Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T10:11:16.787Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Respiratory systems and respiratory adaptations in larvae and pupae of Diptera

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2009

D. Keilin*
Affiliation:
Molteno Institute, University of Cambridge

Extract

Each year the study of Diptera reveals some new and often unexpected facts concerning the mode of life of their early stages. The rich entomological literature dealing with this subject clearly shows that the diversity of conditions under which the larvae of this order of insects live surpasses that of any other order of the Animal Kingdom.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1944

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alexander, C. P. (1920). Mem. Cornell Agric. Exp. Sta. 38, 695.Google Scholar
Batelli, A. (1879). Boll. Soc. ent. ital. 11, 77.Google Scholar
Bates, M. (1934). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 27, 1.Google Scholar
Bause, B. (1913). Arch. Hydrobiol. Plankt. suppl. II, 1.Google Scholar
Berlese, A. (1909). Gli Insetti, 1 (see p. 824).Google Scholar
Birge, E. A. (1907). Trans. Amer. Micr. Soc. 36, 223.Google Scholar
Brauer, F. (1869). Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 19, 843.Google Scholar
Brown, J. M. (1910). Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. (2), 11, 125.Google Scholar
Butt, F. M. (1937). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 30, 487.Google Scholar
Carpenter, G. M. & Pollard, F. J. S. (1918). Proc. R. Irish Acad. B, 34, 73.Google Scholar
Claassen, P. W. (1922). Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull. 14, 395.Google Scholar
Codreanu, R. (1939). Arch. Zool. exp. gén. 81, 1.Google Scholar
Cole, A. E. (1921). J. Exp. Zool. 33, 293.Google Scholar
De Geer, (1771). Mémoires pour servir ´ l'histoire des Insectes. Stockholm.Google Scholar
Dinulescu, G. (1932). Ann. Sci. nat. Zool. (10), 15, 1.Google Scholar
Dolley, W. L. & Farris, E. J. (1929). J. N.Y. Ent. Soc. 37, 127.Google Scholar
Dollo, L. (1893). Bull. Soc. belge Géol. Pal. Hydr. 7, 164.Google Scholar
Dollo, L. (1910). Bull. Soc. belge Géol. Pal. Hydr. 23, 1909.Google Scholar
Dufour, L. (1839). Ann. Sci. nat. zool. (2), 12, 1.Google Scholar
Dufour, L. (1840). Mém. Soc. Sci. Lille, 414.Google Scholar
Dunavan, D. (1929). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 22, 731.Google Scholar
Edwards, F. W. (1919). Ent. Man. Mag. (3), 5, 83.Google Scholar
Enderlein, G. (1899). S.B. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 108, 235.Google Scholar
Ferris, G. F. (1923). Parasitology, 15, 54.Google Scholar
Folkes, H. M. (1897). Med. Rec., N.Y., 51, 50.Google Scholar
Fox, H. M. (1921). J. Gen. Physiol. 3, 565.Google Scholar
Fuller, M. E. (1933). Parasitology, 25, 342.Google Scholar
Gäbler, H. (1930). Z. Morph. Ökol. Tiere, 19, 427.Google Scholar
Galliard, H. (1934). Ann. Parasit. hum. comp. 12, 465.Google Scholar
Gazagnaire, J. (1886). C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 102, 1501.Google Scholar
Grobben, C. (1876). S.B. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 72, 433.Google Scholar
Gryse, J. J. de (1926). Trans. Roy. Soc. Can. 20, 483.Google Scholar
Hadwen, S. (1916). Bull. Hlth Anim. Br. Can. 21, 1.Google Scholar
Hadwen, S. & Bruce, E. S. (1916). Bull. Hlth Anim. Br. Can. 22, 1.Google Scholar
Harnisch, O. (1930). Z. vergl. Physiol. 11, 285.Google Scholar
Imms, A. D. (1907). J. Hyg., Camb., 7, 291.Google Scholar
Imms, A. D. (1918). Quart. J. Micr. Sci. 63, 293.Google Scholar
Irwin-Smith, V. (1923). Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 48, 49.Google Scholar
Johannsen, O. A. (1934). Mem. Cornell Agric. Exp. Sta. 164, 1Google Scholar
Johannsen, O. A. (1935). Mem. Cornell Agric. Exp. Sta. 177, 1Google Scholar
Johannsen, O. A. (1937). Mem. Cornell Agric. Exp. Sta. 205, 1Google Scholar
Johannsen, O. A. (1937 a). Mem. Cornell Agric. Exp. Sta. 210, 1.Google Scholar
Keilin, D. (1913). Arch. zool. exp. gén. 52, 1.Google Scholar
Keilin, D. (1915). Bull. sci. Fr. Belg. (7), 49, 15.Google Scholar
Keilin, D. (1917). Parasitology, 9, 325.Google Scholar
Keilin, D. (1919). Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 11, 430.Google Scholar
Keilin, D. (1919 a). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9), 3, 33.Google Scholar
Keilin, D. (1924). Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. p. 125.Google Scholar
Keilin, D. (1924 a). C.R. Soc. Biol., Paris, 90, 747.Google Scholar
Keilin, D. & Tate, P. (1940). Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. 90, 39.Google Scholar
Keilin, D. & Tate, P. (1943). Parasitology, 35, 37.Google Scholar
Keilin, D., Tate, P. & Vincent, M. (1935). Parasitology, 27, 257.Google Scholar
Keilin, D. & Thompson, W. R. (1915). C.R. Soc. Biol., Paris, 78, 9.Google Scholar
Kellog, V. L. (1901). Ent. News, 12, 46.Google Scholar
Krancher, C. (1881). Z. wiss. Zool. 35, 505.Google Scholar
Krüger, F. (1926). Z. Morph. Ökol. Tiere, 6, 83.Google Scholar
Künckel d'Herculais, J. (1894). C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 118, 1106.Google Scholar
Kuster, K. C. (1934). Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci. 19, 605.Google Scholar
Laake, E. W. (1921). J. Agric. Res. 21, 439.Google Scholar
Laboulbène, A. (1861). Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (4), 1, 231.Google Scholar
Lauterborn, R. (1905). Zool. Anz. 29, 207.Google Scholar
Leuckart, R. (1858). Abh. naturf. Ges. Halle, 4, 1.Google Scholar
Leydig, F. (1859). Arch. Anat. Physiol., Lpz., pp. 33, 149.Google Scholar
Lloyd, J. T. (1919). J. N.Y. Ent. Soc. 27, 263.Google Scholar
Malloch, J. R. (1915). Bull. Ill. Lab. Nat. Hist. 11, 305.Google Scholar
Malloch, J. R. (1917). Bull. Ill. Lab. Nat. Hist. 12, 161.Google Scholar
Marshall, J. F. (1938). The British Mosquitoes. London.Google Scholar
Marshall, J. F. (1942). Biology, 8, 1.Google Scholar
Marshall, J. F. & Staley, J. (1933). Nature, Lond., 131, 435.Google Scholar
Meijere, J. C. H. de (1894). Tijdschr. Ent. 38, 1.Google Scholar
Meijere, J. C. H. de (1902). Zool. Jb. (Morph.), 15, 623.Google Scholar
Meijere, J. C. H. de (1904). Tijdschr. Ent. 46, 144.Google Scholar
Meijere, J. C. H. de (1916). Zool. Jb. (Syst.), 40, 177.Google Scholar
Miall, L. C. (1895). The Natural History of Aquatic Insects. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Miall, L. C. & Hammond, A. R. (1900). The Structure and Life History of the Harlequin fly (Chironomus). Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Minchin, E. A. (1905). Proc. Roy. Soc. B, 76, 531.Google Scholar
Montschadsky, A. (1930). Zool.Jb. (Allg. Zool.), 58, 541.Google Scholar
Newstead, R. (1918). Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 12, 93.Google Scholar
Newstead, R. & Potts, W. H. (1925). Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 19, 247.Google Scholar
Nielsen, J. C. (1909). Ent. Medd. (2), 4, 1.Google Scholar
Nielsen, J. C. (1911). Vidensk. Medd. Naturh. Foren Kbh. 63, 195.Google Scholar
Nielsen, J. C. (1913). Vidensk. Medd. Naturh. Foren Kbh. 65, 251.Google Scholar
Nielsen, J. C. (1916). Vidensk. Medd. Naturh. Foren Kbh. 67, 9.Google Scholar
Ormerod, E. A. (1886). Reports of Observations on Injurious Insects and Common Farm Pests during the year 1885.Google Scholar
Oustalet, E. (1869). Ann. Sci. nat. (5), 11, 370.Google Scholar
Packard, A. S. (1886). Amer. Nat. 20, 438, 558.Google Scholar
Packard, A. S. (1909). A Text-book of Entomology, etc. See pp. 447–9. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Palmén, J. A. (1877). Zur Morphologie des Tracheensystems. Leipzig.Google Scholar
Pantel, J. (1898). Cellule, 15, 1.Google Scholar
Pantel, J. (1901). Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. p. 57.Google Scholar
Pantel, J. (1909). Cellule, 26, 27.Google Scholar
Parker, H. L. (1924). Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 93, 261.Google Scholar
Parker, H. L. (1931). Tech. Bull. U.S. Dep. Agric. 230, 1.Google Scholar
Pause, J. (1918). Zool. Jb. 36, 339.Google Scholar
Perris, E. (1870). Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (4), 10, 354.Google Scholar
Phillips, M. E. (1939). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 32, 325.Google Scholar
Pictet, F. J. (1841). Histoire naturelle générate et particulière des Insectes Neuroptères. I. Perlides. Genève.Google Scholar
Portchinsky, J. (1892). Horae Soc. ent. ross. 26, 63.Google Scholar
Portchinsky, J. A. (1910). Work of Bureau of Entomology of Dept. of Agriculture, 8, 1.Google Scholar
Portier, P. (1911). Arch. Zool. exp. gén. (5), 8, 89.Google Scholar
Pratt, H. S. (1893). Arch. Naturgesch. 59, 1 and 151.Google Scholar
Pratt, H. S. (1900). Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 29, 24.Google Scholar
Prell, H. (1915). Z. angew. Ent. 2, 57.Google Scholar
Prenant, A. (1900). Arch. Anat. micr. 3, 293.Google Scholar
Puri, I. M. (1925). Parasitology, 17, 295 and 335.Google Scholar
Réaumur, R. A. F. de (1738). Memoires pour servir à l'histoire des Insectes. See vol. 4. Paris.Google Scholar
Rodhain, J. & Bequaert, J. (1916). Bull. Soc. zool. Fr. 40, 248.Google Scholar
Roubaud, E. (1906). C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 142, 1438.Google Scholar
Roubaud, E. (1909). Rapport de la mission d'études de la maladie du sommeil au Congo français, 19061908. Masson, Paris (see pp. 383506).Google Scholar
Sambon, L. W. (1915). Report of the Advisory Committee for the Tropical Diseases Research Fund for the year 1914. Appendix, 7, 119.Google Scholar
Saunders, L. G. (1923). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9), 11, 631.Google Scholar
Saunders, L. G. (1924). Parasitology, 16, 164.Google Scholar
Schiner, J. R. (1862). Fauna Austriaca, die Fliegen Wien. See 1, p. iv.Google Scholar
Steinke, G. (1919). Arch. Natg. A, 85, 1.Google Scholar
Stuhlmann, F. (1907). Arb. GesundhAmt., Berl., 26, 301.Google Scholar
Smith, H. H. (1892). Insect Life, 5, 265.Google Scholar
Surcouf, J. (1913). C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 156, 1406.Google Scholar
Tate, P. (1935). Parasitology, 27, 556.Google Scholar
Thienemann, A. (1910). Z. Entw.-Lehre, 3, 138.Google Scholar
Thompson, W. R. (1915). C.R. Soc. Biol., Paris, 78, 413.Google Scholar
Thompson, W. R. (1921). Bull. biol. Fr. Belg. 54, 1.Google Scholar
Thomson, R. C. M. (1937). Parasitology, 29, 273.Google Scholar
Thorpe, W. H. (19301931). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 60, 929.Google Scholar
Thorpe, W. H. (1932). Proc. Roy. Soc. B, 109, 450.Google Scholar
Thorpe, W. H. (1933). Nature, Lond., 131, 549.Google Scholar
Thorpe, W. H. (1934). Quart. J. Micr. Sci. 77, 273.Google Scholar
Thorpe, W. H. (1936). Parasitology, 28, 517.Google Scholar
Thorpe, W. H. (1941). Parasitology, 33, 149.Google Scholar
Umaña, R. (1915). Étude générale des Myiases; Thèse fac. médecine, Paris.Google Scholar
Varley, G. C. (1937). Proc. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. A, 12, 55.Google Scholar
Viallanes, H. (1885). Ann. Sci. nat. (6), 17, 1.Google Scholar
Wahl, B. (1899). Arb. zool. Inst. Univ. Wien, 12, 1.Google Scholar
Walter, E. (1922). Zool. Jb. (Syst.), 45, 587.Google Scholar
Warburton, C. (1922). Parasitology, 14, 322.Google Scholar
Weber, H. (1927). Zool. Anz. 69, 311.Google Scholar
Weissmann, A. (1864). Z. wiss. zool. 14, 187.Google Scholar
Wesenberg-Lund, C. (1915). Insektlivet iferske Vande. København.Google Scholar
Wesenberg-Lund, C. (1918). Vidensk. Medd. Naturh. Foren Kbh. 69, 277.Google Scholar