Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T05:41:21.498Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Current status of Plasmodium knowlesi vectors: a public health concern?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 May 2016

I. VYTHILINGAM ,
M. L. WONG  and
W. S. WAN-YUSSOF
I. VYTHILINGAM*
Affiliation:
Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
M. L. WONG
Affiliation:
Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
W. S. WAN-YUSSOF
Affiliation:
Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
*
*Corresponding author: Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Plasmodium knowlesi a simian malaria parasite is currently affecting humans in Southeast Asia. Malaysia has reported the most number of cases and P. knowlesi is the predominant species occurring in humans. The vectors of P. knowlesi belong to the Leucosphyrus group of Anopheles mosquitoes. These are generally described as forest-dwelling mosquitoes. With deforestation and changes in land-use, some species have become predominant in farms and villages. However, knowledge on the distribution of these vectors in the country is sparse. From a public health point of view it is important to know the vectors, so that risk factors towards knowlesi malaria can be identified and control measures instituted where possible. Here, we review what is known about the knowlesi malaria vectors and ascertain the gaps in knowledge, so that future studies could concentrate on this paucity of data in-order to address this zoonotic problem.

Keywords

malariavectorsforestzoonosisAnophelesPlasmodium knowlesi
Type
Special Issue Review
Information
Parasitology , Volume 145 , Special Issue 1: Plasmodium knowlesi , January 2018 , pp. 32 - 40
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Akter, R., Vythilingam, I., Khaw, L. T., Qvist, R., Lim, Y. a.-L., Sitam, F. T., Venugopalan, B. and Sekaran, S. D. (2015). Simian malaria in wild macaques: first report from Hulu Selangor district, Selangor, Malaysia. Malaria Journal 14, 1–9.Google Scholar
Brock, P., Fornace, K., Parmiter, M., Cox, J., Drakeley, C., Ferguson, H. and Kao, R. (2015). Plasmodium knowlesi transmission: integrating quantitative approaches from epidemiology and ecology to understand malaria as a zoonosis. Parasitology 143, 389–400.Google Scholar
Chang, M. S., Doraisingam, P., Hardin, S. and Nagum, N. (1995). Malaria and filariasis transmission in a village/forest setting in Baram District, Sarawak, Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 98, 192.Google Scholar
Cheong, W. H., Warren, M. W., Omar, A. H. and Mahadevan, S. (1965). Anopheles balabacensis balabacensis identified as vector of simian malaria in Malaysia. Science 150, 1314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chin, W., Contacos, P. G., Coatney, G. R. and Kimball, H. R. (1965). A naturally acquired quotidian-type malaria in man transferable to monkeys. Science 149, 865.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chin, W., Contacos, P. G., Collins, W. E., Jeter, M. H. and Alpert, E. (1968). Experimental mosquito-transmission of Plasmodium knowlesi to man and monkey. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 17, 355–358.Google Scholar
Collins, W. E., Contacos, P. G. and Guinn, E. G. (1967). Studies on the transmission of simian malarias II. Transmission of the H strain of Plasmodium knowlesi by Anopheles balabacensis balabacensis . Journal of Parasitology 53, 841–844.Google Scholar
Collins, W. E., Contacos, P. G., Skinner, J. C. and Guinn, E. G. (1971). Studies on the transmission of simian malaria. IV. Further studies on the transmission of Plasmodium knowlesi by Anopheles balabacensis balabacensis mosquitoes. Journal of Parasitology 57, 961–966.Google Scholar
Cotter, C., Sturrock, H. J., Hsiang, M. S., Liu, J., Phillips, A. A., Hwang, J., Gueye, C. S., Fullman, N., Gosling, R. D. and Feachem, R. G. (2013). The changing epidemiology of malaria elimination: new strategies for new challenges. Lancet 382, 900–911.Google Scholar
Cox Singh, J., Davis, T. M. E., Lee, K. S., Shamsul, S. S. G., Matusop, A., Ratnam, S., Rahman, H. A., Conway, D. J. and Singh, B. (2008). Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in humans is widely distributed and potentially life threatening. Clinical Infectious Diseases 46, 165–171.Google Scholar
Daniels, C. W. (1908). Animal parasites in man and some of the lower animals in Malaya. Studies Institute for Medical Research F.M.S. 3, 1–13.Google Scholar
Eede, P., Van, H., Van Overmeir, C., Vythilingam, I., Duc, T., Hung, L., Manh, H., Anné, J., D'alessandro, U. and Erhart, A. (2009). Human Plasmodium knowlesi infections in young children in central Vietnam. Malaria Journal 8, 249.Google Scholar
Eyles, D. E., Cwarren, Mcw., Guinn, E.,Wharton, R. H. and Ramachandran, C. P. (1963). Identification of Anopheles balabacensis introlatus as a vector of monkey malaria in Malaya. Bulletin of the World Health Organisation 28, 134.Google Scholar
Eyles, D. E., Wharton, R., Cheong, W. and Warren, M. (1964). Studies on malaria and Anopheles balabacensis in Cambodia. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 30, 7.Google Scholar
Figtree, M., Lee, R., Bain, L., Kennedy, T., Mackertich, S., Urban, M., Cheng, Q. and Hudson, B. J. (2010). Plasmodium knowlesi in Human, Indonesian Borneo. Emerging Infectious Diseases 14, 672–674.Google Scholar
Fornace, K. M., Abidin, T. R., Alexander, N., Brock, P., Grigg, M. J., William, T., Menon, J., Drakeley, C. and Cox, , (2016). Association between landscape factors and spatial patterns of Plasmodium knowlesi Infections in Sabah, Malaysia. Emerging Infectious Diseases 22, 201–208.Google Scholar
Guerra, C., Snow, R. and Hay, S. (2006). A global assessment of closed forests, deforestation and malaria risk. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 100, 189–204.Google Scholar
Hii, J. K. L., Kan, S., Pereria, M., Parmar, S. S., Campos, R. L. and Chan, M. K. C. (1988). Transmission dynamics and estimates of malaria vectorial capacity for An. balabacensis and An. flavirostris on Bangii island, Sabah, Malaysia. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 82, 91–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ho, G., Lee, C., Abie, M., Zainuddin, Z., Japnin, J., Topani, R., Sumita, S. and Sharma, R. (2010). Prevalance of Plasmodium in the Long-tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis) from Selangor, Malaysia. In Proceedings of 13th Association Institute Tropical Veterinary Medical Conference, Thailand, p. 49.Google Scholar
Jiang, N., Chang, Q., Sun, X., Lu, H., Yin, J., Zhang, Z., Wahlgren, M. and Chen, Q. (2010). Co-infections with Plasmodium knowlesi and other malaria parasites, Myanmar. Emerging Infectious Diseases 16, 1476–1478.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jiram, A. I., Vythilingam, I., Noorazian, Y. M., Yusof, Y. M., Azahari, A. H. and Fong, M. Y. (2012). Entomologic investigation of Plasmodium knowlesi vectors in Kuala Lipis, Pahang, Malaysia. Malaria Journal 11, 213.Google Scholar
Jongwutiwes, S., Putaporntip, C., Iwasaki, T., Sata, T. and Kanbara, H. (2004). Naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in human, Thailand. Emerging Infectious Diseases 10, 2211–2213.Google Scholar
Khim, N., Siv, S., Kim, S., Mueller, T., Fleischmann, E., Singh, B., Divis, P., Steenkeste, N., Duval, L. and Bouchier, C. (2011). Plasmodium knowlesi infection in humans, Cambodia, 2007–2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases 17, 1900.Google Scholar
Luchavez, J., Espino, F., Curameng, P., Espina, R., Bell, D., Chiodini, P., Nolder, D., Sutherland, C., Lee, K. S. and Singh, B. (2008). Human infections with Plasmodium knowlesi, the Philippines. Emerging Infectious Diseases 14, 811–813.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manguin, S., Garros, C., Dusfour, I., Harbach, R. E. and Coosemans, M. (2008). Bionomics, taxonomy, and distribution of the major malaria vector taxa of Anopheles subgenus Cellia in Southeast Asia: an updated review. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 8, 489–503.Google Scholar
Manguin, S., Bangs, M. J., Pothikasikorn, J. and Chareonviriyaphap, T. (2010). Review on global co-transmission of human Plasmodium species and Wuchereria bancrofti by Anopheles mosquitoes. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 10, 159–177.Google Scholar
Marchand, R. P., Culleton, R., Maeno, Y., Quang, N. T. and Nakazawa, S. (2011). Co-infections of Plasmodium knowlesi, P. falciparum, and P. vivax among humans and Anopheles dirus mosquitoes, southern Vietnam. Emerging Infectious Diseases 17, 1232–1239.Google Scholar
Ministry of Health, Malaysia (2012). Annual Report Ministry of Health [Online]. http://www.google.com.my/?gws_rd=ssl#q=Annual+report+Ministry+of+Health.Google Scholar
Moyes, C. L., Henry, A. J., Golding, N., Huang, Z., Singh, B., Baird, J. K., Newton, P. N., Huffman, M., Duda, K. A. and Drakeley, C. J. (2014). Defining the geographical range of the Plasmodium knowlesi reservoir. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 8, e2780.Google Scholar
Murphy, J. R., Weiss, W. R., Fryauff, D., Dowler, M., Savransky, T., Stoyanov, C., Muratova, O., Lambert, L., Orr-Gonzalez, S. and Zeleski, K. L. (2014). Using infective mosquitoes to challenge monkeys with Plasmodium knowlesi in malaria vaccine studies. Malaria Journal 13, 215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nakazawa, S., Marchand, R. P., Quang, N. T., Culleton, R., Manh, N. D. and Maeno, Y. (2009). Anopheles dirus co-infection with human and monkey malaria parasites in Vietnam. International Journal of Parasitology 39, 1533–1537.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ng, O. T., Ooi, E. E., Lee, C. C., Lee, P. J., Ng, L. C., Pei, S. W., Tu, T. M., Loh, J. P. and Leo, Y. S. (2008). Naturally acquired human Plasmodium knowlesi infection, Singapore. Emerging Infectious Diseases 14, 814.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rajahram, G. S., Barber, B. E., William, T., Grigg, M. J., Menon, J., Yeo, T. W. and Anstey, N. M. (2016). Falling Plasmodium knowlesi malaria death rate among adults despite rising incidence, Sabah, Malaysia, 2010–2014. Emerging Infectious Diseases 22, 41.Google Scholar
Reid, J. and Weitz, B. (1961). Anopheline mosquitoes as vectors of animal malaria in Malaya. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 55, 180–186.Google Scholar
Reid, J. A. (1968). Anopheline Mosquitoes of Malaya and Borneo. Institute Medical Research Malaysia, Malaysia.Google Scholar
Rohani, A., Azahary, A. R. A., Zurainee, M. N., Najdah, W. M. A. W., Zamree, I., Hanif, M. O., Ariffin, M. M., Zuhaizam, H., Suzilah, I. and Lee, H. L. (2015). Comparative human landing catch and CDC light trap in mosquito sampling in knowlesi malaria endemic areas in Peninsula Malaysia. Advances in Entomology 4, 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sallum, M. A. M., Peyton, E. L., Harrison, B. A. and Wilkerson, R. C. (2005). Revision of the Leucosphyrus group of Anopheles (Cellia)(Diptera, Culicidae). Revista Bras ileria de Entomologia 49, 1–152.Google Scholar
Singh, B., Sung, L. K., Matusop, A., Radhakrishnan, A., Shamsul, S. S. G., Cox-Singh, J., Thomas, A. and Conway, D. J. (2004). A large focus of naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi infections in human beings. Lancet 363, 1017–1024.Google Scholar
Sinka, M. E., Bangs, M. J., Manguin, S., Chareonviriyaphap, T., Patil, A. P., Temperley, W. H., Gething, P. W., Elyazar, I. R. F., Kabaria, C. W. and Harbach, R. E. (2011). The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in the Asia-Pacific region: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic précis. Parasites and Vectors 4, 1–46.Google ScholarPubMed
Tainchum, K., Kongmee, M., Manguin, S., Bangs, M. J. and Chareonviriyaphap, T. (2015). Anopheles species diversity and distribution of the malaria vectors of Thailand. Trends in Parasitology 31, 109–119.Google Scholar
Tan, C. H., Vythilingam, I., Matusop, A., Chan, S. T. and Singh, B. (2008). Bionomics of Anopheles latens in Kapit, Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo in relation to the transmission of zoonotic simian malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi. Malaria Journal 7, 52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trung, H. D., Van Bortel, W., Sochantha, T., Keokenchanh, K., Quang, N. T., Cong, L. D. and Coosemans, M. (2004). Malaria transmission and major malaria vectors in different geographical areas of Southeast Asia. Tropical Medicine & International Health 9, 230–237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsukamoto, M., Miyata, A. and Miyagi, I. (1978). Surveys on simian malaria parasites and their vector in Palawan Island, the Philippines. Tropical Medicine 20, 39–50.Google Scholar
Vythilingam, I. (2012). Plasmodium knowlesi and Wuchereriabancrofti: their vectors and challenges for the future. Frontiers in Systems Biology 3, 115.Google Scholar
Vythilingam, I. and Hii, J. (2013). Simian malaria parasites: special emphasis on Plasmodium knowlesi and their anopheles vectors in Southeast Asia. In Anopheles Mosquitoes – New Insights into Malaria Vectors (ed. Manguin, S.), pp. 487–510. InTech, Rijeka, Croatia.Google Scholar
Vythilingam, I., Foo, L. C., Chiang, G. L., Chan, S. T., Eng, K. L., Mahadevan, S., Mak, J. W. and Singh, K. I. (1995). The impact of permethrin impregnated bednets on the malaria vector Anopheles maculatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in aboriginal villages of Pos Betau Pahang, Malaysia. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 26, 354–358.Google Scholar
Vythilingam, I., Chan, S. T., Shanmugratnam, C., Tanrang, H. and Chooi, K. H. (2005). The impact of development and malaria control activities on its vectors in the Kinabatangan area of Sabah, East Malaysia. Acta Tropica 96, 24–30.Google Scholar
Vythilingam, I., Tan, C. H., Asmad, M., Chan, S. T., Lee, K. S. and Singh, B. (2006). Natural transmission of Plasmodium knowlesi to humans by Anopheles latens in Sarawak, Malaysia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 100, 1087–1088.Google Scholar
Vythilingam, I., Noorazian, Y. M., Huat, T. C., Jiram, A. I., Yusri, Y. M., Azahari, A. H., Norparina, I., Noorrain, A. and Lokmanhakim, S. (2008). Plasmodium knowlesi in humans, macaques and mosquitoes in peninsular Malaysia. Parasites and Vectors 1, 26.Google Scholar
Vythilingam, I., Lim, Y. A., Venugopalan, B., Ngui, R., Leong, C. S., Wong, M. L., Khaw, L., Goh, X., Yap, N. and Sulaiman, W. Y. W. (2014). Plasmodium knowlesi malaria an emerging public health problem in Hulu Selangor, Selangor, Malaysia (2009–2013): epidemiologic and entomologic analysis. Parasites and Vector s27, 436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, M. W. and Wharton, R. H. (1963). The vectors of simian malaria: identity, biology, and geographical distribution. Journal of Parasitology 49, 892–904.Google Scholar
Warren, M. W., Cheong, W. H., Fredericks, H. K., and Coatney, G. R. (1970). Cycles of jungle malaria in West Malaysia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 19, 383–393.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wharton, R. H. and Eyles, D. E. (1961). Anopheles hackeri, a vector of Plasmodium knowlesi in Malaya. Science 134, 279–280.Google Scholar
Wharton, R. H., Eyles, D. E. and Warren, Mc. W. (1963). The development of methods for trapping the vectors of monkey malaria. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 57, 32–46.Google Scholar
Wharton, R. H., Eyles, D. E., Warren, M. and Cheong, , (1964). Studies to determine the vectors of monkey malaria in Malaya. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 58, 56–77.Google Scholar
WHO (2015). World Malaria Report 2014. World Health Organization.Google Scholar
William, T., Rahman, H. A., Jelip, J., Ibrahim, M. Y., Menon, J., Grigg, M. J., Yeo, T. W., Anstey, N. M. and Barber, B. E. (2013). Increasing incidence of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria following control of P. falciparum and P. vivax Malaria in Sabah, Malaysia. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 7, e2026.Google Scholar
William, T., Jelip, J., Menon, J., Anderios, F., Mohammad, R., Mohammad, T. a. A., Grigg, M. J., Yeo, T. W., Anstey, N. M. and Barber, B. E. (2014). Changing epidemiology of malaria in Sabah, Malaysia: increasing incidence of Plasmodium knowlesi . Malaria Journal 13, 390.Google Scholar
Wong, M. L., Chua, T. H., Leong, C. S., Khaw, L. T., Fornace, K., Wan-Sulaiman, W.-Y., William, T., Drakeley, C., Ferguson, H. M. and Vythilingam, I. (2015). Seasonal and spatial dynamics of the primary vector of Plasmodium knowlesi within a major transmission focus in Sabah, Malaysia. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 9, e0004135.Google Scholar
Yukich, J. O., Lengeler, C., Tediosi, F., Brown, N., Mulligan, J.-A., Chavasse, D., Stevens, W., Justino, J., Conteh, L. and Maharaj, R. (2008). Costs and consequences of large-scale vector control for malaria. Malaria Journal 7, 258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yusof, R., Lau, Y. L., Mahmud, R., Fong, M. Y., Jelip, J., Ngian, H. U., Mustakim, S., Hussin, H. M., Arzuki, N. and Ali, M. M. (2014). High proportion of knowlesi malaria in recent malaria cases in Malaysia. Malaria Journal 13, 168.Google Scholar