Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T21:46:00.572Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Sleeping on the floor decreases insecticide treated bed net use and increases risk of malaria in children under 5 years of age in Mbita District, Kenya

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 August 2015

NOBORU MINAKAWA ,
JAMES O. KONGERE ,
GABRIEL O. DIDA ,
ERIKO IKEDA ,
JINPING HU ,
KOGOMI MINAGAWA ,
KYOKO FUTAMI ,
HITOSHI KAWADA ,
SAMMY M. NJENGA  and
PETER S. LARSON
NOBORU MINAKAWA*
Affiliation:
Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
JAMES O. KONGERE
Affiliation:
NUITM-KEMRI Project, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya
GABRIEL O. DIDA
Affiliation:
Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
ERIKO IKEDA
Affiliation:
Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
JINPING HU
Affiliation:
Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
KOGOMI MINAGAWA
Affiliation:
Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
KYOKO FUTAMI
Affiliation:
Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
HITOSHI KAWADA
Affiliation:
Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
SAMMY M. NJENGA
Affiliation:
Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
PETER S. LARSON
Affiliation:
NUITM-KEMRI Project, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
*
* Corresponding author. Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Children who sleep on the floor are less likely to use long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs); however, the relationship between sleeping location and Plasmodium falciparum infection has not been investigated sufficiently. This study revealed whether sleeping location (bed vs floor) is associated with P. falciparum infection among children 7–59 months old. More than 60% of children slept on the floor. Younger children were significantly more likely to sleep in beds [odds ratio, OR 2·31 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2·02–2·67)]. Nearly 70% of children slept under LLINs the previous night. LLIN use among children who slept on the floor was significantly less than ones sleeping in beds [OR 0·49 (95% CI 0·35–0·68)]. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based P. falciparum infection rate and slide based infection rate were 65·2 and 29·7%, respectively. Both infections were significantly higher among children slept on the floor [OR1·51 (95% CI 1·08–2·10) for PCR base, OR 1·62 (95% CI 1·14–2·30) for slide base] while net availability was not significant. Sleeping location was also significant for slide based infection with fever (⩾37·5 °C) [2·03 (95% CI 1·14–3·84)] and high parasitemia cases (parasite ⩾2500 µL−1) [2·07 (95% CI 1·03–4·50)]. The results suggest that sleeping location has a direct bearing on the effectiveness of LLINs.

Keywords

MalariaLLINsleeping locationchildrenKenyaPlasmodium
Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 142 , Issue 12 , October 2015 , pp. 1516 - 1522
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Ahmed, S. M. and Zerihun, A. (2010). Possession and usage of insecticidal bed nets among the people of Uganda: is BRAC Uganda Health Programme pursuing a pro-poor path? PLoS ONE 5, e12660.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alaii, J. A., van den Borne, H. W., Kachur, S. P., Shelley, K., Mwenesi, H., Vulule, J. M., Hawley, W. A., Nahlen, B. L. and Phillips-Howard, P. A. (2003). Community reactions to the introduction of permethrin-treated bed nets for malaria control during a randomized controlled trial in western Kenya. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 68, 128–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baume, C. A., Rithinger, R. and Woldehanna, S. (2009). Factors associated with use and non-use of mosquito nets owned in Ormia and Amhara Regional States, Ethiopia. Malaria Journal 8, 264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bejon, P., Berkley, J. A., Mwangi, T., Ogada, E., Mwangi, I., Mithland, K., Williams, T., Scott, J. A. G., English, M., Lowe, B. S., Peshu, N., Newton, C. R. J. C. and Marsh, K. (2007). Defining childhood severe Falciparum malaria for intervention studies. PLoS Medicine 4, e251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eisele, T. P., Miller, J. M., Moonga, H. B., Hamainza, B., Hutchinson, P. and Keating, J. (2011). Malaria infection and anemia prevalence in Zambia's Luangwa District: an area of near-universal insecticide-treated mosquito net coverage. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 84, 152–157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Faraway, J. J. (2006). Extending the Linear Model with R: Generalized Linear, Mixed Effects and Nonparametric Regression Models. Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, USA.Google Scholar
Gimnig, J. and Slutsker, L. (2009). House screening for malaria control. Lancet 374, 954–955.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graves, P. M., Richards, F. O., Ngondi, J., Emerson, P. M., Shargie, E. B., Endeshaw, T., Ceccalo, P., Ejigsemahu, Y., Mosher, A. W., Hailemariam, A., Zerihun, M., Teferi, T., Ayele, B., Mesele, A., Yohannes, G., Tilahun, A. and Gebre, T. (2009). Individual, household and environmental risk factors for malaria infection in Amhara, Oromia and SNNP regions of Ethiopia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 103, 1211–1220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iwashita, H., Dida, G., Futami, K., Sonye, G., Kaneko, S., Horio, M., Kawada, H., Maekawa, Y., Aoki, Y. and Minakawa, N. (2010). Sleeping arrangement and house structure affect bed net use in villages along Lake Victoria. Malaria Journal 9, 176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iwashita, H., Dida, G. O., Sonye, G. O., Sunahara, T., Futami, K., Njenga, S. M., Chaves, L. F. and Minakawa, N. (2014). Push by a net, pull by a cow: can zooprophylaxis enhance the impact of insecticide treated bed nets on malaria control? Parasites and Vectors 7, 52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kawada, H., Dida, G. O., Ohashi, K., Sonye, G., Njenga, S. M., Mwandawiro, C., Minakawa, N. and Takagi, M. (2012). Preliminary evaluation of insecticide-impregnated ceiling nets with coarse mesh size as a barrier against the invasion of malaria vectors. Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 65, 243–246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirby, M. J., Ameh, D., Bottomley, C., Green, C., Jawara, M., Milligan, P. J., Snell, P. C., Conway, D. J. and Lindsay, S. W. (2009). Effect of two different house screening interventions on exposure to malaria vectors and on anaemia in children in The Gambia: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 374, 998–1009.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larson, S. P., Minakawa, N., Dida, G. O., Njenga, S. M., Ionides, E. L. and Wilson, L. M. (2014). Insecticide-treated net use before and after mass distribution in a fishing community along Lake Victoria, Kenya: success and unavoidable pitfalls. Malaria Journal 13, 486.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindsay, S. W., Jawara, M., Paine, K., Pinder, M., Walraven, G. E. and Emerson, P. M. (2003). Changes in house design reduce exposure to malaria mosquitoes. Tropical Medicine and International Health 8, 512–517.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mugisha, F. and Arinaitwe, J. (2003). Sleeping arrangements and mosquito net use among under-fives: results from the Uganda Demographic and Health Survey. Malar Journal 2, 40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mwangi, T. W., Ross, A., Snow, R. W. and Marsh, K. (2005). Case definitions of clinical malaria under different transmission conditions in Kilifi District, Kenya. Journal of Infectious Diseases 191, 1932–1939.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nabarro, D. (1999). Roll Back Malaria. Parassitologia 41, 501–504.Google ScholarPubMed
Noor, A. M., Moloney, G., Borle, M., Fegan, G. W., Shewchuk, T. and Snow, R. W. (2008). The use of mosquito nets and the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum infection in rural South Central Somalia. PLoS ONE 3, e2081.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Noor, A. M., Kirui, V. C., Brooker, S. J. and Snow, R. W. (2009). The use of insecticide treated nets by age: implications for universal coverage in Africa. BMC Public Health 9, 369.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olotu, A., Fegan, G., Williams, T. N., Sasi, P., Ogada, E., Bauni, E., Wambua, J., Marsh, K., Borrmann, S. and Bejon, P. (2010). Defining clinical Malaria: the specificity and incidence of endpoints form active and passive surveillance of children in rural Kanya. PLoS ONE 5, e15569.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
RBM Partnership. (2005). Global Strategic Plan 2005–2015. RBM Partnership, Geneva, Switzland.Google Scholar
Smith, T., Schellenberg, J. A. and Hayes, R. (1994). Attributable fraction estimates and case definitions for malaria in endemic area. Statistics in Medicine 13, 2345–2358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snounou, G., Viriyakosol, S., Zhu, X. P., Jarra, W., Pinheiro, L., do Rosario, V. E., Thaithong, S. and Brown, K. N. (1993). High sensitivity of detection of human malaria parasites by the use of nested polymerase chain reaction. Molecular Biochemestry and Parasitology 61, 315–320.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ter Kuile, F. O., Terlouw, D. J., Phillips-Howard, P. A., Hawley, W. A., Friedman, J. F., Kolczak, M. S., Kariuki, S. K., Shi, Y. P., Kwena, A. M., Vulule, J. M. and Hahlen, B. L. (2003). Impact of permethrin-treated bed nets on malaria and all-case morbidity in young children in an area of intense perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya: cross sectional survey. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 68 (Suppl. 4), 100–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
West, P. A., Protopopoff, N., Rowland, M., Cumming, E., Rand, A., Drakeley, C., Wright, A., Kivaju, A., Mosha, F. W., Kisinza, W. and Kleinshmidt, I. (2013). Malaria risk factors in North West Tanzania: the effect of spraying, nets and wealth. PLoS ONE 8, e65787.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization. (2000). The Abuja declaration and the plan of action. An Extract from the African Summit on Roll Back Malaria (WHO/CDS/RBM/2000.17), Abuja. http://www.rollbackmalaria.org/docs/abuja_declaration_final.htm.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2010). Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria. World Health Organization, Geneva, Swizerland.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2014). Estimating Population Access to ITNs Versus Quantifying for Procurement for Mass Campaigns. World Health Organization, Geneva, Swizerland. http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/who-clarification-estimating-population-access-itn-mar2014.pdf Google Scholar