Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-06T10:43:57.594Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Strategies for anti-coccidial prophylaxis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 February 2014

DAVID M. WITCOMBE
Affiliation:
Institute for the Biotechnology of Infectious Diseases, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
NICHOLAS C. SMITH*
Affiliation:
Queensland Tropical Health Alliance Research Laboratory, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns Campus, McGregor Road, Smithfield, QLD 4878, Australia
*
* Corresponding author: Queensland Tropical Health Alliance Research Laboratory, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns Campus, Building E4, McGregor Road, Smithfield, QLD 4878, Australia. E-mail: [email protected]

Summary

Coccidiosis, a serious disease resulting from infection with parasitic protozoa of the genus Eimeria, causes significant economic losses to the poultry industry, where intensive rearing facilitates transmission of infectious oocysts via the fecal/oral route. Current control relies primarily on prophylactic drugs in feed but, whilst cost effective, the rise of drug resistance and public demands for residue-free meat has encouraged development of alternative control strategies. Chickens that recover from infection with Eimeria develop solid immunity that is directed against the early asexual stages of the parasite life cycle. This has allowed development of a number of vaccines that utilize deliberate infection with controlled doses of virulent oocysts or reproductively attenuated lines of Eimeria. The latter are immunogenic but non-pathogenic. The realization that both prophylactic drugs and attenuated vaccines control but do not eradicate infection with Eimeria encouraged development of a vaccine based upon maternal immunity. Laying hens exposed to Eimeria are able to transfer protective antibodies to hatchlings via egg yolks and these antibodies have been used to identify parasite proteins that are conserved across the genus. When delivered maternally, these provide an economical means of preventing coccidiosis, offering immediate protection to newly hatched chicks.

Type
Special Issue Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Bedrnik, P., Hiepe, T., Mielke, D. and Drossigk, U. (1995). Antigens and immunisation procedures in the development of vaccines against poultry coccidiosis. In Biotechnology – Guidelines on Techniques in Coccidiosis Research (ed. Eckert, J., Braun, R., Shirley, M. W. and Coudert, P.), pp. 176189. European Commission, Luxembourg.Google Scholar
Belli, S. I., Mai, K., Skene, C., Gleeson, M. G., Witcombe, D. M., Katrib, M., Finger, A., Wallach, M. G. and Smith, N. C. (2004). Characterisation of the antigenic and immunogenic properties of bacterially expressed, sexual stage antigens of the coccidian parasite, Eimeria maxima . Vaccine 22, 43164325.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belli, S. I., Smith, N. C. and Ferguson, D. J. P. (2006). The coccidian oocyst: a tough nut to crack! Trends in Parasitology 22, 416423.Google Scholar
Blake, D. P. and Tomley, F. M. (2014). Securing poultry production from the ever-present Eimeria challenge. Trends in Parasitology 30, 1219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Box, P. (1985). Health care with maternally derived antibodies. Misset World Poultry October 1985, 1519.Google Scholar
Bumstead, N. and Millard, B. J. (1992). Variations in susceptibility of inbred lines of chickens to seven species of Eimeria . Parasitology 104, 407413.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chapman, H. D. (1993). Resistance to anticoccidial drugs in fowl. Parasitology Today 9, 159162.Google Scholar
Chapman, H. D. (1994). Sensitivity of field isolates of Eimeria to monensin following the use of a coccidiosis vaccine in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 73, 476478.Google Scholar
Chapman, H. D. (1997). Biochemical, genetic, and applied aspects of drug resistance in Eimeria parasites of the fowl. Avian Pathology 26, 221244.Google Scholar
Chapman, H. D. (1999). The development of immunity to Eimeria species in broilers given anticoccidial drugs. Avian Pathology 28, 155162.Google Scholar
Chapman, H. D. (2009). A landmark contribution to poultry science – prohylactic control of coccidiosis in poultry. Poultry Science 88, 813815.Google Scholar
Chapman, H. D., Jeffers, T. K. and Williams, R. B. (2010). Forty years of monensin for the control of coccidiosis in poultry. Poultry Science 89, 17881801.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chapman, H. D., Barta, J. R., Blake, D., Gruber, A., Jenkins, C., Smith, N. C., Suo, X. and Tomley, F. M. (2013). A selective review of advances in coccidiosis research. Advances in Parasitology 83, 93171.Google Scholar
Cornelissen, A. W. C. A. and Schetters, Th. P. M. (1996). Vaccines against protozoal diseases of veterinary importance. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 15, 6172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cowper, B., Matthews, S. and Tomley, F. (2012). Molecular basis for the distinct host and tissue tropisms of coccidian parasites. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 186, 110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Danforth, H. D. (1998). Use of live oocyst vaccines in the control of avian coccidiosis: experimental studies and field trials. International Journal for Parasitology 28, 10991109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, P. J. (1981). Immunity to coccidia. In Avian Immunology (ed. Rose, M. E., Payne, L. N. and Freeman, B. M.), pp. 361385. British Poultry Science Ltd, Andover, UK.Google Scholar
Ferguson, D. J. P., Belli, S. I., Smith, N. C. and Wallach, M. G. (2003). The development of the macrogamete and oocyst wall in Eimeria maxima: immuno-light and electron microscopy. International Journal for Parasitology 33, 13291340.Google Scholar
Fernando, M. A. (1990). Eimeria: infections of the intestine. In Coccidiosis of Man and Domestic Animals (ed. Long, P. L.), pp. 6375. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA.Google Scholar
Gilbert, J. M., Fuller, A. L., Scott, T. C. and McDougald, L. R. (1998). Biological effects of gamma-irradiation on laboratory and field isolates of Eimeria tenella (Protozoa; Coccidia). Parasitology Research 84, 437441.Google Scholar
Grumbles, L. C., Delaplane, J. P. and Higgins, T. C. (1948). Continuous feeding of low concentrations of sulfaquinoxaline for the control of coccidiosis in poultry. Poultry Science 27, 605608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hassan, J. O. and Curtiss, R. III (1996). Effect of vaccination of hens with an avirulent strain of Salmonella typhimurium on immunity of progeny challenged with wild-type Salmonella strains. Infection and Immunity 64, 938944.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hornok, S., Bitay, Z., Szell, Z. and Varga, I. (1998). Assessment of maternal immunity to Cryptosporidium baileyi in chickens. Veterinary Parasitology 79, 203212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hu, K., Johnson, J., Florens, L., Fraunholz, M., Suravajjaia, S., DiLullo, C., Yates, J., Roos, D. S. and Murray, J. M. (2006). Cytoskeletal components of an invasion machine – the apical complx of Toxoplasma gondii . PLoS Pathogens 2, e13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jang, S. I., Lillehoj, H. S., Lee, S. H., Lee, K. W., Park, M. S., Cha, S. R., Lillehoj, E. P., Subramanian, B. M., Sriraman, R. and Srinivasan, V. A. (2010). Eimeria maxima recombinant Gam82 gametocyte antigen vaccine protects against coccidiosis and augments humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Vaccine 28, 29802985.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jeffers, T. K. (1975). Attenuation of Eimeria tenella through selection for precociousness. Journal of Parasitology 61, 10831090.Google Scholar
Jenkins, M., Klopp, S., Ritter, D., Miska, K. and Fetterer, R. (2010). Comparison of Eimeria species distribution and salinomycin resistance in commercial broiler operations utilizing different coccidiosis control strategies. Avian Diseases 54, 10021006.Google Scholar
Jenkins, M. C., Augustine, P. C., Danforth, H. D. and Barta, J. R. (1991). X-irradiation of Eimeria tenella oocysts provides direct evidence that sporozoite invasion and early schizont development induce a protective immune response(s). Infection and Immunity 59, 40424048.Google Scholar
Johnson, W. T. (1927). Immunity or resistance of the chicken to coccidial infection. Oregon Agricultural College Experimental Station Bulletin 230, 131.Google Scholar
Johnson, W. T. (1932). Immunity to coccidiosis in chickens, produced by inoculation through the ration. Journal of Parasitology 19, 160161.Google Scholar
Kemp, L. E., Yamamoto, M. and Soldati-Favre, D. (2013). Subversion of host cellular functions by the apicomplexan parasites. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 37, 607631.Google Scholar
Kowalczyk, K., Daiss, J., Halpern, J. and Roth, T. F. (1985). Quantitation of maternal-fetal IgG transport in the chicken. Immunology 54, 755761.Google ScholarPubMed
Lee, E. H. (1993). Live coccidiosis vaccines and a field immune variant of Eimeria maxima: a case report. In Proceedings of the VIth International Coccidiosis Conference (ed. Barta, J. R. and Fernando, M. A.), pp. 118121. University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.Google Scholar
Loeken, M. R. and Roth, T. F. (1983). Analysis of maternal IgG subpopulations which are transported into the chicken oocyte. Immunology 49, 2128.Google ScholarPubMed
Long, P. L. and Rose, M. E. (1980). Prospects for the control of coccidiosis by immunization. In Vaccines Against Parasites (ed. Taylor, A. E. R. and Muller, R.), pp. 8596. Symposia of the British Society for Parasitology 18. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK.Google Scholar
Losch, U., Schranner, L., Wanke, R. and Jurgens, L. (1986). The chicken egg, an antibody source. Journal of Veterinary Medicine 33, 609619.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marquardt, W. C., Demaree, R. S. and Grieve, R. B. (2000). Parasitology and Vector Biology, 2nd Edn, pp. 145164. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA.Google Scholar
Martin, A. G., Danforth, H. D., Barta, J. R. and Fernando, M. A. (1997). Analysis of immunological cross-protection and sensitivities to anticoccidial drugs among five geographical and temporal strains of Eimeria maxima . International Journal for Parasitology 27, 527533.Google Scholar
McDonald, V. and Shirley, M. W. (2009). Past and future: vaccination against Eimeria . Parasitology 136, 14771489.Google Scholar
Mercier, C., Adjogble, K. D. Z., Daubner, W. and Delauw, M.-F.-C. (2005). Dense granules: are they key organelles to help understand the parasitophorous vacuole of all Apicomplexa parasites? International Journal for Parasitology 35, 829849.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peek, H. W. and Landman, W. J. (2006). Higher incidence of Eimeria spp. field isolates sensitive for diclazuril and monensin associated with the use of live coccidiosis vaccination with Paracox-5 in broiler farms. Avian Diseases 50, 434439.Google Scholar
Plattner, F. and Soldati-Favre, D. (2008). Hijacking of host cellular functions by the Apicomplexa. Annual Review of Microbiology 62, 471487.Google Scholar
Rose, M. E. (1971). Immunity to coccidiosis: protective effects of transferred serum in Eimeria maxima infections. Parasitology 62, 1125.Google Scholar
Rose, M. E. (1972). Immunity to coccidiosis: maternal transfer in Eimeria maxima infections. Parasitology 65, 273282.Google Scholar
Rose, M. E. (1987). Eimeria, Isospora, and Cryptosporidium . In Immunology, Immunopathology and Immunoprophylaxis of Parasitic Infections, Vol. III (ed. Soulsby, E. J. L.), pp. 275312. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA.Google Scholar
Rose, M. E. and Orlans, E. (1981). Immunoglobulins in the egg, embryo and young chick. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 5, 1520.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sangster, N., Batterham, P., Chapman, H. D., Duraisingh, M., Le Jambre, L., Shirley, M., Upcroft, J. and Upcroft, P. (2002). Resistance to antiparasitic drugs: the role of molecular diagnosis. International Journal for Parasitology 32, 637653.Google Scholar
Sharman, P. A., Smith, N. C., Wallack, M. G. and Katrib, M. (2010). Chasing the golden egg: vaccination against poultry coccidiosis. Parasite Immunology 32, 590598.Google Scholar
Shirley, M. W. (1993). Live vaccines for the control of coccidiosis. In Proceedings of the VIth International Coccidiosis Conference (ed. Barta, J. R. and Fernando, M. A.), pp. 4547. University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada.Google Scholar
Shirley, M. W. and Bedrnik, P. (1997). Live attenuated vaccines against avian coccidiosis: success with precocious and egg-adapted lines of Eimeria . Parasitology Today 13, 481484.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shirley, M. W. and Long, P. L. (1990). Control of coccidiosis in chickens. In Coccidiosis of Man and Domestic Animals (ed. Long, P. L.), pp. 321341. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA.Google Scholar
Smith, N. C., Wallach, M., Miller, C. M. D., Braun, R. and Eckert, J. (1994 a). Maternal transmission of immunity to Eimeria maxima: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis of protective antibodies induced by infection. Infection and Immunity 62, 13481357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, N. C., Wallach, M., Miller, C. M. D., Morgenstern, R., Braun, R. and Eckert, J. (1994 b). Maternal transmission of immunity to Eimeria maxima: western blot analysis of protective antibodies induced by infection. Infection and Immunity 62, 48114817.Google Scholar
Smith, N. C., Wallach, M., Petracca, M., Braun, R. and Eckert, J. (1994 c). Maternal transfer of antibodies induced by infection with Eimeria maxima partially protects chickens against infection with Eimeria tenella . Parasitology 109, 551557.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sokolic, A., Movsesijan, M., Tanielian, Z. and Abu Ali, N. (1976). Irradiated Eimeria brunetti, E. necatrix and E. tenella in the simultaneous immunization of chickens. British Veterinary Journal 132, 416422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephan, B., Rommel, M., Daugschies, A. and Haberkorn, A. (1997). Studies of resistance to anticoccidials in Eimeria field isolates and pure Eimeria strains. Veterinary Parasitology 69, 1929.Google Scholar
Stone, H. D., Brugh, M. and Xie, Z. (1992). Simulation of maternal immunity by inoculation of immune yolk preparations into the yolk sac of 1-day-old chickens. Avian Diseases 36, 10481051.Google Scholar
Tomley, F. M., Billington, K. J., Bumstead, J. M., Clark, J. D. and Monaghan, P. (2001). EtMIC4: a microneme protein from Eimeria tenella that contains tandem arrays of epidermal growth factor-like repeats and thrombospondin type-1 repeats. International Journal for Parasitology 31, 13031310.Google Scholar
Tyzzer, E. E. (1929). Coccidiosis in gallinaceous birds. American Journal of Hygiene 10, 269383.Google Scholar
Tyzzer, E. E., Theiler, H. and Jones, E. E. (1932). A comparative study of species of Eimeria of the chicken. American Journal of Hygiene 15, 319393.Google Scholar
Vermeulen, A., Schaap, D. C. and Schetters, T. P. M. (2001). Control of coccidiosis in chickens by vaccination. Veterinary Parasitology 100 (1–2 Special Issue SI), 1320.Google Scholar
Walker, R. A., Ferguson, D. J. P., Miller, C. M. and Smith, N. C. (2013). Sex and Eimeria: a molecular perspective. Parasitology 140, 17011717.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wallach, M. (1997). The importance of transmission-blocking immunity in the control of infections by apicomplexan parasites. International Journal for Parasitology 27, 11591167.Google Scholar
Wallach, M. (2002). The development of a novel coccidiosis vaccine against coccidiosis. World Poultry 18, 24.Google Scholar
Wallach, M., Pillemer, G., Yarus, S., Halabi, A., Pugatsh, T. and Mencher, D. (1990). Passive immunization of chickens against Eimeria maxima infection with a monoclonal antibody developed against a gametocyte antigen. Infection and Immunity 58, 557562.Google Scholar
Wallach, M., Halabi, A., Pillemer, G., Sar-Shalom, O., Mencher, D., Gilad, M., Bendheim, U., Danforth, H. D. and Augustine, P. C. (1992). Maternal immunization with gametocyte antigens as a means of providing protective immunity against Eimeria maxima in chickens. Infection and Immunity 60, 20362039.Google Scholar
Wallach, M., Smith, N. C., Petracca, M., Miller, C. M. D., Eckert, J. and Braun, R. (1995 a). Eimeria maxima gametocyte antigens: potential use as in a subunit maternal vaccine against coccidiosis in chickens. Vaccine 13, 347354.Google Scholar
Wallach, M., Smith, N. C., Braun, R. and Eckert, J. (1995 b). Potential control of chicken coccidiosis by maternal immunization. Parasitology Today 11, 262265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallach, M. G., Mencher, D., Yarus, S., Pillemer, G., Halabi, A. and Pugatsh, T. (1989). Eimeria maxima: identification of gametocyte protein antigens. Experimental Parasitology 68, 4956.Google Scholar
Wallach, M. G., Ashash, U., Michael, A. and Smith, N. C. (2008). Field application of a subunit vaccine against an enteric protozoan disease. PloS ONE 3, e3948.Google Scholar
Wang, C. C. (1976). Inhibition of the respiration of Eimeria tenella by quinolone coccidiostats. Biochemical Pharmacology 25, 343349.Google Scholar
Williams, R. B. (2002). Fifty years of anticoccidial vaccines for poultry (1952–2002). Avian Diseases 46, 775802.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Witcombe, D. M. (2002). EmTFP250: a novel member of the TRAP protein family in the apicomplexan parasite Eimeria maxima. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Technology, Sydney Library (Call No. 571.96WITC), Sydney, Australia.Google Scholar
Witcombe, D. M., Belli, S. I., Wallach, M. G. and Smith, N. C. (2003). EmTFP250: a novel member of the TRAP protein family implicated in maternal immunity to Eimeria maxima . International Journal for Parasitology 33, 691702.Google Scholar
Witcombe, D. M., Ferguson, D. J. P., Wallach, M. G. and Smith, N. C. (2004). Eimeria maxima TRAP Family Protein EmTFP250: subcellular localisation and induction of immune responses by immunisation with a recombinant C-terminal derivative. International Journal for Parasitology 34, 861872.Google Scholar
Xu, J., Zhang, Y. and Tao, J. (2013). Efficacy of a DNA vaccine carrying Eimeria maxima Gam56 antigen gene against coccidiosis in chickens. Korean Journal of Parasitology 51, 147154.Google Scholar