Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T04:00:50.807Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Efficacy of two praziquantel treatments among primary school children in an area of high Schistosoma mansoni endemicity, Nile Delta, Egypt

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 November 2010

RASHIDA BARAKAT  and
HALA EL MORSHEDY
RASHIDA BARAKAT*
Affiliation:
Department of Tropical Health, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Egypt
HALA EL MORSHEDY
Affiliation:
Department of Tropical Health, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Egypt
*
*Corresponding author: High Institute of Public Health, 165 El Horeyya Avenue, El Hadara, Alexandria, Egypt. Tel: +2010 542 7011. Fax: +203 428 8436. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Praziquantel is the cornerstone of schistosomiasis control. A number of reports from endemic areas suggest that resistance or tolerance to praziquantel might exist in Schistosoma mansoni. Several explanations were postulated. The present work was designed to test the hypothesis that a low praziquantel (pzq) cure rate in Egypt is due to survival and maturation of immature stages that escaped pzq, which is effective against mature S. mansoni worms only. The study sample included 1351 children attending El Rouse primary school located in El Rouse village, Nile Delta, Egypt. All children received 2 pzq doses (40 mg/kg) 4 weeks apart. Diagnosis of S. mansoni infection and cure assessment were based on examination of 2 Kato slides prepared from a single stool sample collected before and 4 weeks after the first and second treatments. The cure rate was 78·8% after the first treatment and increased significantly to 90·8% after the second treatment. Egg reduction rates were 71·2% and 77·2% after 1 and 2 treatments respectively. Pre-treatment intensity of infection has a great influence on cure and egg reduction rates. Our results confirmed that low praziquantel cure rate, in Egypt, might be attributed, even partially, to survival and maturation of the immature S. mansoni stages that escaped pzq that is effective against mature worms only.

Keywords

Schistosoma mansonischistosomiasispraziquantelcure rateegg reduction rateEgypt
Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 138 , Issue 4 , April 2011 , pp. 440 - 446
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Barakat, R., Farghaly, A., El-Masry, A. G., El-Sayed, M., Husein, M. H. and Miller, F. D. (1995). Schistosoma mansoni in the Nile Delta, Egypt. A large scale epidemiological study in Kafr El Sheik Governorate. Tropical and Geographical Medicine 47, 259–265.Google Scholar
Berhe, N., Gunderson, S., Abebe, F., Birrie, H., Medhin, G. and Gemetchu, T. (1999). Praziquantel side effects and efficacy related to Schistosoma mansoni egg loads and morbidity in primary school children in north-east Ethiopia. Acta Tropica 72, 53–63.Google Scholar
Botros, S., Sayed, H., Amer, N., El Ghannam, M., Bennett, J. L. and Day, T. A. (2005). Current status of sensitivity to praziquantel in a focus of potential drug resistance in Egypt. International Journal for Parasitology 35, 787–791.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brindley, P. J. and Sher, A. (1987). The chemotherapeutic effect of praziquantel against Schistosoma mansoni is dependent on host antibody response. Journal of Immunology 139, 701–706.Google ScholarPubMed
Chitsulo, L., Engels, D., Montresor, A. and Savioli, L. (2000). The global status of schistosomiasis and its control. Acta Tropica 77, 41–51.Google Scholar
Clegg, J. A. (1965). In vitro cultivation of Schistosoma mansoni. Experimental Parasitology 16, 133–147.Google Scholar
Danso-Appiah, A. and De Vlas, S. J. (2002). Interpreting low praziquantel cure rates of Schistosoma mansoni infections in Senegal. Trends in Parasitology 18, 125–129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, A. C. (1993). Antischistosomal drugs and clinical practice. In Human Schistosomiasis (ed. Joidan, P.Webbe, G. and Sturrock, R. F.), pp. 367–404. CAB International, Oxford, UK.Google Scholar
Engels, D., Sinzinkayo, E. and Gryseels, B. (1996). Day-to-day egg count fluctuation in Schistosoma mansoni infection and its operational implications. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 54, 319–324.Google Scholar
Fenwick, A., Savioli, L., Engels, D., Bergquist, N. and Todd, M. (2003). Drugs for the control of parasitic diseases: current status and development in schistosomiasis. Trends in Parasitology 19, 509–515.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gryseels, B., Mbaye, A., De Vlas, S. J., Stelma, F. F., Guisse, F., Van Lieshout, L., Faye, D., Diop, M., Ly, A., Tchuem-Tchuente, L. A., Engels, D. and Polman, K. (2001). Are poor responses to praziquantel for the treatment of Schistosoma mansoni infections in Senegal due to resistance? An overview of the evidence. Tropical Medicine and International Health 6, 864–873.Google Scholar
Gryseels, B., Nkulikyinka, L. and Coosemans, M. H. (1987). Field trials of praziquantel and oxamniquine for the treatment of schistosomiasis mansoni in Burundi. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 81, 641–644.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gryseels, B., Stelma, F. F., Talla, I., Van Dam, G. I., Polman, K., Sow, S., Diaw, M. and Sturrock, R. (1994). Epidemiology, immunology and chemotherapy of Schistosoma mansoni infection in a recently exposed community in Senegal. Tropical and Geographical Medicine 46, 209–219.Google Scholar
Ismail, M., Botros, S., Metwally, A., William, S., Farghaly, A., Tao, L. F., Day, T. A. and Bennett, J. L. (1999). Resistance to praziquantel: Direct evidence from Schistosoma mansoni isolated from Egyptian villagers. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 60, 932–935.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ismail, M., Metwally, A., Farghaly, A., Bruce, J., Tao, L. F. and Benett, J. (1996). Characterization of isolates of Schistosoma mansoni from Egyptian villagers that tolerate high doses of praziquantel. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 55, 214–218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
King, C. (2007). Quantification of disease burden due to schistosomiasis.TDR/SWG/07. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
King, C., Dickman, K. and Tisch, D. (2005). Re-assessment of the cost of chronic helminthic infections: A meta-analysis. The Lancet 365, 1561.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, V. and Gryseels, B. (1994). Use of praziquantel against schistosomiasis: a review of the current status. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 4, 313–320.Google Scholar
Midzi, N., Sangweme, D., Zinyowera, S., Mapingure, M. P., Brouwer, K. C., Kumar, N., Mutapi, F., Woelk, G. and Mduzola, T. (2008). Efficacy and side effects of praziquantel treatment against Schistosoma haematobium infection among primary school children in Zimbabwe. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 102, 759–766.Google Scholar
Peters, P. A., El Alamy, M., Warren, M. and Mahmoud, A. A. (1980). Quick Kato smear for field quantitation of Schistosoma mansoni eggs. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 29, 217–219.Google Scholar
Picquet, M., Vercruysse, J., Shaw, D. J., Diop, M. and Ly, A. (1998). Efficacy of praziquantel against Schistosoma mansoni in northern Senegal. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 92, 90–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Polderman, A. M., Gryseels, B. and De Caluwe, P. (1988). Cure rates and egg reduction in treatment of intestinal schistosomiasis with oxamniquine and praziquantel in Maniema, Zaire. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 82, 115–116.Google Scholar
Raso, G., N'Goran, E., Totay, A., Luginbuhe, A., Adjoua, C. A., Tian-Bi, N. T., Bogoch, I. I., Vounatsou, P., Tanner, M. and Utzinger, J. (2004). Efficacy and side effects of praziquantel against Schistosoma mansoni in a community of western Cote d'Ivoire. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 98, 18–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Renganathan, E. and Cioli, D. (1998). An international initiative on praziquantel use. Parasitology Today 14, 390–391.Google Scholar
Sabah, A. A., Fletcher, C., Webbe, G. and Doenhof, M. (1986). Schistosoma mansoni chemotherapy of infections of different ages. Experimental Parasitology 61, 294–303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simonen, P. E., Nega, A. and Furu, P. (1990). Intestinal schistosomiasis among children in a labour village of Wonji Sugar Estate, Ethiopia. East African Medical Journal 67, 532–538.Google Scholar
Stelma, F. F., Talla, I., Sow, S., Kongs, A., Niang, M., Polman, K., Deelder, A. N. and Gryseels, B. (1994). Efficacy and side effects of praziquantel in an endemic focus of Schistosoma mansoni. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 53, 167–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Utzinger, J., Keiser, J., Shuhua, X., Tanner, M. and Singer, B. H. (2003). Combination chemotherapy of schistosomiasis in laboratory studies and clinical trials. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47, 1487–1495.Google Scholar
Utzinger, J., N'Goran, E., N'Dri, A., Lengler, C. and Tanner, M. (2000). Efficacy of praziquantel against Schistosoma mansoni with particular consideration of intensity of infection. Tropical Medicine and International Health 5, 771–778.Google Scholar
Van Lieshout, L., Stelma, F. F., Guisse, F., Falcao Ferreira, S. T., Polman, K., Van Dam, G., Diakhte, M., Sow, S., Deelder, A. A. M. and Gryseels, B. (1999). The contribution of host-related factors to low cure rates of praziquantel for the treatment of Schistosoma mansoni in Senegal. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 61, 760–765.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization (1985). The control of schistosomiasis.Technical Report Series No. 728. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
Xiao, S. H., Catto, B. A. and Webester, L. T. (1985). Effects of praziquantel on different developmental stages of Schistosoma mansoni in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Infectious Diseases 151, 1130–1137.Google Scholar