Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T03:46:37.649Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Epidemiologic significance of Toxoplasma gondii infections in turkeys, ducks, ratites and other wild birds: 2009–2020

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 October 2020

J. P. Dubey Open the ORCID record for J. P. Dubey [Opens in a new window] ,
F. H. A. Murata ,
C. K. Cerqueira-Cézar ,
O. C. H. Kwok  and
C. Su
J. P. Dubey*
Affiliation:
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD20705-2350, USA
F. H. A. Murata
Affiliation:
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD20705-2350, USA
C. K. Cerqueira-Cézar
Affiliation:
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD20705-2350, USA
O. C. H. Kwok
Affiliation:
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD20705-2350, USA
C. Su
Affiliation:
Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN37996-0845, USA
*
Author for correspondence: J. P. Dubey, E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Toxoplasma gondii infections are common in humans and animals worldwide. Wild and domestic avian species are important in the epidemiology of T. gondii infections because felids prey on them and excrete millions of oocysts in the environment, disseminating the infection. Herbivorous birds are also excellent sentinels of environmental contamination with T. gondii oocysts because they feed on the ground. Toxoplasma gondii infections in birds of prey reflect infections in intermediate hosts. Humans can become infected by consuming undercooked avian tissues. Here, the authors reviewed prevalence, persistence of infection, clinical disease, epidemiology and genetic diversity of T. gondii strains isolated from turkeys, geese, ducks, ratites and avian species (excluding chickens) worldwide 2009–2020. Genetic diversity of 102 T. gondii DNA samples isolated worldwide is discussed. The role of migratory birds in dissemination of T. gondii infection is discussed.

Keywords

Birdsclinical diseaseepidemiologygenotypeoocystprevalenceToxoplasma gondii
Type
Review Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 148 , Issue 1 , January 2021 , pp. 1 - 30
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abdoli, A, Dalimi, A, Soltanghoraee, H and Ghaffarifar, F (2016) Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii in house sparrow (Passer domesticus) by LAMP and PCR methods in Tehran, Iran. Journal of Parasitic Diseases 40, 1317–1321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abdoli, A, Arbabi, M, Pirestani, M, Mirzaghavami, M, Ghaffarifar, F, Dalimi, A and Sadraei, J (2018) Molecular assessment of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in hooded crows (Corvus cornix) in Tehran, Iran. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 57, 69–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
AbouLaila, M, El-Bahy, N, Hilali, M, Yokoyama, N and Igarashi, I (2011) Serodiagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii in ducks from Behere Governorate, Egypt. Journal of Protozoology Research 21, 45–49.Google Scholar
Acosta, ICL, Soares, RM, Mayorga, LFSP, Alves, BF, Soares, HS and Gennari, SM (2018) Occurrence of tissue cyst forming coccidia in Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) rescued on the coast of Brazil. PLoS ONE 13, e0209007.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Acosta, ICL, Souza-Filho, AF, Muñoz-Leal, S, Soares, HS, Heinemann, MB, Moreno, L, González-Acuña, D and Gennari, SM (2019) Evaluation of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii and Leptospira spp. in Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) on Magdalena Island, Chile. Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports 16, 100282.Google ScholarPubMed
Al-Adhami, BH, Simard, M, Hernández-Ortiz, A, Boireau, C and Gajadhar, AA (2016) Development and evaluation of a modified agglutination test for diagnosis of Toxoplasma infection using tachyzoites cultivated in cell culture. Food and Waterborne Parasitology 2, 15–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alkhaled, MJA, Yakoob, AY and Al-Hamadani, AHU (2012) An investigation of toxoplasmosis in free range chickens, industrial chickens and duck in mid Euphrates area of Iraq. Al-Qadisiya Journal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences 11, 17–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Almeida, AB, Krindges, MM, de Barros, LD, Garcia, JL, Camillo, G, Vogel, FSF, Araujo, DN, Stefani, LM and da Silva, AS (2013) Occurrence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in rheas (Rhea americana) and ostriches (Struthio camelus) from farms of different Brazilian regions. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 22, 437–439.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alvarado-Esquivel, C, Rajendran, C, Ferreira, LR, Kwok, OCH, Choudhary, S, Alvarado-Esquivel, D, Rodríguez-Peña, S, Villena, I and Dubey, JP (2011) Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in wild birds in Durango, Mexico. Journal of Parasitology 97, 809–812.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ammar, S, Purple, K and Gerhold, R (2020) Toxoplasma gondii prevalence in hunter-killed mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) and rock pigeons (Columba livia) from east Tennessee. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 56, 479–481.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amouei, A, Sharif, M, Hosseini, SA, Sarvi, S, Mizani, A, Salehi, S, Gholami, S, Jafar-Ramaji, T and Daryani, A (2018) Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic and migrating birds from Mazandaran province, Northern Iran. Avian Biology Research 11, 12–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrade, LHM, Lugarini, C, Oliveira, RAS, Silva, LTR, Marvulo, MFV, Garcia, JE, Dubey, JP and Silva, JCR (2016) Ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii em aves silvestres de três Unidades de Conservação Federais da Paraíba e da Bahia. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 36, 103–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
André, MR, De Santi, M, Luzzi, MC, de Oliveira, JP, Fernandes, SJ, Machado, RZ and Werther, K (2019) Serological evidence of exposure to Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in free-ranging Orinoco goose (Neochen jubata) in Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 28, 816–820.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Asgari, Q, Sarkari, B, Amerinia, M, Panahi, S, Mohammadpour, I and Sarvestani, AS (2013) Toxoplasma infection in farm animals: a seroepidemiological survey in Fars Province, south of Iran. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology 6, 269–272.Google Scholar
Aubert, D, Ajzenberg, D, Richomme, C, Gilot-Fromont, E, Terrier, ME, de Gevigney, C, Game, Y, Maillard, D, Gibert, P, Dardé, ML and Villena, I (2010) Molecular and biological characteristics of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from wildlife in France. Veterinary Parasitology 171, 346–349.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ayinmode, AB, Obebe, OO and Aiki-Raji, CO (2017) Detection of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in farmed turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo). Folia Veterinaria 61, 5–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bachand, N, Ravel, A, Leighton, P, Stephen, C, Ndao, M, Avard, E and Jenkins, E (2019) Serological and molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii in terrestrial and marine wildlife harvested for food in Nunavik, Canada. Parasites & Vectors 12, 155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bangoura, B, Zöller, B, Koethe, M, Ludewig, M, Pott, S, Fehlhaber, K, Straubinger, RK and Daugschies, A (2013) Experimental Toxoplasma gondii oocysts infections in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo). Veterinary Parasitology 196, 272–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bártová, E, Sedlák, K and Literák, I (2009) Serologic survey for toxoplasmosis in domestic birds from the Czech Republic. Avian Pathology 38, 317–320.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bártová, E, Lukášová, R, Vodička, R, Váhala, J, Pavlačík, L, Budíková, M and Sedlák, K (2018) Epizootological study on Toxoplasma gondii in zoo animals in the Czech Republic. Acta Tropica 187, 222–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butty, ET (2009) Diagnostic study of Toxoplasma gondii in Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) in some regions in Ninewah governorate. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences 23, 57–62.Google Scholar
Cabezón, O, García-Bocanegra, I, Molina-López, R, Marco, I, Blanco, JM, Höfle, U, Margalida, A, Bach-Raich, E, Darwich, L, Echeverría, I, Obón, E, Hernández, M, Lavín, S, Dubey, JP and Almería, S (2011) Seropositivity and risk factors associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection in wild birds from Spain. PLoS ONE 6, e29549.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cabezón, O, Cerdbà-Cuéllar, M, Morera, V, García-Bocanegra, I, González-Solís, J, Napp, S, Ribas, MP, Blanch-Lázaro, B, Fernández-Aguilar, X, Antilles, N, López-Soria, S, Lorca-Oró, C, Dubey, JP and Almería, S (2016) Toxoplasma gondii infection in seagull chicks is related to the comsumption of freshwater food resources. PLoS ONE 11, e0150249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cano-Terriza, D, Guerra, R, Lecollinet, S, Cerdà-Cuéllar, M, Cabezón, O, Almería, S and García-Bocanegra, I (2015) Epidemiological survey of zoonotic pathogens in feral pigeons (Columba livia var. domestica) and sympatric zoo species in Southern Spain. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 43, 22–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casagrande, RA, Pena, HFJ, Cabral, AD, Rolim, VM, de Oliveira, LGS, Boabaid, FM, Wouters, ATB, Wouters, F, Cruz, CEF and Driemeier, D (2015) Fatal systemic toxoplasmosis in valley quail (Callipepla californica). The International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 4, 264–267.Google Scholar
Cerqueira-Cézar, CK, da Silva, AF, Murata, FHA, Sadler, M, Abbas, IE, Kwok, OCH, Brown, JD, Casalena, MJ, Blake, MR, Su, C and Dubey, JP (2019) Isolation and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from tissues of wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) in Pennsylvania. Journal of Parasitology 105, 391–394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, JC, Tsai, YJ and Wu, YL (2015) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in wild birds in Taiwan. Research in Veterinary Science 102, 184–188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cong, W, Huang, SY, Zhou, DH, Xu, MJ, Wu, SM, Yan, C, Zhao, Q, Song, HQ and Zhu, XQ (2012) First report of Toxoplasma gondii infection in market-sold adult chickens, ducks and pigeons in northwest China. Parasites & Vectors 5, 110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cong, W, Huang, SY, Zhou, DH, Zhang, XX, Zhang, NZ, Zhao, Q and Zhu, XQ (2013) Prevalence and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in house sparrows (Passer domesticus) in Lanzhou, China. Korean Journal of Parasitology 51, 363–367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cong, W, Meng, QF, Song, HQ, Zhou, DH, Huang, SY, Qian, AD, Su, C and Zhu, XQ (2014) Seroprevalence and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in three species of pet birds in China. Parasites & Vectors 7, 152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cong, W, Chi, WB, Sun, WW, Shan, XF, Kang, YH, Meng, QF and Qian, AD (2017 a) First report of Toxoplasma gondii infection in common quails (Coturnix coturnix) intended for human consumption in three provinces of northeastern China. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 17, 351–353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cong, W, Ju, HL, Zhang, XX, Meng, QF, Ma, JG, Qian, AD and Zhu, XQ (2017 b) First genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii infection in common quails (Coturnix coturnix) intended for human consumption in China. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 49, 14–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Contente, APA, Domingues, PF and da Silva, RC (2009) Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in ostriches (Struthio camelus) from commercial breeding facilities in the states of São Paulo. Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science 46, 175–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, MK, Šlapeta, J, Donahoe, SL and Phalen, DN (2015) Toxoplasmosis in a pet peach-faced lovebird (Agapornis roseicollis). Korean Journal of Parasitology 53, 749–753.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costa, DGC, Marvulo, MFV, Silva, JSA, Santana, SC, Magalhães, FJR, Lima Filho, CDF, Ribeiro, VO, Alves, LC, Mota, RA, Dubey, JP and Silva, JCR (2012) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in domestic and wild animals from the Fernando de Noronha, Brazil. Journal of Parasitology 98, 679–680.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darwich, L, Cabezón, O, Echeverria, I, Pabón, M, Marco, I, Molina-López, R, Alarcia-Alejos, O, López-Gatius, F, Lavín, S and Almería, S (2012) Presence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum DNA in the brain of wild birds. Veterinary Parasitology 183, 377–381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
da Silva, RC and Langoni, H (2016) Risk factors and molecular typing of Toxoplasma gondii isolated from ostriches (Struthio camelus) from a Brazilian slaughterhouse. Veterinary Parasitology 225, 73–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Barros, LD, Taroda, A, Zulpo, DL, da Cunha, IAL, Sammi, AS, Cardim, ST, Miura, AC, Su, C, Machado, RZ, Vidotto, O and Garcia, JL (2014) Genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from eared doves (Zenaida auriculata) in Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 23, 443–448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deem, SL, Merkel, J, Ballweber, L, Vargas, FH, Cruz, MB and Parker, PG (2010) Exposure to Toxoplasma gondii in Galapagos penguins (Spheniscus mendiculus) and flightless cormorants (Phalacrocorax harrisi) in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 46, 1005–1011.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Godoi, FSL, Nishi, SM, Pena, HFJ and Gennari, SM (2010) Toxoplasma gondii: diagnosis of experimental and natural infection in pigeons (Columba livia) by serological, biological and molecular techniques. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 19, 238–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Lima, VY, Langoni, H, da Silva, AV, Pezerico, SB, de Castro, APB, da Silva, RC and Araújo, JP (2011) Chlamydophila psittaci and Toxoplasma gondii infection in pigeons (Columba livia) from São Paulo State, Brazil. Veterinary Parasitology 175, 9–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Sousa, E, Berchieri, AJ, Pinto, AA, Machado, RZ, de Carrasco, AO, Marciano, JA and Werther, K (2010) Prevalence of Salmonella spp. antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii, and Newcastle disease virus in feral pigeons (Columba livia) in the city of Jaboticabal, Brazil. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 41, 603–607.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubey, JP (2010) Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Humans, 2nd Edn. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, pp. 1–313.Google Scholar
Dubey, JP and Desmonts, G (1987) Serological responses of equids fed Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. Equine Veterinary Journal 19, 337–339.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubey, JP, Velmurugan, GV, Morales, JA, Arguedas, R and Su, C (2009) Isolation of Toxoplasma gondii from the keel-billed toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus) from Costa Rica. Journal of Parasitology 95, 467–468.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubey, JP, Felix, TA and Kwok, OCH (2010) Serological and parasitological prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in wild birds from Colorado. Journal of Parasitology 96, 937–939.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubey, JP, Passos, LMF, Rajendran, C, Ferreira, LR, Gennari, SM and Su, C (2011 a) Isolation of viable Toxoplasma gondii from feral guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) and domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) from Brazil. Journal of Parasitology 97, 842–845.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubey, JP, Velmurugan, GV, Rajendran, C, Yabsley, MJ, Thomas, NJ, Beckmen, KB, Sinnett, D, Ruid, D, Hart, J, Fair, PA, McFee, WE, Shearn-Bochsler, V, Kwok, OCH, Ferreira, LR, Choudhary, S, Faria, EB, Zhou, H, Felix, TA and Su, C (2011 b) Genetic characterisation of Toxoplasma gondii in wildlife from North America revealed widespread and high prevalence of the fourth clonal type. International Journal for Parasitology 41, 1139–1147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubey, JP, Choudhary, S, Kwok, OCH, Ferreira, LR, Oliveira, S, Verma, SK, Marks, DR, Pedersen, K, Mickley, RM, Randall, AR, Arsnoe, D and Su, C (2013) Isolation and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from mute swan (Cygnus olor) from the USA. Veterinary Parasitology 195, 42–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubey, JP, Pena, HFJ, Cerqueira-Cézar, CK, Murata, FHA, Kwok, OCH, Yang, YR, Gennari, SM and Su, C (2020) Epidemiologic significance of Toxoplasma gondii infections in chickens (Gallus domesticus): the past decade. Parasitology 147, 1263–1289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
El-Madawy, SR and Metawea, FY (2013) Serological assay and PCR for detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection in an ostrich farm at Ismailia Provine, Egypt. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science 2, 56–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elmore, SA, Huyvaert, KP, Bailey, LL, Milhous, J, Alisauskas, RT, Gajadhar, AA and Jenkins, EJ (2014) Toxoplasma gondii exposure in Arctic-nesting geese: a multi-state occupancy framework and comparison of serological assays. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 3, 147–153.Google ScholarPubMed
Elmore, SA, Samelius, G, Fernando, C, Alisauskas, RT and Jenkins, EJ (2015) Evidence for Toxoplasma gondii in migratory vs nonmigratory herbivores in a terrestrial Arctic ecosystem. Canadian Journal of Zoology 93, 671–675.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feng, Y, Lu, Y, Wang, Y, Zhang, L and Yang, Y (2017) Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in farm-reared ostriches (Struthio camelus) in China. BMC Veterinary Research 13, 301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferreira, LC, Casartelli-Alves, L, Figueiredo, FB, da Silva, RC, Langoni, H, das Neves, LB, Nicolau, JL, Amendoeira, MRR and Menezes, RC (2013) Ocorrência da infecção por Toxoplasma gondii Pela detecção de anticorpos em galinhas-d'angola criadas extensivamente no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Revista Brasileira de Ciência Veterinária 20, 140–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galal, L, Sarr, A, Cuny, T, Brouat, C, Coulibaly, F, Sembène, M, Diagne, M, Diallo, M, Sow, A, Hamidović, A, Plault, N, Dardé, ML, Ajzenberg, D and Mercier, A (2019) The introduction of new hosts with human trade shapes the extant distribution of Toxoplasma gondii lineages. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 13, e0007435.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gallo, SSM, Frazão-Teixeira, E, Ederli, NB and Oliveira, FCR (2019) Prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in ratites from Brazil. Journal of Parasitology 105, 733–737.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gamble, A, Ramos, R, Parra-Torres, Y, Mercier, A, Galal, L, Pearce-Duvet, J, Villena, I, Montalvo, T, González-Solís, J, Hammouda, A, Oro, D, Selmi, S and Boulinier, T (2019) Exposure of yellow-legged gulls to Toxoplasma gondii along the Western Mediterranean coasts: tales from a sentinel. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 8, 221–228.Google ScholarPubMed
Gazzonis, AL, Zanzani, SA, Santoro, A, Veronesi, F, Olivieri, E, Villa, L, Lubian, E, Lovati, S, Bottura, F, Epis, S and Manfredi, MT (2018) Toxoplasma gondii infection in raptors from Italy: seroepidemiology and risk factors analysis. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 60, 42–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gennari, SM, Ogrzewalska, M, Soares, HS, Saraiva, DG, Pinter, A, Labruna, MB and Dubey, JP (2014) Occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in birds from the Atlantic Forest, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Veterinary Parasitology 200, 193–197.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gennari, SM, Niemeyer, C, Catão-Dias, JL, Soares, HS, Acosta, ICL, Dias, RA, Ribeiro, JD, Lassalvia, C, Maracini, P, Kolesnikovas, CKM, Mayorga, LFSP and Dubey, JP (2016 a) Survey of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus Forster, 1781). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 47, 364–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gennari, SM, Niemeyer, C, Soares, HS, Musso, CM, Siqueira, GCC, Catão-Dias, JL, Dias, RA and Dubey, JP (2016 b) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in seabirds from Abrolhos Archipelago, Brazil. Veterinary Parasitology 226, 50–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gennari, SM, Raso, TF, Guida, FJV, Pena, HFJ, Soares, HS and Dubey, JP (2017) Occurrence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in scavenging black vultures (Coragyps atratus) in Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science 54, 197–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerhold, RW, Saraf, P, Chapman, A, Zou, X, Hickling, G, Stiver, WH, Houston, A, Souza, M and Su, C (2017) Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence and genotype diversity in select wildlife species from the southeastern United States. Parasites & Vectors 10, 508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gonçalves, GAM, de Almeida, SM, Camossi, LG, Langoni, H and Andreatti Filho, RL (2013) Avaliação sorológica de Parainfluenzavirus Tipo 1, Salmonella spp., Mycoplasma spp. e Toxoplasma gondii Em aves silvestres. Ciência Animal Brasileira 14, 473–480.Google Scholar
Gondim, LSQ, Abe-Sandes, K, Uzêda, RS, Silva, MSA, Santos, SL, Mota, RA, Vilela, SMO and Gondim, LFP (2010) Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in sparrows (Passer domesticus) in the Northeast of Brazil. Veterinary Parasitology 168, 121–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harfoush, M and Tahoon, AE (2010) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in domestic ducks, free-range chickens, turkeys and rabbits in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate Egypt. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 40, 295–302.Google ScholarPubMed
Hotop, A, Buschtöns, S, Bangoura, B, Zöller, B, Koethe, M, Spekker-Bosker, K, Hotop, SK, Tenter, AM, Däubener, W, Straubinger, RK and Groß, U (2014) Humoral immune responses in chickens and turkeys after infection with Toxoplasma gondii by using recombinant antigens. Parasitology Research 113, 1473–1480.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howe, L, Hunter, S, Burrows, E and Roe, W (2014) Four cases of fatal toxoplasmosis in three species of endemic New Zealand birds. Avian Diseases 58, 171–175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huang, SY, Cong, W, Zhou, P, Zhou, DH, Wu, SM, Xu, MJ, Zou, FC, Song, HQ and Zhu, XQ (2012) First report of genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from wild birds in China. Journal of Parasitology 98, 681–682.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huang, SY, Fan, YM, Chen, K, Yao, QX and Yang, B (2019) Seroprevalence and risk assessment of Toxoplasma gondii in Java sparrows (Lonchura oryzivora) in China. BMC Veterinary Research 15, 129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ibrahim, HM, Osman, GY, Mohamed, AH, Al-Selwi, AGM, Nishikawa, Y and Abdel-Ghaffar, F (2018) Toxoplasma gondii: prevalence of natural infection in pigeons and ducks from middle and upper Egypt using serological, histopathological, and immunohistochemical diagnostic methods. Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports 13, 45–49.Google ScholarPubMed
Iemmi, T, Vismarra, A, Mangia, C, Zanin, R, Genchi, M, Lanfranchi, P, Kramer, LH, Formenti, N and Ferrari, N (2020) Toxoplasma gondii in the Eurasian kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) in northern Italy. Parasites & Vectors 13, 262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, KH, Wilson, FD, Fitzgerald, SD and Kiupel, M (2012) A natural outbreak of clinical toxoplasmosis in a backyard flock of guinea fowl in Mississippi. Avian Diseases 56, 750–753.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karakavuk, M, Aldemir, D, Mercier, A, Atalay Sahar, E, Can, H, Murat, JB, Döndüren, Ö, Can, S, Özdemir, HG, Degirmenci Döskaya, A, Pektas, B, Dardé, ML, Gürüz, AY and Döskaya, M (2018) Prevalence of toxoplasmosis and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii strains isolated in wild birds of prey and their relation with previously isolated strains from Turkey. PLoS ONE 13, e0196159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karatepe, M, Kiliç, S, Karatepe, B and Babür, C (2011) Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in domestic (Columba livia domestica) and wild (Columba livia livia) pigeons in Niğde region. Turkey. Turkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi 35, 23–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khademvatan, S, Saki, J, Yousefi, E and Abdizadeh, R (2013) Detection and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii strains isolated from birds in the southwest of Iran. British Poultry Science 54, 76–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kiliç, S, Karatepe, M, Babür, C and Karatepe, B (2017) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) in Niğde Province, Turkey. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 10, 129–133, (in Turkish).Google Scholar
Koethe, M, Pott, S, Ludewig, M, Bangoura, B, Zöller, B, Daugschies, A, Tenter, AM, Spekker, K, Bittame, A, Mercier, C, Fehlhaber, K and Straubinger, RK (2011) Prevalence of specific IgG-antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in domestic turkeys determined by kinetic ELISA based on recombinant GRA7 and GRA8. Veterinary Parasitology 180, 179–190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koethe, M, Straubinger, RK, Pott, S, Bangoura, B, Geuthner, AC, Daugschies, A and Ludewig, M (2015) Quantitative detection of Toxoplasma gondii in tissues of experimentally infected turkeys and in retail Turkey products by magnetic-capture PCR. Food Microbiology 52, 11–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Konell, AL, Sato, AP, Stival, M, Malaguini, NP, dos Anjos, A, Ferreira, RF and Locatelli-Dittrich, R (2019) Serosurvey of Toxoplasma gondii, Sarcocystis sp. and Neospora caninum in geese (Anser sp.) from urban parks and captivity. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 28, 221–228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lélu, M, Villena, I, Dardé, ML, Aubert, D, Geers, R, Dupuis, E, Marnef, F, Poulle, ML, Gotteland, C, Dumètre, A and Gilot-Fromont, E (2012) Quantitative estimation of the viability of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in soil. Applied and Enviromental Microbiology 78, 5127–5132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lepczyk, CA, Haman, KH, Sizemore, GC and Farmer, C (2020) Quantifying the presence of feral cat colonies and Toxoplasma gondii in relation to bird conservation areas on O'ahu, Hawai'i. Conservation Science and Practice 2, e179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, MH, Yang, BT, Yin, ZW, Wang, W, Zhao, Q and Jiang, J (2020) A seroepidemiological survey of Toxoplasma gondii and Chlamydia infection in chickens, ducks, and geese in Jilin Province, Northeastern China. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2614.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, MT, Jiang, WX, Gui, BZ, Jin, YC, Yi, JN, Li, F, Zheng, WB and Liu, GH (2019) Molecular prevalence and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in wild birds in Hunan Province, China. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 19, 378–383.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lopes, AP, Sargo, R, Rodrigues, M and Cardoso, L (2011) High seroprevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in wild animals from Portugal. Parasitology Research 108, 1163–1169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loss, SR, Will, T and Marra, PP (2013) The impact of free-ranging domestic cats on wildlife of the United States. Nature Communications 4, 1396.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Love, D, Kwok, OC, Verma, SK, Dubey, JP and Bellah, J (2016) Antibody prevalence and isolation of viable Toxoplasma gondii from raptors in the southeastern USA. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 52, 653–656.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lukášová, R, Kobédová, K, Halajian, A, Bártová, E, Murat, JB, Rampedi, KM and Luus-Powell, WJ (2018) Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in birds from South Africa. Acta Tropica 178, 93–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luo, H, Li, K, Zhang, H, Gan, P, Shahzad, M, Wu, X, Lan, Y and Wang, J (2017) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in zoo and domestic animals in Jiangxi Province, China. Parasite 24, 7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maksimov, P, Buschtöns, S, Herrmann, DC, Conraths, FJ, Görlich, K, Tenter, AM, Dubey, JP, Nagel-Kohl, U, Thoms, B, Bötcher, L, Kühne, M and Schares, G (2011) Serological survey and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii in domestic ducks and geese in Lower Saxony, Germany. Veterinary Parasitology 182, 140–149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maksimov, P, Basso, W, Zerweck, J, Schutkowski, M, Reimer, U, Maksimov, A, Conraths, FJ and Schares, G (2018) Analysis of Toxoplasma gondii clonal type-specific antibody reactions in experimentally infected turkeys and chickens. International Journal for Parasitology 48, 845–856.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mancianti, F, Nardoni, S, Mugnaini, L and Poli, A (2013) Toxoplasma gondii in waterfowl: the first detection of this parasite in Anas crecca and Anas clypeata from Italy. Journal of Parasitology 99, 561–563.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mancianti, F, Terracciano, G, Sorichetti, C, Vecchio, G, Scarselli, D and Perrucci, S (2020) Epidemiologic survey on Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella pseudospiralis infection in corvids from Central Italy. Pathogens 9, 336.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marković, M, Ivović, V, Štajner, T, Djokić, V, Klun, I, Bobić, B, Nikolić, A and Djurković-Djaković, O (2014) Evidence for genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii in selected intermediate hosts in Serbia. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 37, 173–179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miao, Q, Han, JQ, Xiang, X, Yuan, FZ, Liu, YZ, Duan, G, Zhu, XQ and Zou, FC (2014) Prevalence of antibody to Toxoplasma gondii in black-headed gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus), Dianchi Lake, China. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 50, 717–719.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mirza, V, Burrows, EB, Gils, S, Hunter, S, Gartrell, BD and Howe, L (2017) A retrospective survey into the presence of Plasmodium spp. and Toxoplasma gondii in archived tissue samples from New Zealand raptors: New Zealand falcons (Falco novaeseelandiae), Australasian harriers (Circus approximans) and moreporks (Ninox novaeseelandiae). Parasitology Research 116, 2283–2289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Molina-López, R, Cabezón, O, Pabón, M, Darwich, L, Obón, E, Lopez-Gatius, F, Dubey, JP and Almería, S (2012) High seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in the common raven (Corvus corax) in the Northeast of Spain. Research in Veterinary Science 93, 300–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moustakidis, K, Economou, V, Dovas, C, Symeonidou, I, Papadopoulos, E and Papazahariadou, M (2017) First report of Toxoplasma gondii in the woodcock (Scolopax rusticola): preliminary results. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies in Agriculture, Food and Environment (HAICTA 2017), Chania, Greece, 21–24 September 2017, pp. 20–27.Google Scholar
Nardoni, S, Rocchigiani, G, Varvaro, I, Altomonte, I, Ceccherelli, R and Mancianti, F (2019) Serological and molecular investigation on Toxoplasma gondii infection in wild birds. Pathogens 8, 58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Naveed, A, Ali, S, Ahmed, H, Simsek, S, Rizwan, M, Kaleem, I, Gondal, MA, Shabbir, A, Pervaiz, F, Khan, MA, Nadeem, MS, Afzaal, MS and Umar, S (2019) Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii in wild birds of Punjab Province, Pakistan. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 55, 129–135.Google ScholarPubMed
Nazir, MM, Ayaz, MM, Ahmed, AN, Maqbool, A, Ashraf, K, Oneeb, M, Yasin, G, Subhani, A, Ali, MA, Nazir, N and Sajid, MA (2018) Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, and Sarcocystis species DNA in the heart and breast muscles of rock pigeons (Columbia livia). Journal of Parasitology Research 2018, 6264042.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ploeg, M, Ultee, T and Kik, M (2011) Disseminated toxoplasmosis in black-footed penguins (Spheniscus demersus). Avian Diseases 55, 701–703.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Puvanesuaran, VR, Noordin, R and Balakrishnan, V (2013) Isolation and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii from free-range ducks in Malaysia. Avian Diseases 57, 128–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rêgo, WMF, Costa, JGL, Baraviera, RCA, Pinto, LV, Bessa, GL, Lopes, REN, Silveira, JAG and Vitor, RWA (2018) Genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii isolates obtained from free-living wild birds rescued in Southeastern Brazil. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 7, 432–438.Google ScholarPubMed
Rigoulet, J, Hennache, A, Lagourette, P, George, C, Longeart, L, Le Net, JL and Dubey, JP (2014) Toxoplasmosis in a bar-shouldered dove (Geopelia humeralis) from the Zoo of Clères, France. Parasite 21, 62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rong, G, Zhou, HL, Hou, GY, Zhao, JM, Xu, TS and Guan, S (2014) Seroprevalence, risk factors and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in domestic geese (Anser domestica) in tropical China. Parasites & Vectors 7, 459.Google Scholar
Sá, SG, Lima, DCV, Silva, LTR, Pinheiro Júnior, JW, Dubey, JP, Silva, JCR and Mota, RA (2016) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii among turkeys on family farms in the state of Northeastern Brazil. Acta Parasitologica 61, 401–405.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salant, H, Landau, DY and Baneth, G (2009) A cross sectional survey of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in Israeli pigeons. Veterinary Parasitology 165, 145–149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salant, H, Hamburger, J, King, R and Baneth, G (2013) Toxoplasma gondii prevalence in Israeli crows and Griffon vultures. Veterinary Parasitology 191, 23–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sandström, CAM, Buma, AGJ, Hoye, BJ, Prop, J, van der Jeugd, H, Voslamber, B, Madsen, J and Loonen, MJJE (2013) Latitudinal variability in the seroprevalence of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in non-migrant and Arctic migratory geese. Veterinary Parasitology 194, 9–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sarkari, B, Asgari, Q, Bagherian, N, Ashkani Esfahani, S, Kalantari, M, Mohammadpour, I, Ashrafmansori, M, Amerinia, M and Sabet Sarvestani, F (2014) Molecular and serological evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii infection in reared turkeys in Fars Province, Iran. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology 7, e11598.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sato, AP, Vaz, FF, Konell, AL, Koch, MO, Ferreira, RF, Sipinski, EAB and Dittrich, RL (2020) Survey of Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Sarcocystis neurona antibodies in wild red-tailed Amazon parrots (Amazona brasiliensis). Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 29, e017519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shwab, EK, Zhu, XQ, Majumdar, D, Pena, HFJ, Gennari, SM, Dubey, JP and Su, C (2014) Geographical patterns of Toxoplasma gondii genetic diversity revealed by multilocus PCR-RFLP genotyping. Parasitology 141, 453–461.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silva, MA, Pena, HFJ, Soares, HS, Aizawa, J, Oliveira, S, Alves, BF, Souza, DS, Melo, RPB, Gennari, SM, Mota, RA and Silva, JCR (2018 a) Isolation and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from free-ranging and captive birds and mammals in Pernambuco state, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 27, 481–487.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silva, LTR, Silva, JSA, Lima, DCV, Rolim, VPM, Marvulo, MFV, Silva, JCR, Mota, RA and Oliveira, AAF (2018 b) Anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii em carcarás (Caracara plancus) procedentes da região aeroportuária do Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 70, 505–510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sivkova, TN and Neprimerova, TA (2017) Toxoplasmosis in circus animals. GISAP: Medical Science, Pharmacology doi: 10.18007/gisap: msp. v0i14.1663.Google Scholar
Skorpikova, L, Reslova, N, Lorencova, A, Plhal, R, Drimaj, J, Kamler, J and Slany, M (2018) Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii in feathered game intended for human consumption in the Czech Republic. International Journal of Food Microbiology 286, 75–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sroka, J, Wójcik-Fatla, A, Szymańska, J, Dutkiewicz, J, Zajac, V and Zwoliński, J (2010) The occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in people and animals from rural environment of Lublin region – estimate of potential role of water as a source of infection. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine 17, 125–132.Google ScholarPubMed
Sroka, J, Karamon, J, Wójcik-Fatla, A, Dutkiewicz, J, Bilska-Zajac, E, Zajac, V, Piotrowska, W and Cencek, T (2019) Toxoplasma gondii infection in selected species of free-living animals in Poland. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine 26, 656–660.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Su, C and Dubey, JP (2020) Isolation and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii strains. Methods in Molecular Biology 2071, 49–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tidy, A, Fangueiro, S, Dubey, JP, Cardoso, L and Lopes, AP (2017) Seroepidemiology and risk assessment of Toxoplasma gondii infection in captive wild birds and mammals in two zoos in the North of Portugal. Veterinary Parasitology 235, 47–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turčeková, L, Hurníková, Z, Spišák, F, Miterpáková, M and Chovancová, B (2014) Toxoplasma gondii in protected wildlife in the Tatra National Park (TANAP), Slovakia. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine 21, 235–238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verma, SK, Calero-Bernal, R, Cerqueira-Cézar, CK, Kwok, OCH, Dudley, M, Jiang, T, Su, C, Hill, D and Dubey, JP (2016) Toxoplasmosis in geese and detection of two new atypical Toxoplasma gondii strains from naturally infected Canada geese (Branta canadensis). Parasitology Research 115, 1767–1772.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vielmo, A, Pena, HFJ, Panziera, W, Bianchi, RM, De Lorenzo, C, Oliveira, S, Alves, BF, Gennari, SM, Pavarini, SP, de Barros, CSL and Driemeier, D (2019) Outbreak of toxoplasmosis in a flock of domestic chickens (Gallus Gallus domesticus) and guinea fowl (Numida meleagris). Parasitology Research 118, 991–997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vilares, A, Gargaté, MJ, Ferreira, I, Martins, S, Júlio, C, Waap, H, Ângelo, H and Gomes, JP (2014) Isolation and molecular characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolated from pigeons and stray cats in Lisbon, Portugal. Veterinary Parasitology 205, 506–511.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vilela, SMO, Silva, JSA, Junior, JWP, Moraes, ÉPBX, Saukas, TN, Gondim, LFP and Mota, RA (2011) Sparrows (Passer domesticus L.) as intermediary hosts of Toxoplasma gondii in poultry farms from the ‘agreste’ region of Pernambuco, Brazil. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 31, 169–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vitaliano, SN, Mineo, TWP, André, MR, Machado, RZ, Mineo, JR and Werther, K (2010) Experimental infection of crested caracara (Caracara plancus) with Toxoplasma gondii simulating natural conditions. Veterinary Parasitology 172, 71–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vitaliano, SN, Soares, HS, Pena, HFJ, Dubey, JP and Gennari, SM (2014) Serological evidence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in wild birds and mammals from southeast Brazil. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 45, 197–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waap, H, Cardoso, R, Leitão, A, Nunes, T, Vilares, A, Gargaté, MJ, Meireles, J, Cortes, H and Ângelo, H (2012) In vitro isolation and seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in stray cats and pigeons in Lisbon, Portugal. Veterinary Parasitology 187, 542–547.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, XQ, Gao, Y, Li, GY, He, Y, Yuan, ZG, Weng, YB and Lin, RQ (2012) Survey of Toxoplasma gondii in geese from Qingyuan City, Guandong Province. Chinese Journal of Veterinary Medicine 48, 10, (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Wang, DW, Han, XH, Mu, MY, Yuan, GM, Zhang, GX, He, JB, Yang, N and Li, HK (2014) Epidemiological survey of toxoplasmosis in some animals from northeastern China. Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine 2014, 129–131, (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Work, TM, Massey, JG, Rideout, BA, Gardiner, CH, Ledig, DB, Kwok, OCH and Dubey, JP (2000) Fatal toxoplasmosis in free-ranging endangered ‘Alala from Hawaii. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 36, 205–212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Work, TM, Dagenais, J, Rameyer, R and Breeden, R (2015) Mortality patterns in endangered Hawaiian geese (Nene; Branta sandvicensis). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 51, 688–695.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Work, TM, Verma, SK, Su, C, Medeiros, J, Kaiakapu, T, Kwok, OC and Dubey, JP (2016) Toxoplasma gondii antibody prevalence and two new genotypes of the parasite in endangered Hawaiian geese (nene: Branta sandvicensis). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 52, 253–257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yan, C, Yue, CL, Yuan, ZG, He, Y, Yin, CC, Lin, RQ, Dubey, JP and Zhu, XQ (2009) Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic ducks, free-range and caged chickens in southern China. Veterinary Parasitology 165, 337–340.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yan, C, Yue, CL, Qiu, SB, Li, HL, Zhang, H, Song, HQ, Huang, SY, Zou, FC, Liao, M and Zhu, XQ (2011 a) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic pigeons (Columba livia) in Guangdong Province of southern China. Veterinary Parasitology 177, 371–373.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yan, C, Yue, CL, Zhang, H, Yin, CC, He, Y, Yuan, ZG, Lin, RQ, Song, HQ, Zhang, KX and Zhu, XQ (2011 b) Serological survey of Toxoplasma gondii infection in the domestic goose (Anser domestica) in southern China. Zoonoses and Public Health 58, 299–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, N, Mu, MY, Li, HK, Long, M and He, JB (2012) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in slaughtered chickens, ducks, and geese in Shenyang, northeastern China. Parasites & Vectors 5, 237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yu, L, Shen, J, Su, C and Sundermann, CA (2013) Genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in wildlife from Alabama, USA. Parasitology Research 112, 1333–1336.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, XX, Zhang, NZ, Tian, WP, Zhou, DH, Xu, YT and Zhu, XQ (2014) First report of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in pet parrots in China. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 14, 394–398.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, FK, Wang, HJ, Qin, SY, Wang, ZD, Lou, ZL, Zhu, XQ and Liu, Q (2015) Molecular detection and genotypic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in wild waterfowls in Jilin Province, Northeastern China. Parasitology International 64, 576–578.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, XX, Qin, SY, Li, X, Ren, WX, Hou, G, Zhao, Q and Ni, HB (2019) Seroprevalence and related factors of Toxoplasma gondii in pigeons intended for human consumption in northern China. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 19, 302–305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhao, G, Song, Z, Wang, S, Hassan, IA, Wang, W, Cheng, F and Yang, X (2015) A seroepidemiological survey of Toxoplasma gondii infection in free-range and caged ducks in Southwest China. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine 70, 41–45.Google Scholar
Zöller, B, Koethe, M, Ludewig, M, Pott, S, Daugschies, A, Straubinger, RK, Fehlhaber, K and Bangoura, B (2013) Tissue tropism of Toxoplasma gondii in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) after parenteral infection. Parasitology Research 112, 1841–1847.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zou, Y, Nie, LB, Zhang, NZ, Zou, FC, Zhu, XQ and Cong, W (2017) First genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii infection in poultry meat intended for human consumption in eastern China. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 55, 172–174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed