Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T00:38:47.826Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Seasonal fluctuations and hypobiosis of gastro-intestinal nematodes of Awassi lambs in Iraq

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2009

K. I. Altaif  and
W. H. Issa
K. I. Altaif
Affiliation:
Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Al-Ameria (Iraq)
W. H. Issa
Affiliation:
Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Al-Ameria (Iraq)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

The results of an epidemiological study involving the estimation of worm counts of gastro-intestinal nematodes of lambs, during the period December 1978 to November 1979, in the Baghdad area are reported. Ostertagia spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. were the most abundant nematodes in the weaned lambs used in this study. Ostertagia spp. infection was present throughout the period of observation, the level of infection being the highest during early summer (May–June). Trichostrongylus spp. infection, however, reached a peak during July–August. In the tracer lambs the maximum population of Ostertagia spp. was found during February–March, while that of Trichostrongylus spp. could be observed only after mid-June. Other nematodes encountered were Haemonchus contortus and Trichuris sp. but they were only present in small numbers. The proportion of inhibited larvae of Ostertagia spp. was markedly high during the dry summer months. Little inhibition was noticed during autumn and the early winter months. It appears that if the seasonal inhibition of Ostertagia spp. in Iraq is brought about by an environmental stimulus acting upon pre-parasitic larval stages, that stimulus cannot be chilling or falling temperatures, as observed in temperate northern zones.

Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 86 , Issue 2 , April 1983 , pp. 301 - 310
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1983

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Altaif, K. I. (1970). Observations on the incidence and seasonal variation of some helminth eggs and larvae in sheep in Iraq. Bulletin of Endemic Diseases 12, 99–104.Google Scholar
Altaif, K. I., Issa, W. H. & Al-Abbassy, S. N. (1982). Epidemiology of gastrointestinal parasites of Awassi sheep in Iraq. Veterinary Parasitology (in the Press).Google Scholar
Anderson, N., Armour, J., Jarrett, W. F. H., Jennings, F. W., Ritchie, J. D. S. & Urquhart, G. M. (1965 a). A field study of parasitic gastritis in cattle. Veterinary Record 77, 1196–204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, N., Armour, J., Jennings, F. W., Ritchie, J. D. S. & Urquhart, G. M. (1965 b). Inhibited development of Ostertagia ostertagi. Veterinary Record 77, 146–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Armour, J. (1967). Studies on Ostertagia ostertagi infections in the bovine. Ph.D. thesis: University of Glasgow.Google Scholar
Armour, J. (1970). Bovine ostertagiasis: A review. Veterinary Record 86, 184–9.Google Scholar
Armour, J. (1974). Inhibited larval development or hypobiosis. In Helminth Diseases of Cattle, Sheep and Horses in Europe (ed. Urquhart, G. M. and Armour, J.), pp. 17–20. Glasgow: University Press.Google Scholar
Armour, J. (1977). The effect of climatic factors in the production of inhibition of larval development in parasitic nematodes. In Weather and Animal Parasites, WHO Technical Bulletin, Geneva, pp. 1–11.Google Scholar
Armour, J. & Bruce, R. (1974). Inhibited development in Ostertagia ostertagi infections–a diapause phenomenon in a nematode. Parasitology 69, 161–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armour, J., Jarrett, W. F. H. & Jennings, F. W. (1966). Experimental Ostertagia circumcincta infections in sheep: Development and pathogenesis of a single infection. American Journal of Veterinary Research 27, 1267–78.Google Scholar
Armour, J., Jennings, F. W. & Urquhart, G. M. (1969 a). Inhibition of Ostertagia ostertagi at the early 4th larval stage. I. The seasonal incidence. Research in Veterinary Science 10, 232–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armour, J., Jennings, F. W. & Urquhart, G. M. (1969 b). Inhibition of Ostertagia ostertagi at the early 4th larval stage. II. The influence of environment on host or parasite. Research in Veterinary Science 10, 238–44.Google Scholar
Blitz, N. M. & Gibbs, H. C. (1971). An observation on the maturation of arrested H. contortus larvae in sheep. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine 35, 178–80.Google Scholar
Blitz, N. M. & Gibbs, H. C. (1972). Studies on the arrested development of Haemonchus contortus in sheep. I. The induction of arrested development. International Journal for Parasitology 2, 5–12.Google Scholar
Connan, R. M. (1969). Studies on the inhibition of development of Ostertagia spp. in lambs. Journal of Helminthology 43, 287–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connan, R. M. (1975). Inhibited development in Haemonchus contortus. Parasitology 71, 239–46.Google Scholar
Dunn, A. M. (1978). Textbook of Veterinary Helminthology, 2nd Ed.London: William Heinemann Medical Books Ltd.Google Scholar
Eysker, M. (1978). Inhibition of the development of Trichostrongylus spp. as third stage larvae in sheep. Veterinary Parasitology 4, 29–33.Google Scholar
Eysker, M. (1981). Experiments on inhibited development of Haemonchus contortus and Ostertagia circumcincta in sheep in the Netherlands. Research in Veterinary Science 30, 62–5.Google Scholar
Fernando, M. A., Stockdale, P. H. G. & Ashton, G. C. (1971). Factors contributing to the retardation of development of Obeliscoides cuniculi in rabbits. Parasitology 63, 21–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchinson, G. W., Lee, E. H. & Fernando, M. A. (1972). Effects of variations in temperature on infective larvae and their relationship to inhibited development of Obeliscoides cuniculi in rabbits. Parasitology 65, 333–42.Google Scholar
Kadhim, J. K. (1972). A survey of gastrointestinal helminth parasites of sheep in Iraq. Tropical Animal Health and Production 4, 109–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leiper, J. W. G. (1957). Animal parasites and their control. Report to the Government of Iraq. Rome: F.A.O. No. 610.Google Scholar
Martin, W. B., Thomas, B. A. C. & Urquhart, G. M. (1957). Chronic diarrhoea in housed cattle due to a typical parasitic gastritis. Veterinary Record 69, 736–40.Google Scholar
McKenna, P. B. (1973). The effect of storage on the infectivity and parasitic development of third stage H. contortus larvae in sheep. Research in Veterinary Science 14, 312–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michel, J. F. (1963). The phenomenon of host resistance and the course of Ostertagia ostertagi in calves. Parasitology 53, 63–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michel, J. F. (1967). Methods of testing anthelmintics. Veterinary Record 80, 336.Google Scholar
Michel, J. F. (1969). Some observations on the worm burdens of calves infected daily with Ostertagia ostertagi. Parasitology 59, 63–84.Google ScholarPubMed
Michel, J. F. (1974). Arrested development of nematodes and some related phenomena. Advances in Parasitology 12, 279–366.Google Scholar
Michel, J. F., Lancaster, M. B. & Hong, C. (1973). Ostertagia ostertagi. Protective immunity in calves. The development in calves of a protective immunity to infection with Ostertagia ostertagi. Experimental Parasitology 33, 179–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Michel, J. F., Lancaster, M. B. & Hong, C. (1974). Studies on arrested development of Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia onchophora. Journal of Comparative Pathology 84, 539–54.Google Scholar
Michel, J. F., Lancaster, M. B. & Hong, C. (1975). Arrested development of Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia onchophora. Effect of temperature at the free-living third stage. Journal of Comparative Pathology 85, 133–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michel, J. F., Lancaster, M. B. & Hong, C. (1979). The effect of age, acquired resistance, pregnancy and lactation on some reactions of cattle to infection with Ostertagia ostertagi. Parasitology 79, 157–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ogunsusi, R. A. & Eysker, M. (1979). Inhibited development of trichostrongylids of sheep in Northern Nigeria. Research in Veterinary Science 26, 108–10.Google Scholar
Ritchie, J. F. S., Anderson, N., Armour, J., Jarrett, W. F. H., Jennings, F. W. & Urquhart, G. M. (1966). Experimental Ostertagia ostertagi infections in calves. I. The parasitology and pathogenesis of a single infection. American Journal of Veterinary Research 27, 659–67.Google Scholar
Schad, G. A. (1977). The role of arrested development in the regulation of nematode populations. In Regulation of Parasite Populations (ed. Esch, G. W.), pp. 111–67. New York and London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Skerman, K. D. & Hillard, J. J. (1966). A Handbook for Studies of Helminth Parasites of Ruminant. U.N.D.P./F.A.O. No. 2, N.E.A.H.I. Tehran.Google Scholar
Smeal, M. G. & Donald, A. D. (1981). Effects on inhibition of development of the transfer of Ostertagia ostertagi between geographical regions of Australia. Parasitology 82, 389–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smeal, M. G., Fraser, G. C. & Robinson, G. G. (1980). Seasonal changes in the structure of nematode populations of cattle in New South Wales in relation to inhibited larval development. Australian Veterinary Journal 56, 80–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, H. J. (1974). Inhibited development of Ostertagia ostertagi, Cooperia onchophora and Nematodirus helvetianus in parasite free calves grazing fall pastures. American Journal of Veterinary Research 35, 935–8.Google Scholar
Snider, W. T. G., Williams, J. C., Sheehan, D. S. & Fuselier, R. H. (1981). Plasma pepsinogen, inhibited larval development, and abomasal lesions in experimental infections of calves with Ostertagia ostertagi. Veterinary Parasitology 8, 173–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soulsby, E. J. L. (1966). The mechanisms of immunity to gastrointestinal nematodes. In The Biology of Parasites (ed. Soulsby, E. J. L.), pp. 255–76. New York and London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Stockdale, P. H. G., Fernando, M. A. & Lee, E. H. (1970). Age of infective larvae: a contributing factor in the inhibition. Veterinary Record 86, 176–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar