Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T10:11:47.556Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (SCI): rationale, development and implementation from 2002–2008

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 July 2009

A. FENWICK ,
J. P. WEBSTER ,
E. BOSQUE-OLIVA ,
L. BLAIR ,
F. M. FLEMING ,
Y. ZHANG ,
A. GARBA ,
J. R. STOTHARD ,
A. F. GABRIELLI  and
A. C. A. CLEMENTS
...Show all authors
A. FENWICK*
Affiliation:
Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
J. P. WEBSTER
Affiliation:
Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
E. BOSQUE-OLIVA
Affiliation:
Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
L. BLAIR
Affiliation:
Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
F. M. FLEMING
Affiliation:
Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
Y. ZHANG
Affiliation:
Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
A. GARBA
Affiliation:
Programme National de Lutte contre la Bilharziose et les Géohelminthes, Ministère de la Santé Publique, 2648 Bd du Zarmaganda, B.P. 13724 Niamey, Niger
J. R. STOTHARD
Affiliation:
Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
A. F. GABRIELLI
Affiliation:
Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
A. C. A. CLEMENTS
Affiliation:
University of Queensland School of Population Health, Herston Road, Herston, 4006, Queensland, Australia Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston Road, Herston, 4006, Queensland, Australia
N. B. KABATEREINE
Affiliation:
Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, PO Box 1661, Kampala, Uganda
S. TOURE
Affiliation:
Programme National de Lutte contre la Schistosomiase et les Vers Intestinaux, Ministère de la Santé, 06 B.P. 9103, Ouagadougou 06, Burkina Faso
R. DEMBELE
Affiliation:
Programme National de Lutte contre la Schistosomiase, PNLSH-Quartier du Fleuve, B.P. 228, Bamako, Mali
U. NYANDINDI
Affiliation:
National Schistosomiasis and Soil-transmitted Helminth Control Programme, National School Health Programme, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, PO Box 9083, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
J. MWANSA
Affiliation:
University Teaching Hospital, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Private Bag, RW1X, Lusaka, Zambia
A. KOUKOUNARI
Affiliation:
Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
*
*Corresponding author: Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK. Tel: +44 (0)20 7594 3418; Fax: +44 (0)20 7262 8140. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Schistosomiasis remains one of the most prevalent parasitic diseases in developing countries. After malaria, schistosomiasis is the most important tropical disease in terms of human morbidity with significant economic and public health consequences. Although schistosomiasis has recently attracted increased focus and funding for control, it has been estimated that less than 20% of the funding needed to control the disease in Africa is currently available. In this article the following issues are discussed: the rationale, development and objectives of the Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (SCI)-supported programmes; the management approaches followed to achieve implementation by each country; mapping, monitoring and evaluation activities with quantifiable impact of control programmes; monitoring for any potential drug resistance; and finally exit strategies within each country. The results have demonstrated that morbidity due to schistosomiasis has been reduced by the control programmes. While challenges remain, the case for the control of schistosomiasis has been strengthened by research by SCI teams and the principle that a national programme using ‘preventive chemotherapy’ can be successfully implemented in sub-Saharan Africa, whenever the resources are available. SCI and partners are now actively striving to raise further funds to expand the coverage of integrated control of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) in sub-Saharan Africa.

Keywords

Schistosomiasiscontrolmorbiditymappingmonitoring and evaluation
Type
SECTION 2 IMPLEMENTATION OF CONTROL AT NATIONAL LEVELS
Information
Parasitology , Volume 136 , Special Issue 13: Control of schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa , November 2009 , pp. 1719 - 1730
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Brinkmann, U. K., Werler, C., Traoré, M. and Korte, R. (1988). The National Schistosomiasis Control Programme in Mali, objectives, organization, results. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 39, 157–161.Google ScholarPubMed
Brooker, S., Whawell, S., Kabatereine, N. B., Fenwick, A. and Anderson, R. M. (2004). Evaluating the epidemiological impact of national control programmes for helminths. Trends in Parasitology 20, 537–545.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clements, A. C. A., Barnett, A. G., Nyandindi, U., Lwambo, N. J. S., Kihamia, C. M. and Blair, L. (2008 a). Age and gender effects in self-reported urinary schistosomiasis in Tanzania. Tropical Medicine and International Health 13, 713–721.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clements, A. C. A., Bosqué-Oliva, E., Sacko, M., Landouré, A., Dembélé, R., Traoré, M., Coulibaly, G., Gabrielli, A. F., Fenwick, A., and Brooker, S. (2009). A comparative study of the spatial distribution of schistosomiasis in Mali in 1984–1989 and 2004–2006. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 3:e431.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clements, A. C., Brooker, S., Nyandindi, U., Fenwick, A. and Blair, L. (2008 b). Bayesian spatial analysis of a national urinary schistosomiasis questionnaire to assist geographic targeting of schistosomiasis control in Tanzania, East Africa. International Journal for Parasitology 38, 401–415.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clements, A. C. A., Garba, A., Sacko, M., Touré, S., Dembelé, R., Landouré, A., Bosqué-Oliva, E., Gabrielli, A. F. and Fenwick, A. (2008 c). Mapping the probability of schistosomiasis and associated uncertainty, West Africa. Emerging Infectious Diseases 14, 1629–1632.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clements, A. C. A., Lwambo, N. J. S., Blair, L., Nyandindi, U., Kaatano, G., Kinung'hi, S., Webster, J. P., Fenwick, A. and Brooker, S. (2006). Bayesian spatial analysis and disease mapping: tools to enhance planning and implementation of a schistosomiasis control programme in Tanzania. Tropical Medicine and International Health 11, 490–503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doenhoff, M. J., Cioli, D. and Utzinger, J. (2008). Praziquantel: mechanisms of action, resistance and new derivatives for schistosomiasis. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 21, 659–667.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fenwick, A. (2006). New initiatives against Africa's worms. Transactions of the Royal Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 100, 200–207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fenwick, A. and Thompson, H. (2008). Praziquantel. In ACCESS, Chapter Three pp. 39–65 Harvard Centre for Population and Development Studies, ISBN 978-0-674-03215-6.Google Scholar
Fenwick, A. and Webster, J. P. (2006). Schistosomiasis: challenges for control, treatment and drug resistance. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 19, 577–582.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gabrielli, A. F., Touré, S., Sellin, B., Sellin, E., Ky, C., Ouedraogo, H., Yaogho, M., Wilson, M. D., Thompson, H., Sanou, S. and Fenwick, A. (2006). A combined school- and community-based campaign targeting all school-age children of Burkina Faso against schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: performance, financial costs and implications for sustainability. Acta Tropica 99, 234–242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garba, A., Campagne, G., Tassie, J. M., Barkire, A., Vera, C., Sellin, B. and Chippaux, J. P. (2004). Long-term impact of a mass treatment by praziquantel on morbidity due to Schistosoma haematobium in two hyperendemic villages of Niger. Bulletin de la Société de la Pathologie Exotique 97, 7–11.Google ScholarPubMed
Garba, A., Touré, S., Dembelé, R., Bosqué-Oliva, E. and Fenwick, A. (2006). Implementation of national schistosomiasis control programmes in West Africa. Trends in Parasitology 22, 322–326.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geiger, S. M. (2008). Immuno-epidemiology of Schistosoma mansoni infections in endemic populations co-infected with soil-transmitted helminths: present knowledge, challenges, and the need for further studies. Acta Tropica 108, 118–123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hotez, P., Raff, S., Fenwick, A., Richards, F. Jr. and Molyneux, D. H. (2007 a). Recent progress in integrated neglected tropical disease control. Trends in Parasitology 23, 511–514.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hotez, P. J., Molyneux, D. H., Fenwick, A., Kumaresan, J., Ehrlich Sachs, S., Sachs, J. D. and Savioli, L. (2007 b). Control of neglected tropical diseases. The New England Journal of Medicine 357, 1018–1027.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ismail, M., Botros, S., Metwally, A., William, S., Farghally, A., Tao, L. F., Day, T. A. and Bennett, J. L. (1999). Resistance to praziquantel: direct evidence from Schistosoma mansoni isolated from Egyptian villagers. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 60, 932–935.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kabatereine, N. B., Brooker, S., Koukounari, A., Kazibwe, F., Tukahebwa, E. M., Fleming, F. M., Zhang, Y., Webster, J. P., Stothard, J. R. and Fenwick, A. (2007). Impact of a national helminth control programme on infection and morbidity in Ugandan schoolchildren. Bulletin of the World Health Organisation 85, 91–99.Google ScholarPubMed
Kabatereine, N. B., Fleming, F. M., Nyandindi, U., Mwanza, J. C. and Blair, L. (2006 a). The control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths in East Africa. Trends in Parasitology 22, 332–339.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kabatereine, N. B., Tukahebwa, E., Kazibwe, F., Namwangye, H., Zaramba, S., Brooker, S., Stothard, J. R., Kamenka, C., Whawell, S., Webster, J. P. and Fenwick, A. (2006 b). Progress towards countrywide control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis in Uganda. Transactions of the Royal Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 100, 208–215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koukounari, A., Fenwick, A., Whawell, S., Kabatereine, N. B., Kazibwe, F., Tukahebwa, E. M., Stothard, J. R., Donnelly, C. A. and Webster, J. P. (2006 a). Morbidity indicators of Schistosoma mansoni: relationship between infection and anemia in Ugandan schoolchildren before and after praziquantel and albendazole chemotherapy. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 75, 278–286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koukounari, A., Gabrielli, A. F., Touré, S., Bosqué-Oliva, E., Zhang, Y., Sellin, B., Donnelly, C. A., Fenwick, A. and Webster, J. P. (2007). Schistosoma haematobium infection and morbidity before and after large-scale administration of praziquantel in Burkina Faso. Journal of Infectious Diseases 196, 659–669.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koukounari, A., Sacko, M., Keita, A. D., Gabrielli, A. F., Landouré, A., Dembelé, R., Clements, A. C., Whawell, S., Donnelly, C. A., Fenwick, A., Traoré, M. and Webster, J. P. (2006 b). Assessment of ultrasound morbidity indicators of schistosomiasis in the context of large-scale programs illustrated with experiences from Malian children. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 75, 1042–1052.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lammie, P. J., Fenwick, A. and Utzinger, J. (2006). A blueprint for success: integration of neglected tropical disease control programmes. Trends in Parasitology 22, 313–321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malenganisho, W. L., Magnussen, P., Friis, H., Siza, J., Kaatano, G., Temu, M. and Vennervald, B. J. (2008). Schistosoma mansoni morbidity among adults in two villages along Lake Victoria shores in Mwanza district, Tanzania. Transactions of the Royal Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 102, 532–541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olds, G. R. (2003). Administration of praziquantel to pregnant and lactating women. Acta Tropica 86, 185–195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paul, J. (2008). Millenium Development Goals: World Health and Population. World Health and Population 10, 3–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Savioli, L., Albonico, M., Engels, D. and Montresor, A. (2004). Progress in the prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis. Parasitology International 53, 103–113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Southgate, V. R., Rollinson, D., Tchuem Tchuenté, L. A. and Hagan, P. (2005). Towards control of schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Helminthology 79, 181–185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steinmann, P., Keiser, J., Bos, R., Tanner, M. and Utzinger, J. (2006). Schistosomiasis and water resources development: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimates of people at risk. Lancet Infectious Diseases 6, 411–425.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stothard, J. R. and Gabrielli, A. F. (2007). Schistosomiasis in African infants and preschool children: to treat or not to treat? Trends in Parasitology 23, 83–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tohon, Z. B., Mainassara, H. B., Garba, A., Mahamane, A. E., Bosque-Oliva, E., Ibrahim, M. L., Duchemin, J. B., Chanteau, S. and Boisier, P. (2008). Controlling schistosomiasis: significant decrease of anaemia prevalence one year after a single dose of praziquantel in nigerian schoolchildren. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2, e241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Touré, S., Zhang, Y., Bosqué-Oliva, E., Ky, C., Ouedraogo, A., Koukounari, A., Gabrielli, A. F., Bertrand, S., Webster, J. P. and Fenwick, A. (2008). Two-year impact of single praziquantel treatment on infection in the national control programme on schistosomiasis in Burkina Faso. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 86, 780–787.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Utzinger, J., Bergquist, R., Xiao, S. H., Singer, B. H. and Tanner, M. (2003). Sustainable schistosomiasis control–the way forward. Lancet 362, 1932–1934.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van der Werf, M. J., de Vlas, S. J., Brooker, S., Looman, C. W. N., Nagelkerke, N. J. D., Habbema, J. D. F. and Engels, D. (2003). Quantification of clinical morbidity associated with schistosome infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Acta Tropica 86, 125–139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WHO (2001). Iron Deficiency Anaemia: Assessment, Prevention and Control. A Guide For Programme Managers (Document WHO/NHD/01.3). World Health Organization, Geneva.Google Scholar
WHO (1993). The Control of Schistosomiasis: Second report of the WHO Expert Committee. In World Health Organization Technical Report Series 830, 1–86.Google Scholar
WHO (2002). Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: report of a WHO Expert Committee. World Health Organization Technical Report Series 912, 1–57.Google Scholar
WHO (2006). Preventive Chemotherapy in Human Helminthiasis, World Health Organisation, Geneva.Google Scholar
Zhang, Y., Koukounari, A., Kabatereine, N., Fleming, F., Kazibwe, F., Tukahebwa, E., Stothard, J. R., Webster, J. P. and Fenwick, A. (2007). Parasitological impact of 2-year preventive chemotherapy on schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis in Uganda. BMC Medicine 5, 27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed