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Blood parasites of penguins: a critical review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 April 2016

RALPH ERIC THIJL VANSTREELS ,
ÉRIKA MARTINS BRAGA  and
JOSÉ LUIZ CATÃO-DIAS
RALPH ERIC THIJL VANSTREELS*
Affiliation:
Laboratório de Patologia Comparada de Animais Selvagens, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil
ÉRIKA MARTINS BRAGA
Affiliation:
Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Caixa Postal 486, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
JOSÉ LUIZ CATÃO-DIAS
Affiliation:
Laboratório de Patologia Comparada de Animais Selvagens, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil
*
*Corresponding author: Laboratório de Patologia Comparada de Animais Selvagens, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]
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Summary

Blood parasites are considered some of the most significant pathogens for the conservation of penguins, due to the considerable morbidity and mortality they have been shown to produce in captive and wild populations of these birds. Parasites known to occur in the blood of penguins include haemosporidian protozoans (Plasmodium, Leucocytozoon, Haemoproteus), piroplamid protozoans (Babesia), kinetoplastid protozoans (Trypanosoma), spirochete bacteria (Borrelia) and nematode microfilariae. This review provides a critical and comprehensive assessment of the current knowledge on these parasites, providing an overview of their biology, host and geographic distribution, epidemiology, pathology and implications for public health and conservation.

Keywords

blood parasitebirdconservationpathogenseabirdvector-borne diseases
Type
Review Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 143 , Issue 8 , July 2016 , pp. 931 - 956
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

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References

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