Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T12:19:37.576Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Nitric oxide radicals in leucocytes and vaginal washes of Trichomonas vaginalis-infected symptomatic and asymptomatic women

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 November 2005

M. YADAV ,
M. L. DUBEY ,
I. GUPTA  and
N. MALLA
M. YADAV
Affiliation:
Department of Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
M. L. DUBEY
Affiliation:
Department of Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
I. GUPTA
Affiliation:
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
N. MALLA
Affiliation:
Department of Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The clinical spectrum of Trichomonas vaginalis infection varies from asymptomatic to mild, moderate or severe vaginitis. Nitric oxide and other reactive nitrogen radicals produced by immune effector cells are important cytotoxic and cytostatic mediators against several microorganisms including parasites. In the present study, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI) were determined in leucocyte cultures (stimulated with T. vaginalis in vitro) and vaginal washes (VWs) of 22 symptomatic and 20 asymptomatic T. vaginalis-infected and 20 healthy women by immunoblotting and Griess method respectively. The iNOS protein was detected in leucocytes and VWs of all the symptomatic and asymptomatic women, but was not detected in any of the samples from healthy women. Mean iNOS protein band intensity was significantly higher in leucocytes as compared to VWs (P<0·001) of both symptomatic and asymptomatic women and was also higher in leucocytes of asymptomatic as compared to symptomatic women (P<0·05). Mean RNI concentration was also significantly higher in leucocytes (P<0·01) and VWs (P<0·05) of asymptomatic as compared to symptomatic women, and was also higher in samples of infected as compared to healthy women (P<0·001). These results suggest that reactive nitrogen radicals may have a role in limiting T. vaginalis infection in asymptomatic women.

Keywords

inducible nitric oxide synthasereactive nitrogen intermediatesTrichomonas vaginalistrichomoniasis
Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 132 , Issue 3 , March 2006 , pp. 339 - 343
Copyright
© 2005 Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Adams, L. B., Hibbs, J. B., Taintor, R. R. and Krahenbuhl, J. L. ( 1990). Microbiostatic effect of murine-activated macrophages for Toxoplasma gondii, Role for synthesis of inorganic nitrogen oxides from L-arginine. Journal of Immunology 144, 2725–2729.Google Scholar
Alderete, J. F., Demes, P., Gombosova, A., Valent, M., Fabusova, M., Janoska, A., Stefanovic, J. and Arroyo, R. ( 1988). Specific parasitism of purified vaginal epithelial cells by Trichomonas vaginalis. Infection and Immunity 56, 2558–2562.Google Scholar
Cunha, F. Q., Assreuy, J., Xu, D., Charles, I., Liew, F. Y. and Moncada, S. ( 1993). Repeated induction of nitric oxide synthase and leishmanicidal activity in murine macrophages. European Journal of Immunology 23, 1385–1388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diamond, L. S. ( 1970). Serum requirements of axenically cultivated E. histolytica. Journal of Parasitology 56, 79–81.Google Scholar
Fouts, A. C. and Kraus, S. J. ( 1993). Trichomonas vaginalis: re evaluation of its clinical presentation and laboratory diagnosis. Journal of Infectious Disease 141, 137–143.Google Scholar
Green, S. J., Meltzer, M. S., Hibbs, J. B. and Nacy, C. A. ( 1990). Activated macrophages destroy intracellular Leishmania major amastigotes by an L-arginine-dependent killing mechanism. Journal of Immunology 144, 278–283.Google Scholar
Guo, Y., Jones, W. K., Xuan, Y. T., Tang, X. L., Bao, W., Wu, W. J., Han, H., Laubach, V. E., Ping, P., Yang, Z., Qiu, Y. and Bolli, R. ( 1999). The late phase of ischemic preconditioning is abrogated by targeted disruption of the inducible NO synthase gene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 96, 11507–11512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hibbs, J. B. Jr., Taintor, R. R. and Vavrin, Z. ( 1987). Macrophage cytotoxicity: role for L-arginine deiminase & imino nitrogen oxidation to nitrite. Science 235, 473–476.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kent, H. L. ( 1991). Epidemiology of vaginitis. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 165, 1168–1176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laga, M., Manoka, A. T., Kivuvu, M., Malele, B., Tuliza, M., Nzola, N., Goeman, J., Behets, E., Batter, V., Alary, M., Heyward, W. L., Ryder, R. W. and Piot, P. ( 1993). Non-ulcerative sexually transmitted diseases as risk factors for HIV-1 transmission in women: results from a cohort study. AlDS 7, 95–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leijh, P. C. J., Furth, R. V. and Van Zwet, T. L. ( 1986). In vitro determination of phagocytosis and intracellular killing by polymorphonuclear and mononuclear phagocytes. In: Handbook of Experimental Immunology, Vol. 2, 4th Edn (ed. Weir, D. M., Herzenberg, L. A. and Blackwell, C.), pp. 46.6–46.15. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK.
Lloyd, D., Williams, A. S. and James, C. J. ( 2002). Nitrite inhibits hydrogen production and kills the cattle parasite Tritrichomonas foetus. Journal of Applied Microbiology 93, 492–496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malla, N., Wattal, C., Khan, I., Kaul, R. and Raina, V. ( 1989). Study of trichomoniasis in Kashmir (North India). Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology 7, 121–126.Google Scholar
Malla, N., Valadkhani, Z., Harjai, K., Sharma, S. and Gupta, I. ( 2004). Reactive nitrogen intermediates in experimental trichomoniasis induced with isolates from symptomatic and asymptomatic women. Parasitology Research 94, 101–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minkoff, H. A., Gruenebaum, N., Schwarz, R. H., Feldman, J., Cummings, M., Crombleholme, W., Clark, L., Pringle, G. and McCormack, W. M. ( 1984). Risk factors for prematurity and premature rupture of membranes: a prospective study of the vaginal flora in pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 150, 965–972.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miralles, C., Busquets, X., Santos, C., Togores, B., Hussain, S., Rahman, I., Mac Nee, W. and Agusti, A. G. N. ( 2000). Regulation of i-NOS expression and glutathione levels in rat liver by oxygen tension. FEBS Letters 476, 253–257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moshage, H. ( 1997). Nitric oxide determinations; much a do about NO* – thing? Clinical Chemistry 43, 553–557.Google Scholar
Paintlia, M. K., Kaur, S., Gupta, I., Ganguly, N. K., Mahajan, R. C. and Malla, N. ( 2002). Specific IgA response, T-cell subtype and cytokine profile in experimental intravaginal trichomoniasis. Parasitology Research 88, 338–343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Portugal, L. R., Fernandes, L. R., Cesar, G. C., Santiago, H. C., Oliveira, D. R., Silva, N. M., Silva, A. A., Lannes-vieira, J., Arantes, R. M., Gazzinelli, R. T. and Alvarez-leite, J. I. ( 2004). Infection with Toxoplasma gondii increases atherosclerotic lesion in ApoE-deficient mice. Infection and Immunity 72, 3571–3676.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rockett, K. A., Awburn, M. M., Rockett, E. J., Cowden, W. B. and Clark, I. A. ( 1994). Possible role of nitric oxide in malarial immunosuppression. Parasite lmmunology 16, 243–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryu, J. S., Kang, J. H., Jung, S. Y., Shin, M. H., Kim, J. M., Park, H. and Min, D. Y. ( 2004). Production of Interleukin-8 by human neutrophils stimulated with T. vaginalis. Infection and Immunity 72, 1326–1332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seydel, K. B., Smith, S. J. and Stanley, S. L. ( 2000). Innate Immunity to amebic liver abscess is dependent on gamma interferon and nitric oxide in a murine model of disease. Infection and Immunity 68, 400–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sessa, W. C. ( 1994). The nitric oxide synthase family of proteins. Journal of Vascular Research 31, 131–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharma, P., Malla, N., Gupta, I., Ganguly, N. K. and Mahajan, R. C. ( 1988). Prevalence of trichomoniasis is symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects using different contraceptive devices. Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology 6, 315–322.Google Scholar
Sharma, P., Malla, N., Gupta, I., Ganguly, N. K. and Mahajan, R. C. ( 1991). Comparison of wet mount, culture and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of trichomoniasis in women. Tropical and Geographical Medicine 43, 257–260.Google Scholar
Soper, D. E., Bump, R. C. and Hurt, W. G. ( 1990). Bacterial vaginosis and Trichomoniasis vaginitis are risk factors for cuff cellulitis after abdominal hysterectomy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 163, 1016–1023.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vishwanath, S., Talwar, V., Prasad, R., Coyaji, K., Elias, C. J. and De Zoysa, I. ( 2000). Syndromic management of vaginal discharge among women in reproductive health clinic in India. Sexually Transmitted Infections 76, 303–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar