Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T21:07:59.172Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Establishing mono-eukaryotic Histomonas meleagridis cultures from in vivo infection contaminated with Tetratrichomonas gallinarum and Blastocystis spp.

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 June 2013

ANH DAO NGUYEN PHAM ,
JAN MAST ,
JEROEN KOEN DE GUSSEM ,
LARRY R. MCDOUGALD  and
BRUNO MARIA GODDEERIS
ANH DAO NGUYEN PHAM*
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Immunology and Genetics, KULeuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
JAN MAST
Affiliation:
Electron Microscopy Unit, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, CODA-CERVA, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Ukkel, Belgium
JEROEN KOEN DE GUSSEM
Affiliation:
Poulpharm, Ninovestraat 7, 9420 Erpe-Mere, Belgium
LARRY R. MCDOUGALD
Affiliation:
Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
BRUNO MARIA GODDEERIS
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Immunology and Genetics, KULeuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
*
*Corresponding author: Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Immunology and Genetics, KULeuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

The necessity to easily establish Histomonas meleagridis cultures has been underlined extensively by many researchers in order to gain more insights in the biology of H. meleagridis. In addition the occurrence of different protozoa in the caeca of birds impedes, however, the isolation and propagation of H. meleagridis from field outbreaks. Therefore, in a kinetic study using transmission electron microscopy the deleterious effects of adventitious protozoa including Tetratrichomonas gallinarum and Blastocystis spp. on cultured H. meleagridis were examined. To overcome this issue, an easy and successful approach to establish the mono-eukaryotic H. meleagridis culture free of other host's protozoa is proposed. At 10 days post infection, liver lesions of H. meleagridis-infected birds were isolated and inoculated into culture media pre-incubated with caecal bacteria. After 48 h of incubation, presence of H. meleagridis in the cultures was confirmed through morphological evaluation. Additionally, TEM examination and analysis by PCR amplification of the small subunit rRNA gene could exclude the co-cultivation of T. gallinarum and Blastocystis spp. Furthermore, after successful propagation and maintenance of the cultured H. meleagridis, its pathogenicity was affirmed in an infection experiment in turkeys.

Keywords

Histomonas meleagridisTetratrichomonas gallinarumBlastocystis spp.liverculturepathogenicitypoultryblackhead diseasehistomonosis
Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 140 , Issue 10 , September 2013 , pp. 1266 - 1274
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen, E. A. A. (1936). Pentatrichomonas associated with certain cases of enterohepatitis or ‘blackhead’ of poultry. Transactions of the American Microscopic Society 55, 315–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amin, A., Neubauer, C., Liebhart, D., Grabensteiner, E. and Hess, M. (2010). Axenization and optimization of in vitro growth of clonal cultures of Tetratrichomonas gallinarum and Trichomonas gallinae. Experimental Parasitology 124, 202–208. doi:S0014-4894(09)00269-0 [pii]10.1016/j.exppara.2009.09.014.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anonymous (1995). Commission Regulation (EC) No 1798/95 of July 25, amending Annex IV to Council Regulation (EEC) No 2377/90 laying down a Community procedure for the establishment of maximum residue limits of veterinary medicinal products in foodstuffs of animal origin. O.J. L174:20–1.Google Scholar
Anonymous (2001). Commission Regulation (EC) No 2205/2001 of November 14, amending Council Directive 70/524/EEC concerning additives in feedingstuffs as regards withdrawal of the authorisation of certain additives. O.J. L297:3–4.Google Scholar
Anonymous (2002). Council Regulation (EC) No 1756/2002 of September 23, amending Directive 70/524/EEC concerning additives in feedingstuffs as regards withdrawal of the authorisation of an additive and amending Commission Regulation (EC) No 2430/1999. O.J. L265:1–2.Google Scholar
Bayon, H. P. and Bishop, A. (1937). Cultivation of Histomonas meleagridis from the liver lesions of a hen. Nature 139, 370–371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bishop, A. (1938). Histomonas meleagridis in domestic fowls (Gallus gallus). Cultivation and experimental infection. Parasitology 30, 181–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bleyen, N., De Gussem, K., De Gussem, J. and Goddeeris, B. M. (2007). Specific detection of Histomonas meleagridis in turkeys by a PCR assay with an internal amplification control. Veterinary Parasitology 143, 206–213. doi: S0304-4017(06)00516-4 [pii]10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.09.002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Callait-Cardinal, M. P., Leroux, S., Venereau, E., Chauve, C. M., Le Pottier, G. and Zenner, L. (2007). Incidence of histomonosis in turkeys in France since the bans of dimetridazole and nifursol. Veterinary Record 161, 581–585. doi: 161/17/581 [pii].CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Delappe, I. P. (1952). Studies on Histomonas meleagridis. I. Use of antibiotics to facilitate in vitro isolation. Experimental Parasitology 2, 79–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delappe, I. P. (1953). Studies on Histomonas meleagridis. II. Influence of age of original inoculum and pH on growth in various media. Experimental Parasitology 2, 117–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delappe, I. P. (1957). Effect of inoculating the chicken and the turkey with a strain of Trichomonas gallinarum. Experimental Parasitology 6, 412–417. doi: 0014-4894(57)90031-0 [pii].CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Delappe, I. P. and Pierce, I. (1953). Studies on Histomonas meleagridis. III. The influence of anaerobic versus aerobic environments on the growth of the organism in vitro. Experimental Parasitology 2, 209–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeVolt, H. M. (1943). A new medium for the cultivation of Histomonas meleagridis. Journal of Parasitology 9, 353–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drbohlav, J. J. (1924). The cultivation of the protozoon of blackhead. Journal of Medical Research 44, 677–678.Google Scholar
Dwyer, D. (1970). An improved method for cultivating Histomonas meleagridis. Journal of Parasitology 56, 191–192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goedbloed, E. and Bool, P. H. (1962). The protozoon etiology of blackhead. Avian Diseases 6, 302–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grabensteiner, E. and Hess, M. (2006). PCR for the identification and differentiation of Histomonas meleagridis, Tetratrichomonas gallinarum and Blastocystis spp. Veterinary Parasitology 142, 223–230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrison, A. P. Jr., Hansen, P. A., DeVolt, H. M., Holst, A. P. and Tromba, F. G. (1954). Studies on the pathogenesis of infectious enterohepatitis (blackhead) of turkeys. Poultry Science 33, 84–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hauck, R., Armstrong, P. and McDougald, L. (2010 a). Histomonas meleagridis (Protozoa, Trichomonadidae): analysis of growth requirements in vitro. Journal of Parasitology 96, 1–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hauck, R., Balczulat, S. and Hafez, H. M. (2010 b). Detection of DNA of Histomonas meleagridis and Tetratrichomonas gallinarum in German poultry flocks between 2004 and 2008. Avian Diseases 54, 1021–1025.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hess, M., Grabensteiner, E. and Liebhart, D. (2006 a). Rapid transmission of the protozoan parasite Histomonas meleagridis in turkeys and specific pathogen free chickens following cloacal infection with a mono-eukaryotic culture. Avian Pathology 35, 280–285. doi: KQ80162X6814U4GG [pii]10.1080/03079450600815507.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hess, M., Kolbe, T., Grabensteiner, E. and Prosl, H. (2006 b). Clonal cultures of Histomonas meleagridis, Tetratrichomonas gallinarum and a Blastocystis sp. established through micromanipulation. Parasitology 133, 547–554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kemp, R. L. and Reid, W. M. (1966 a). Staining techniques for differential diagnosis of histomoniasis and mycosis in domestic poultry. Avian Diseases 10, 357–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kemp, R. L. and Reid, W. M. (1966 b). Studies on the etiology of blackhead disease: the roles of Histomonas meleagridis and Candida albicans in the United States. Poultry Science 45, 1296–1302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, D., Long, P., Millard, B. and Bradley, J. (1969). The fine structure and method of feeding of the tissue parasitizing stages of Histomonas meleagridis. Parasitology 59, 171–184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lesser, E. (1961). In vitro cultivation of Histomonas meleagridis free of demonstrable bacteria. Journal of Protozoology 8, 228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mast, J., Nanbru, C., van den Berg, T. and Meulemans, G. (2005). Ultrastructural changes of the tracheal epithelium after vaccination of day-old chickens with the La Sota strain of Newcastle disease virus. Veterinary Pathology 42, 559–565. doi: 42/5/559 [pii]10.1354/vp.42-5-559.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDougald, L. (2005). Blackhead disease (histomoniasis) in poultry: a critical review. Avian Diseases 49, 462–476.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDougald, L. and Galloway, R. (1973). Blackhead disease: in vitro isolation of Histomonas meleagridis as a potentially useful diagnostic aid. Avian Diseases 17, 847–850.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDougald, L. R. and Hu, J. (2001). Blackhead disease (Histomonas meleagridis) aggravated in broiler chickens by concurrent infection with cecal coccidiosis (Eimeria tenella). Avian Diseases 45, 307–312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mielewczik, M., Mehlhorn, H., Al-Quraishy, S., Grabensteiner, E. and Hess, M. (2008). Transmission electron microscopic studies of stages of Histomonas meleagridis from clonal cultures. Parasitology Research 103, 745–750. doi: 10.1007/s00436-008-1009-1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Munsch, M., Lotfi, A., Hafez, H., Al-Quraishy, S. and Mehlhorn, H. (2009). Light and transmission electron microscopic studies on trophozoites and cyst-like stages of Histomonas meleagridis from cultures. Parasitology Research 104, 683–689.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruff, M., McDougald, L. and Hansen, M. (1970). Isolation of Histomonas meleagridis from embryonated eggs of Heterakis gallinarum. Journal of Protozoology 17, 10–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rybicka, K., Honigberg, B. M. and Holt, S. C. (1972). Fine structure of the mastigont system in culture forms of Histomonas meleagridis (Smith). Protistologica 8, 107–120.Google Scholar
Schuster, F. L. (1968). Ultrastructure of Histomonas meleagridis (Smith) Tyzzer, a parasitic amebo-flagellate. Journal of Parasitology 54, 725–737.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, T. (1895). An infectious disease among turkeys caused by protozoa (infectious entero-hepatitis). Bulletin of the United States Department of Agriculture 8, 7–38.Google Scholar
Stensvold, C. R., Lewis, H. C., Hammerum, A. M., Porsbo, L. J., Nielsen, S. S., Olsen, K. E., Arendrup, M. C., Nielsen, H. V. and Mølbak, K. (2009). Blastocystis: unravelling potential risk factors and clinical significance of a common but neglected parasite. Epidemiology and Infection 137, 1655–1663. doi: S0950268809002672 [pii]10.1017/S0950268809002672.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tyzzer, E. E. (1920). The flagellate character and reclassification of the parasite producing ‘blackhead’ in turkeys – Histomonas (gen. nov.) meleagridis (Smith). Journal of Parasitology 6, 124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tyzzer, E. E. (1934). Studies on histomoniasis, or ‘blackhead’ infection in the chicken and the turkey. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 69, 189–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van der Heijden, H., McDougald, L. and Landman, W. (2005). High yield of parasites and prolonged in vitro culture of Histomonas meleagridis. Avian Pathology 34, 505–508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed