Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T05:32:03.347Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Unravelling the phylogenetic relationships of African trypanosomes of suids

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 July 2001

W. C. GIBSON ,
J. R. STEVENS ,
C. M. T. MWENDIA ,
J. N. MAKUMI ,
J. M. NGOTHO  and
J. M. NDUNG'U
W. C. GIBSON
Affiliation:
School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UG
J. R. STEVENS
Affiliation:
School of Biological Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4PS
C. M. T. MWENDIA
Affiliation:
Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute, PO Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya
J. N. MAKUMI
Affiliation:
Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute, PO Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya
J. M. NGOTHO
Affiliation:
Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute, PO Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya
J. M. NDUNG'U
Affiliation:
Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute, PO Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

African trypanosomes of the subgenera Nannomonas and Pycnomonas have been recorded from both wild and domestic suids. However, complete descriptions of some of these trypanosomes with regard to host range, pathogenicity, transmission and distribution are still lacking. Neither the recently described Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) godfreyi nor Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) congolense Tsavo have been isolated from mammalian hosts, while Trypanosoma (Pycnomonas) suis remains the rarest of the Salivarian trypanosomes. The only isolate presumed to be of the latter species is maintained at the Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute, Nairobi. We present here the results of characterization of this isolate by morphology, tsetse transmission, the use of species-specific DNA probes and DNA sequence analysis. Morphology in stained blood smears revealed a small trypanosome with a free flagellum. Experimental transmission through Glossina morsitans morsitans showed a developmental cycle typical of subgenus Nannomonas. A positive identification was obtained with species-specific PCR primers for T. congolense Tsavo; moreover, the sequence of the SSU rRNA gene was almost identical to that of T. congolense Tsavo on database. In phylogenetic analysis of the SSU rRNA genes of Salivarian trypanosomes, T. congolense Tsavo grouped with T. simiae rather than T. congolense, suggesting that the name T. simiae Tsavo is more appropriate.

Keywords

NannomonasTrypanosoma suisTrypanosoma simiaetsetseDNA probephylogenetics
Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 122 , Issue 6 , June 2001 , pp. 625 - 631
Copyright
© 2001 Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

HOARE, C. A. (1972). The Trypanosomes of Mammals. Blackwell, Oxford.
JANSSEN, J. A. H. A. & WIJERS, D. J. B. (1974). Trypanosoma simiae at the Kenya coast. A correlation between virulence and the transmitting species of Glossina. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 68, 5–19.Google Scholar
LEHANE, M. J., MSANGI, A. R., WHITAKER, C. J. & LEHANE, S. M. (2000). Segregation of trypanosome species among mixed infections in Glossina pallidipes and evidence that dissection-based identification of infection types is not reliable. Parasitology 120, 583–592.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MAJIWA, P. A. O., MAINA, M., WAITUMBI, J. N., MIHOK, S. & ZWEYGARTH, E. (1993). Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) congolense: molecular characterization of a new genotype from Tsavo, Kenya. Parasitology 106, 151–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MASIGA, D. K., SMYTH, A. J., HAYES, P. J., BROMIDGE, T. J. & GIBSON, W. C. (1992). Sensitive detection of trypanosomes in tsetse flies by DNA amplification. International Journal for Parasitology 22, 909–918.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MASIGA, D. K., MCNAMARA, J. J. & GIBSON, W. C. (1996b). A repetitive DNA sequence specific for Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) godfreyi. Veterinary Parasitology 62, 27–33.Google Scholar
MASIGA, D. K., MCNAMARA, J. J., LAVEISSIÈRE, C., TRUC, P. & GIBSON, W. C. (1996a). A high prevalence of mixed trypanosome infections in tsetse flies in Sinfra, Côte d'Ivoire, detected by DNA amplification. Parasitology 112, 75–80.Google Scholar
MASLOV, D. A., LUKES, J., JIRKU, M. & SIMPSON, L. (1996). Phylogeny of trypanosomes as inferred from the small and large subunit rRNAs: implications for the evolution of parasitism in the trypanosomatid protozoa. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 75, 197–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MAUDLIN, I. & WELBURN, S. C. (1987). Lectin mediated establishment of midgut infections of Trypanosoma congolense and T. brucei in Glossina morsitans. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 38, 167–170.Google Scholar
MCNAMARA, J. J., DUKES, P., SNOW, W. F. & GIBSON, W. C. (1989). Use of DNA probes to identify Trypanosoma congolense and T. simiae in tsetse from The Gambia. Acta Tropica 46, 55–61.Google Scholar
MCNAMARA, J. J. & SNOW, W. F. (1991). Improved identification of Nannomonas infection in tsetse flies from The Gambia. Acta Tropica 48, 127–136.Google Scholar
MCNAMARA, J. J., MOHAMMED, G. & GIBSON, W. C. (1994). Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) godfreyi sp. nov. from tsetse flies in the Gambia: biological and biochemical characterization. Parasitology 109, 497–509.Google Scholar
MCNAMARA, J. J., LAVEISSIERE, C. & MASIGA, D. K. (1995). Multiple trypanosome infections in wild tsetse in Côte D'Ivoire detected by PCR analysis and DNA probes. Acta Tropica 59, 85–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MURTHY, V. K., DIBBERN, K. M. & CAMPBELL, D. A. (1992). PCR amplification of mini-exon genes differentiates Trypanosoma cruzi from T. rangeli. Molecular and Cellular Probes 6, 237–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NEEFS, J.-M., VAN DE PEER, Y., HENDRIKS, L. & DEWACHTER, R. (1990). Compilation of small ribosomal subunit RNA sequences. Nucleic Acids Research 18, 2237–2243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PEEL, E. & CHARDOME, M. (1954a). Trypanosoma suis Ochmann, 1905, a porcine trypanosome from the Belgian Congo with metacyclic development in the salivary glands of Glossina. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 48, 288.Google Scholar
PEEL, E. & CHARDOME, M. (1954b). Trypanosoma suis – Ochmann 1905 – trypanosome monomorphe pathogène de mammifères, évoluant dans les glandes salivaires de Glossina brevipalpis Newst., Mosso (Urundi). Annales de la Société belge de Médicine Tropicale 34, 277–296.Google Scholar
SOLANO, P., REIFENBERG, J. M., AMSLERDELAFOSSE, S., KABORE, I., CUISANCE, D. & DUVALLET, G. (1996). Trypanosome characterization by polymerase chain reaction in Glossina palpalis gambiensis and G. tachinoides from Burkina Faso. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 10, 354–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
STEPHEN, L. E. (1986). Trypanosomiasis. A Veterinary Perspective. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
STEVENS, J., NOYES, H. & GIBSON, W. (1998). The evolution of trypanosomes infecting humans and primates. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 93, 669–676.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
STEVENS, J. R., NOYES, H. A., DOVER, G. A. & GIBSON, W. C. (1999a). The ancient and divergent origins of the human pathogenic trypanosomes, Trypanosoma brucei and T. cruzi. Parasitology 118, 107–116.Google Scholar
STEVENS, J. R., TEIXEIRA, M. M. G., BINGLE, L. E. H. & GIBSON, W. C. (1999b). The taxonomic position and evolutionary relationships of Trypanosoma rangeli. International Journal for Parasitology 29, 749–757.Google Scholar
SWOFFORD, D. L. (1998). PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods), Version 4. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
THOMPSON, J. D., HIGGINS, D. G. & GIBSON, T. J. (1994). CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, positions-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Research 22, 4673–4680.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
VAN DEN BERGHE, L. & ZAGHI, A. J. (1963). Wild pigs as hosts of Glossina vanhoofi Henrard and Trypanosoma suis Ochmann in the Central African forest. Nature, London 197, 1126–1127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WOOLHOUSE, M. E. J., HARGROVE, J. W. & MCNAMARA, J. J. (1993). Epidemiology of trypanosome infections of the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes in the Zambezi valley. Parasitology 106, 479–485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WOOLHOUSE, M. E. J., MCNAMARA, J. J., HARGROVE, J. W. & BEALBY, K. A. (1996). Distribution and abundance of trypanosome (subgenus Nannomonas) infections of the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes in Southern Africa. Molecular Ecology 5, 11–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ZWEYGARTH, E., MIHOK, S., MAJIWA, P. A. O. & KAMINSKY, R. (1994). A new Nannomonas-type trypanosome: isolation, in vitro cultivation and partial characterization. Proceedings of the First International Congress of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine on Trends in the Management and Control of Tropical Diseases (ed. B. Sinniah), pp. 188–190.