningfield Resevoir, Essex, England. Journal of Helminthology 48, 73–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar