Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T12:11:08.894Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Leishmania donovani is the only cause of visceral leishmaniasis in East Africa; previous descriptions of L. infantum and “L. archibaldi” from this region are a consequence of convergent evolution in the isoenzyme data

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 September 2004

M. B. JAMJOOM ,
R. W. ASHFORD ,
P. A. BATES ,
M. L. CHANCE ,
S. J. KEMP ,
P. C. WATTS  and
H. A. NOYES
M. B. JAMJOOM
Affiliation:
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK Current address: King Abdulaziz University, Department of Medical Parasitology, P.O. Box 80205, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
R. W. ASHFORD
Affiliation:
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
P. A. BATES
Affiliation:
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
M. L. CHANCE
Affiliation:
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
S. J. KEMP
Affiliation:
Animal Genomics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
P. C. WATTS
Affiliation:
Animal Genomics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
H. A. NOYES
Affiliation:
Animal Genomics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Isoenzyme-based studies have identified 3 taxa/species/‘phylogenetic complexes’ as agents of visceral leishmaniasis in Sudan: L. donovani, L. infantum and “L. archibaldi”. However, these observations remain controversial. A new chitinase gene phylogeny was constructed in which stocks of all 3 putative species isolated in Sudan formed a monophyletic clade. In order to construct a more robust classification of the L. donovani complex, a panel of 16 microsatellite markers was used to describe 39 stocks of these 3 species. All “L. donovani complex” stocks from Sudan were again found to form a single monophyletic clade. L. donovani ss stocks from India and Kenya were found to form 2 region-specific clades. The partial sequence of the glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) gene of 17 L. donovani complex stocks was obtained. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the GOT gene appeared to underlie the isoenzyme classification. It was concluded that isoenzyme-based identification is unsafe for stocks isolated in L. donovani endemic areas and identified as L. infantum. It was also concluded that the name L. archibaldi is invalid and that only a single visceralizing species, Leishmania donovani, is found in East Africa.

Keywords

aspartate aminotransferasemicrosatellitesMLEEkala azarEthiopiachagasi
Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 129 , Issue 4 , October 2004 , pp. 399 - 409
Copyright
2004 Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

ANON. (1990). Control of the leishmaniases. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. World Health Organization Technical Report Series 793, 1–158.
ASHFORD, R. W. (1986). Speculations on the origins and evolution of Old World Leishmania systems. In Leishmania: Taxonomy and Phylogeny (ed. Rioux, J. A.), pp. 257–264. IMEEE, Montpellier.
ASHFORD, R. W. (2000). The leishmaniases as emerging and reemerging zoonoses. International Journal for Parasitology 30, 1269–1281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BERGER, L. C., WILSON, J., WOOD, P. & BERGER, B. J. (2001). Methionine regeneration and aspartate aminotransferase in parasitic protozoa. Journal of Bacteriology 183, 4421–4434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BRUMPT, E. (1936). Precis de Parasitologie. Masson et Cie, Paris.
CASTELLANI, A. & CHALMERS, A. (1919). Manual of Tropical Medicine, Vol. 3. Balliere, Tindall and Cox, London.
CHANCE, M. L. & WALTON, B. C. (1982). In Proceedings of a Workshop held at the Pan American Health Organization 9–11 December, 1980, pp. 115–121. UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, Geneva.
COURTENAY, O., QUINNELL, R. J., GARCEZ, L. M. & DYE, C. (2002). Low infectiousness of a wildlife host of Leishmania infantum: the crab-eating fox is not important for transmission. Parasitology 125, 407–414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DEREURE, J., EL SAFI, S. H., BUCHETON, B., BONI, M., KHEIR, M. M., DAVOUST, B., PRATLONG, F., FEUGIER, E., LAMBERT, M., DESSEIN, A. & DEDET, J. P. (2003). Visceral leishmaniasis in eastern Sudan: parasite identification in humans and dogs; host–parasite relationships. Microbes and Infection 5, 1103–1108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
EL-TAI, N. O., EL-FARI, M., MAURICIO, I. L., MILES, M. A., OSKAM, L., EL-SAFI, S. H., PRESBER, W. H. & SCHONIAN, G. (2001). Leishmania donovani: intraspecific polymorphisms of Sudanese isolates revealed by PCR-based analyses and DNA sequencing. Experimental Parasitology 97, 35–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ELNAIEM, D. A., HASSAN, M. M., MAINGON, R., NURELDIN, G. H., MEKAWI, A. M., MILES, M. & WARD, R. D. (2001). The Egyptian mongoose, Herpestes ichneumon, is a possible reservoir host of visceral leishmaniasis in eastern Sudan. Parasitology 122, 531–536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
GUERBOUJ, S., VICTOIR, K., GUIZANI, I., SERIDI, N., NUWAYRI-SALTI, N., BELKAID, M., BEN-ISMAIL, R., LE-RAY, D. & DUJARDIN, J. C. (2001). Gp63 gene polymorphism and population structure of Leishmania donovani complex: influence of the host selection pressure? Parasitology 122, 25–35.Google Scholar
JAMJOOM, M. B., ASHFORD, R. W., BATES, P. A., KEMP, S. J. & NOYES, H. A. (2002 a). Polymorphic microsatellite repeats are not conserved between Leishmania donovani and Leishmania major. Molecular Ecology Notes 2, 104–106.Google Scholar
JAMJOOM, M. B., ASHFORD, R. W., BATES, P. A., KEMP, S. J. & NOYES, H. A. (2002 b). Towards a standard battery of microsatellite markers for the analysis of the Leishmania donovani complex. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 96, 265–270.Google Scholar
LAINSON, R. & SHAW, J. J. (1987). Evolution, classification and geographical distribution. In The leishmaniases in biology and medicine (ed. Peters, W. & Killick-Kendrick, R.), pp. 1–120. Academic Press, London.
LANOTTE, G., RIOUX, J. A. & SERRES, E. (1986). Approche cladistique du genre Leishmania Ross, 1903. A propos de 192 souches originaires de l'Ancien Monde, analyse numerique de 50 zymodemes identifies par 15 enzymes et 96 isoenzymes. In Leishmania. Taxonomie et phylogenese. Applications Eco-Epidemiologiques (ed. Rioux, J. A.), pp. 269–288. IMEEE, Montpellier.
LEWIN, S., SCHONIAN, G., EL TAI, N., OSKAM, L., BASTIEN, P. & PRESBER, W. (2002). Strain typing in Leishmania donovani by using sequence-confirmed amplified region analysis. International Journal for Parasitology 32, 1267–1276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MAAZOUN, R., PRATLONG, F., LANOTTE, G. & RIOUX, J. A. (1986). Le complexe Leishmania major. A propos de l'analyse numerique de 35 souches identifiées par le methode enzymatique. In Leishmania; Taxonomy and Phylogeny; Applications to ecology and epidemiology (ed. Rioux, J. A.), pp. 119–128. IMEEE, Montpellier.
MAURICIO, I. L., GAUNT, M. W., STOTHARD, J. R. & MILES, M. A. (2001). Genetic typing and phylogeny of the Leishmania donovani complex by restriction analysis of PCR amplified gp63 intergenic regions. Parasitology 122, 393–403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MAURICIO, I. L., STOTHARD, J. R. & MILES, M. A. (2000). The strange case of Leishmania chagasi. Parasitology Today 16, 188–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MORENO, G., RIOUX, J. A., LANOTTE, G., PRATLONG, F. & SERRES, E. (1986). Le complexe Leishmania donovani s.l. Analyse enzymatique et traitement numerique, individualisation du complexe Leishmania infantum, corollaires biogeographiques et phyletiques, apropos de 146 souches originaires de l'Ancien et du Nouveau Monde. In Leishmania: taxonomie phylogenese (ed. Rioux, J. A.), pp. 105–118. IMEEE, Montpellier.
NICOLI, R. (1963). Le genre Leishmania R. Ross, 1903. Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie Exotique 56, 408–416.Google Scholar
PRATLONG, F., DEREURE, J., BUCHETON, B., EL SAFI, S., DESSEIN, A., LANOTTE, G. & DEDET, J. P. (2001). Sudan: the possible original focus of visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitology 122, 599–605.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
RAYMOND, M. & ROUSSET, F. (1995). GENEPOP, Version 1·2. Population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenicisms. Journal of Heredity 86, 249–249.Google Scholar
RIOUX, J. A., LANOTTE, G., SERRES, E., PRATLONG, F., BASTIEN, P. & PERIERES, J. (1990). Taxonomy of Leishmania. Use of isoenzymes. Suggestions for a new classification. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée 65, 111–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ROZEN, S. & SKALETSKY, H. (2000). Primer3 on the WWW for general users and biologist programmers. In Bioinformatics Methods and Protocols (ed. Krawetz, S. A. & Misener, S.), pp. 365–386. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ.
SUNNOCKS, (2000). Efficient genetic markers for population biology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15, 199–203.CrossRef
SWOFFORD, D. L. (1998). PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods). Version 4. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.