Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-tn8tq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-07T18:32:08.710Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The life cycle of Basilia hispida Theodor 1967 (Diptera: Nycteribiidae) in Malaysia*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2009

Adrian G. Marshall
Adrian G. Marshall
Affiliation:
Department of Natural History, University of Aberdeen
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Basilia hispida is the only insect parasite of the flat-headed bats Tylonycteris pachypus and T. robustula in Selangor, Malaysia where this study was conducted between September 1966 and August 1968. The climatic conditions in the laboratory closely approximated to those in the field: seasonal variations in climate were small but diurnal fluctuations occurred. The life cycle of the fly was not affected either by the season or by the sex or species of the host.

A typical life cycle was as follows: adult B. hispida reached sexual maturity within 5 or 6 days of their emergence from the puparium. Copulation largely occurred with newly emerged flies or with females at the time of prepupal deposition; one copulation sufficed for numerous subsequent offspring. The entire larval life of three instars was passed within the female, nourished by maternal secretions. After reaching maturity the female deposited prepupae at 9-day-intervals on the host's roosting quarters, deposition occurring during the day, stimulated by increasing temperature. The length of the pupal stadium depended upon the presence of a host bat; if one was present the pupal period was ca. 25 days. Thus the total life cycle from emergence of the female to the emergence of her first offspring was typically 39 (5 + 9 + 25) days. The sexes were produced in equal numbers. The greater part of postembryonic mortality occurred in the adult instar and was largely due to host-predation. Females were longer lived than males, and it was suggested that they had an average life expectancy of 5–6 weeks in the field.

The life cycle of five other species of Nycteribiidae from two other species of host were briefly examined and no major differences from B. hispida were noted. The results of this and of previous studies indicate that the life cycle is fairly uniform throughout the family.

Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 61 , Issue 1 , August 1970 , pp. 1 - 18
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1970

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Bequaert, J. C. (1953). The Hippoboscidae or louse-flies (Diptera) of mammals and birds. Part I: Structure, physiology and natural history. Entomologica Americana 32, 1–209; 33, 211–442.Google Scholar
Bursell, E. & Jackson, C. H. N. (1957). Notes on the choriothete and milk glands of Glossina and Hippobosca (Diptera). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (A) 32, 30–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coatney, G. R. (1931). On the biology of the pigeon fly Pseudolynchia maura Bigot (Diptera, Hippoboscidae). Parasitology 23, 525–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corbet, G. B. (1956). The life history and host relations of a Hippoboscid fly Ornithomyia fringillina Curtis. Journal of Animal Ecology 25, 403–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dale, W. L. (1959). The rainfall of Malaya, part I. Malayan Journal of Tropical Geography 13, 23–7.Google Scholar
Dale, W. L. (1960). The rainfall of Malaya, part II. Malayan Journal of Tropical Geography 14, 11–28.Google Scholar
Dale, W. L. (1963). Surface temperatures in Malaya. Malayan Journal of Tropical Geography 17, 57–71.Google Scholar
Decu-Burghele, A. (1963). Cercetari asupra pupariului la Nycteribiidae (Diptera-Pupipara). Comunicãrile Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne 13, 725–32.Google Scholar
Detinova, T. S. (1962). Age-grouping methods in Diptera of medical importance with special reference to some vectors of malaria. Geneva, World Health Organisation Monograph Series No. 47. 216 pp. 33+2 figs.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Domrow, R. (1961). New and little known Laelaptidae, Trombiculidae and Listrophoridae (Acarina) from Australasian mammals. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 86, 60–95.Google Scholar
Falcoz, L. (1926). Diptères pupipares. Paris, Faune de France 14, 64 pp. 76 figs.Google Scholar
Ferris, G. F. (1923). Observations on the larvae of some Diptera Pupipara, with description of a new species of Hippoboscidae. Parasitology 15, 54–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferris, G. F. (1930). The puparium of Basilia corynorhini (Ferris) (Diptera: Nycteribiidae). Entomological News 41, 295–7.Google Scholar
Guimaraes, L. R. & d'Andretta, M. A. V. (1956). Sinopse dos Nycteribiidae (Diptera) do Novo Mondo. Arquivos de zoologia do Estado de Saõ Paulo 10, 1–184.Google Scholar
Hagan, H. R. (1951). Embryology of the viviparous insects. New York: Ronald Press.Google Scholar
Hase, A. (1931). Ueber die Levensgewohnheiten einer Fledermausfliege in Venezuela; Basilia bellardii Rondani (Fam. Nycteribiidae-Diptera Pupipara). Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde 3, 220–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, D. S. (1963). The life history of the British species of Ornithomyia (Diptera: Hippoboscidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 115, 391–407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, D. S., Wilson, N. & Corbet, G. B. (1967). Mites associated with British species of Ornithomya. Journal of Medical Entomology 4, 102–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Humphries, D. A. (1967). Drinking of water by fleas. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 102, 260–2.Google Scholar
Hurka, K. (1963). Zur kenntnis der puparien von Nycteribia latreillii (Leach), N. kolenatii Theodor, N. vexata vexata Westwood und N. biarticulata Hermann nebst Bemer-kungen zu den übrigen bekannten puparien der Europäischen Nycteribiidenarten (Dipt. Nycteribiidae). Věstnik Československé Společnosti Zoologické (Acta Socientatis Zoologicae Bohemoslovenicae) 27, 46–50.Google Scholar
Hurka, K. (1964). Distribution, bionomy and ecology of the European bat flies with special regard to the Czechoslovak fauna (Dip., Nycteribiidae). Acta Universitatis Carolinea, Biologica. 1964, 167–234.Google Scholar
Jobling, B. (1928). The structure of the head and mouthparts in the Nycteribiidae (Diptera Pupipara). Parasitology 20, 254–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kolenati, F. A. (1862). Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Phtiriomyiarien. Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae 2, 1–109.Google Scholar
Kosminskii, R. B. (1960). The method of determining the age of the fleas Leptopsylla segnis Schonh. 1811 and L. taschenbergi Wagn. 1898 (Suctoria-Aphaniptera) and an experiment on the age analysis of a population of L. segnis. (In Russian.) Meditsinskaya parazitologiya i parazitarnye bolezni 29, 590–4.Google Scholar
Leong, M. C. & Marshall, A. G. (1968). The breeding biology of the bat-fly Eucampsipoda sundaicum Theodor, 1955 (Diptera: Nycteribiidae). Malayan Nature Journal 21, 171–80.Google Scholar
Maa, T. C. (1968 a). Additions to the Cyclopodiinae. Part I. (Diptera: Nycteribiidae). Pacific Insects 10, 1–23.Google Scholar
Maa, T. C. (1968 b). New Basilia species from Thailand, Mexico, and Brazil (Diptera: Nycteribiidae). Pacific Insects 10, 25–32.Google Scholar
Maa, T. C. (1968 c). On Diptera Pupipara from Africa. Part I. Journal of Medical Entomology 5, 238–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, A. G. & Lim, B. L. (1968). Observations on keeping some Malaysian bats in captivity. Malayan Nature Journal 21, 165–70.Google Scholar
Medway, Lord (1967). A bat-eating bat, Megaderma lyra Geoffrey. Malayan Nature Journal 20, 107–10.Google Scholar
Muir, F. (1912). Two new species of Ascodipteron. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard 54, 351–66.Google Scholar
Mukerji, D. & Dasgupta, B. (1954). Some aspects of the anatomy of the bat-fly Cyclopodia sykesi Westwood (Diptera: Pupipara: Nycteribiidae). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of Bengal 7, 1–25.Google Scholar
Osten-Sacken, R. (1881). On the larva of Nycteribia. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 1881, 359–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pavan, M. (1941). Appunti sui Nycteribiidae (Dipt. Pup.) Rivista di parassitologia 5, 101–8.Google Scholar
Radovsky, F. J. (1966). Revision of the Macronyssid and Laelapid mites of bats: outline of classification with descriptions of new genera and new type species. Journal of Medical Entomology 3, 93–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ratcliffe, F. N. (1931). The flying fox (Pteropus) in Australia. Commonwealth of Australia Council for Science and Industry, Research Bulletin No. 53.Google Scholar
Rodhain, J. & Bequaert, J. (1916). Observations sur la biologie de Cyclopodia greeffi Karsch (Dipt.), Nycéribiide parasite d'une chauve-souris Congolaise. Bulletin de la Societe zoologique de France 40, 248–62.Google Scholar
Ryberg, O. (1947). Studies on bats and bat parasites. Stockholm, Bokförlaget Svensk Natur.Google Scholar
Saunders, D. S. (1964). Age changes in the ovaries of the sheep ked, Melophagus ovinus (L.) (Diptera: Hippoboscidae). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society, London (A) 39, 68–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saunders, D. S. (1967). Survival and reproduction in a natural population of the tsetse fly, Glossina palpalis palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society, London (A) 42, 129–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schultz, H. (1938). Über Fortpflanzung und Vorkommen von Fledermausfliegen (Fam. Nycteribiidae-Diptera Pupipara). Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde 10, 297–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, H. (1908). On certain Nycteribiidae, with descriptions of two new species from Formosa. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society, London 1908, 359–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, H. (1917). Notes on Nycteribiidae, with descriptions of two new genera. Parasitology 9, 593–610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, H. (1934). The puparium of Nycteribia (Listropodia) pedicularia Latr., with general remarks on this stage in Nycteribiidae. Entomologists' Monthly Magazine 70, 255–9.Google Scholar
Scott, H. (1936). Descriptions and records of Nycteribiidae (Diptera Pupipara), with a discussion of the genus Basilia. Journal of the Linnean Society, (Zoology) 39, 479–505.Google Scholar
Solomon, M. E. (1951). Control of humidity with potassium hydroxide, sulphuric acid, or other solutions. Bulletin of Entomological Research 42, 543–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Speiser, P. (1901). Ueber die Nycteribiiden, Fledermaus-parasiten aus der Gruppe der Pupiparen Dipteren. Archiv. für Naturgeschichte 67, 11–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tarshis, I. B. (1958). New data on the biology of Stilbometopa impressa (Bigot) and Lynchiahirsuta Ferris (Diptera: Hippoboscidae). Annals Entomological Society of America 51, 95–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Theodor, O. (1967). An illustrated Catalogue of the Rothschild Collection of Nycteribiidae (Diptera) in the British Museum (Natural History). London, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist).Google Scholar
Theodor, O. (1968). New species and new records of Nycteribiidae from the Ethiopian, Oriental, and Pacific regions. Parasitology 58, 247–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Urich, F. W., Scott, H. & Waterston, J. (1922). Note on the Dipterous bat-parasite Cyclopodia greeffi Karsch, and on a new species of Hymenopterous (Chalcid) parasite bred from it. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1922, 471–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallace, F. G. (1966). The Trypanosomatid parasites of insects and arachnids. Experimental Parasitology 18, 124–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Westwood, J. O. (1835). On Nycteribia, a genus of wingless insects. Transactions of the Zoology Society of London 1, 275–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westwood, J. O. (1840). An introduction to the Modern Classification of Insects. London: Longmans.Google Scholar