Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T00:34:20.108Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Preliminary analysis of the transmission dynamics of Theileria parva in eastern Africa

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2009

G. F. Medley ,
B. D. Perry  and
A. S. Young
G. F. Medley
Affiliation:
Parasite Epidemiology Research Group, Department of Biology, Imperial College, London SW7 2BB, UK
B. D. Perry
Affiliation:
International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
A. S. Young
Affiliation:
International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Two mathematical models are developed that investigate the transmission dynamics of Theileria parva by the ixodid tickRhipicephalus appendiculatus to cattle in endemically stable areas. A method of estimating the rate of infection to cattle ofT. parva at the endemically stable state is given. Empirical estimates of ail the parameters in the model are available. The degree to which animals that have recovered from theileriosis (the ‘carrier’ state) are able to transmit the infection to tick nymphs or larvae is a crucial determinant of the dynamics of infection in a herd. Two control methods influencing the transmission of infection are considered – infection and treatment immunization and the reduction in tick feeding by acaricide application. The impact of each method on the transmission of infection is evaluated. Future developments and the data required to predict the dynamics of T. parva infections in cattle and ticks are discussed.

Keywords

Theileria parvaEast Coast fevertheileriosisepidemiologytransmission dynamics
Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 106 , Issue 3 , April 1993 , pp. 251 - 264
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1993

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Barnett, S. F. (1968). Theileriosis. In Infectious Blood Disease of Man and Animals, vol. 2 (eds. Weinman, D. & Ristic, M.), pp. 269–328. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Barnett, S. F. & Bailey, K. P. (1955). A field survey of East Coast Fever and calf mortality in an enzootic ECF area. In East African Veterinary Research Organisation Annual Report, 1954–1955, pp. 51–2. Nairobi: East African CommunityGoogle Scholar
Bonsma, J. C. (1944). Hereditary heartwater-resistant characteristics in cattle. Farming in South Africa 19, 71–96.Google Scholar
Branagan, D. (1969). The maintenance of Theileria parva infections by means of the ixodid tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. Tropical Animal Health and Production 1, 119–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burridge, M. J. & Kimber, C. D. (1973). Duration of serological response to the indirect fluorescent antibody test of cattle recovered from Theileria parva infection. Research in Veterinary Science 14, 270–1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byrom, W. (1990). Simulation models for investigating East Coast fever and other parasitic diseases. Ph.D.thesis, Strathclyde University, UK.Google Scholar
De Castro, J. J., Young, A. S., Dransfield, R. D., Cunningham, M. P. & Dolan, T. T. (1985). Effects of natural tick infestation on cattle immunised against theileriosis in an endemic area of Kenya. Research in Veterinary Science 39, 279–88.Google Scholar
Dallwitz, M., Young, A. S., Mahoney, D. F. & Sutherst, R. W. (1987). Comparative epidemiology of tick-borne diseases with special emphasis on modelling. International Journal for Parasitology. 17, 629–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dolan, T. T. (1986). Chemotherapy of East Coast Fever. The long-term weight changes, carrier state and disease manifestations of parvaquone-treated cattle. Journal of Comparative Pathology 96, 137–45.Google Scholar
Fivaz, B. H. & Norval, R. A. I. (1990). Immunity of the ox to the brown ear tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus(Neumann). Experimental and Applied Acarology 8, 51–63.Google Scholar
Fivaz, B. H., Norval, R. A. I. & Lawrence, J. A. (1989). Transmission of Theileria parva bovis (Boleni strain)to cattle resistant to the brown ear tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Neumann). Tropical Animal Health and Production 21, 129–34.Google Scholar
Floyd, R. B., Maywald, G. F. & Sutherst, R. W. (1987). Ecological models. 2. A population model of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. In Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases: Proceedings of an International Workshop on the Ecology of Ticks and Epidemiology of Tick-Borne Diseases (ed. Sutherst, R. W.), pp. 72–75. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra.Google Scholar
Gettinby, G. & Byrom, W. (1989). The dynamics of East Coast Fever: a modelling perspective for the integration of knowledge. Parasitology Today 5, 68–73.Google Scholar
Grenfell, B. T. & Anderson, R. M. (1985). The estimation of age-related rates of infection from case notifications and serological data. Journal of Hygiene 95, 419–36.Google Scholar
Irvin, A. D. (1987). Characteristics of species and strains of Theileria. Advances in Parasitology 26, 145–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irvin, A. D. & Young, A. S. (1980). The biology of Theileria parva and East Coast fever in cattle. In UNDP/World Bank/WHO, The in Vitro Cultivation of Pathogens of Tropical Diseases, pp. 111–126, Basel.Google Scholar
Jongejan, F., Pegram, R. G., Zivkovic, D., Hensen, E. J., Mwase, E. T., Thielemans, M. J. C., Cosse, A., Neiwold, T. A., Ashraf, El Said & Uilenberg, G. (1989). Monitoring of naturally acquired and artificially induced immunity to Amblyomma variegatum and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks under field and laboratory conditions. Experimental and Applied Acarology 7, 181–99.Google Scholar
Kariuki, D. P. (1990). Current status of theileriosis in Kenya, 1989. In Progress Towards the Control of East Coast Fever (Theileriosis) in Kenya(ed. Young, A. S., Mutugi, J. J. & Maritim, A. C.), pp. 17–26Nairobi: Kenya Agricultural Research Institute.Google Scholar
Maritim, A. C., Kariuki, D. P., Young, A. S. & Mutugi, J. J. (1989 a). The importance of the carrier state of Theileria parva in the epidemiology of theileriosis and its control by immunization. In Theileriosis in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa (ed. Dolan, T. T.), pp. 121–128. Nairobi: International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases.Google Scholar
Maritim, A. C., Young, A. S., Lesan, A. C., Ndungu, S. G., Mutugi, J. J. & Stagg, D. A. (1989 b). Theilerial parasites isolated from carrier cattle after immunisation with Theileria parva by the infection and treatment method. Parasitology 99, 139–47.Google ScholarPubMed
Mettam, R. W. M. & Carmichael, J. (1936). Turning sickness; a protozoan encephalitis of cattle in Uganda: its relationship with East Coast fever. Parasitology 28, 234–83.Google Scholar
Moll, G., Lohding, A. & Young, A. S. (1984). Epidemiology of theileriosis in the Trans-Mara Division, Kenya. Husbandry and disease background and preliminary observations on theileria in calves. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 2, 801–31.Google Scholar
Moll, G., Lohding, A., Young, A. S. & Leitch, B. L. (1986). Epidemiology of theileriosis in calves in an endemic area of Kenya. Veterinary Parasitology 19, 255–73.Google Scholar
Mukhebi, A. W., Wathanga, J., Perry, B. D., Irvin, A. D. & Morzaria, S. P. (1989). Financial analysis of East Coast fever strategies on beef cattle production under farm conditions. Veterinary Record 125, 456–9.Google Scholar
Mukhebi, A. W., Perry, B. D. & Kruska, R. (1992) Estimated costs of theileriosis control in Africa. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 12, 73–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Musoke, A. J., Morzaria, S., Nkonge, C., Jones, E. & Nene, V. (1992). A recombinant sporozoite surface antigen of Theileria parva induces protection in cattle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 89, 514–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neitz, W. O. (1957). Theileriosis, gonderioses and cytauxzoones, a review. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 27, 275–430.Google Scholar
Nisbet, R. M. & Gurney, W. S. C. (1982). Modelling Fluctuating Populations. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Norval, R. A. I., Lawrence, J. A., Young, A. S., Perry, B. D., Dolan, T. T. & Scott, J. (1991). Theileria parva, influence of vector, parasite and host relationships on the nature and distribution of theileriosis in southern Africa. Parasitology 102, 347–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norval, R. A. I., Perry, B. D. & Young, A. S. (1992). Epidemiology of Theileriosis in Africa. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Norval, R. A. I., Sutherst, R. W., Kurki, J., Gibson, J. D. & Kerr, J. J. (1988). The effect of the brown ear tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus on the growth of Sanga and European breed cattle. Veterinary Parasitology 30, 149–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pegram, R. G., Lemche, J., Chizuka, H. G. B., Sutherst, R. W., Floyd, R. B., Kerr, J. D. & McCosker, P. J. (1989). Effects of tick control on live weight gain in cattle in central Zambia. Veterinary and Medical Entomology 31, 313–20.Google Scholar
Purnell, R. E. (1977). East Coast fever: some recent research in East Africa. Advances in Parasitology 13, 83–132.Google Scholar
Radley, D. E. (1981). Infection and treatment immunisation against theileriosis.In Advances in the Control of Theileriosis, Proceedings of an International Conference held at ILRAD, Nairobi, 9–13 February 1981 (ed. Irvin, A. D., Cunningham, M. P. & Young, A. S.), pp. 227–237. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.Google Scholar
Radley, D. E., Brown, C. G. D., Cunningham, M. P., Kimber, C. D., Musisi, F. L., Payne, R. C., Purnell, R. E., Stagg, S. M. & Young, A. S. (1975). East Coast fever. 3. Chemoprophylactic immunisation of cattle using oxytetracycline and a combination of theilerial strains. Veterinary Parasitology 1, 51–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, A. S. (1981). The epidemiology of theileriosis in East Africa. In Advances in the Control of Theileriosis (ed. Irvin, A. D., Cunningham, M. P. & Young, A. S.), pp. 38–55. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, A. S., Groocock, C. M. & Kariuki, D. P. (1988). Integrated control of ticks and tick-borne diseases of cattle in Africa. Parasitology 96, 403–32.Google Scholar
Young, A. S., Leitch, B. L. & Newson, R. M. (1981). The occurrence of a Theileria parva carrier state in cattle from an East Coast fever endemic area of Kenya. In Advances in the Control of Theileriosis (ed. Irvin, A. D., Cunningham, M. P. & Young, A. S.), pp. 60–62. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Young, A. S., Leitch, B. L., Newson, R. M. & Cunningham, M. P. (1986). Maintenance of Theileria parva parva in an endemic area of Kenya. Parasitology 93, 9–16.Google Scholar