Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T17:55:32.159Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Diagnosis of human fascioliasis by stool and blood techniques: update for the present global scenario

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 July 2014

S. MAS-COMA*
Affiliation:
Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
M. D. BARGUES
Affiliation:
Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
M. A. VALERO
Affiliation:
Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
*
*Corresponding author: Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain. E-mail: [email protected]

Summary

Before the 1990s, human fascioliasis diagnosis focused on individual patients in hospitals or health centres. Case reports were mainly from developed countries and usually concerned isolated human infection in animal endemic areas. From the mid-1990s onwards, due to the progressive description of human endemic areas and human infection reports in developing countries, but also new knowledge on clinical manifestations and pathology, new situations, hitherto neglected, entered in the global scenario. Human fascioliasis has proved to be pronouncedly more heterogeneous than previously thought, including different transmission patterns and epidemiological situations. Stool and blood techniques, the main tools for diagnosis in humans, have been improved for both patient and survey diagnosis. Present availabilities for human diagnosis are reviewed focusing on advantages and weaknesses, sample management, egg differentiation, qualitative and quantitative diagnosis, antibody and antigen detection, post-treatment monitoring and post-control surveillance. Main conclusions refer to the pronounced difficulties of diagnosing fascioliasis in humans given the different infection phases and parasite migration capacities, clinical heterogeneity, immunological complexity, different epidemiological situations and transmission patterns, the lack of a diagnostic technique covering all needs and situations, and the advisability for a combined use of different techniques, at least including a stool technique and a blood technique.

Type
Special Issue Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abdul-Fattah, M. M., Yousef, S. M., Nasr, M. E., Fouad, M. A. and Abdul-Wahab, S. E. (1992). Indirect fluorescent antibody test in diagnosis of acute fasciolitic syndrome. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 22, 261264.Google Scholar
Adachi, S., Kotani, K., Shimizu, T., Tanaka, K. and Okada, K. (2005). Asymptomatic fascioliasis. Internal Medicine 44, 10131015.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Afshan, K., Valero, M. A., Qayyum, M., Peixoto, R. V., Magraner, A. and Mas-Coma, S. (2013). Phenotypes of intermediate forms of Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica in buffaloes from Central Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of Helminthology 4, 110.Google Scholar
Afshan, K., Fortes-Lima, C. A., Artigas, P., Valero, M. A., Qayyum, M. and Mas-Coma, S. (2014). Impact of climate change and man-made irrigation systems on the transmission risk, long-term trend and seasonality of human and animal fascioliasis in Pakistan. Geospatial Health 8, 317334.Google Scholar
Agnamey, P., Fortes-Lopes, E., Raccurt, C. P., Boncy, J. and Totet, A. (2012). Cross-sectional serological survey of human fascioliasis in Haiti. Journal of Parasitology Research ID 751951, 13.Google Scholar
Akahane, H., Oshima, T., Shimazu, T. and Hirosawa, K. (1975). Diagnosis of fascioliasis. I. Comparison of the efficacies of various concentration technics of ova in stool. Japanese Journal of Parasitology 24, 5560. [In Japanese]Google Scholar
Akhtaruzzaman, K. M., Bienzle, U., Rosenkaimer, F., Guggenmoos, R. and Dietrich, M. (1978). Comparison of different methods for the detection of intestinal protozoa and helminths in stool. Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie 29, 427431.Google Scholar
Al-Sherbiny, M., Farrag, A. M. K., Fayad, M. H., Makled, M. K., Tawfeek, G. M. and Ali, N. M. S. (2004). Application and assessment of a dipstick assay in the diagnosis of hydatidosis and trichinosis. Parasitology Research 93, 8795.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alatoom, A., Sheffield, J., Gander, R. M., Shaw, J. and Cavuoti, D. (2008). Fascioliasis in pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology 112, 483485.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ali, N. M. (2012). Development and evaluation of a dipstick assay in diagnosis of human fascioliasis. Parasitology Research 110, 16491654.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allam, G., Bauomy, I. R., Hemyeda, Z. M. and Sakran, T. F. (2012). Evaluation of a 14·5 kDa-Fasciola gigantica fatty acid binding protein as a diagnostic antigen for human fascioliasis. Parasitology Research 110, 18631871.Google Scholar
Almazan, C., Avila, G., Quiroz, H., Ibarra, F. and Ochoa, P. (2001). Effect of parasite burden on the detection of Fasciola hepatica antigens in sera and feces of experimentally infected sheep. Veterinary Parasitology 97, 101112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anuracpreeda, P., Wanichanon, C., Chaithirayanon, K., Preyavichyapugdee, N. and Sobhon, P. (2006). Distribution of 28·5 kDa antigen in the tegument of adult Fasciola gigantica. Acta Tropica 100, 3140.Google Scholar
Anuracpreeda, P., Wanichanon, C. and Sobhon, P. (2009 a). Fasciola gigantica: immunolocalization of 28·5 kDa antigen in the tegument of metacercaria and juvenile fluke. Experimental Parasitology 122, 7583.Google Scholar
Anuracpreeda, P., Wanichanon, C., Chawengkirtikul, R., Chaithirayanon, K. and Sobhon, P. (2009 b). Fasciola gigantica: immunodiagnosis of fasciolosis by detection of circulating 28·5 kDa tegumental antigen. Experimental Parasitology 123, 334340.Google Scholar
Anuracpreeda, P., Chawengkirtikul, R., Tinikul, Y., Poljaroen, J., Chotwiwatthanakun, C. and Sobhon, P. (2013). Diagnosis of Fasciola gigantica infection using a monoclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISA for detection of circulating cathepsin B3 protease. Acta Tropica 127, 3845.Google Scholar
Apt, W., Aguilera, X., Vega, F., Miranda, C., Zulantay, I., Perez, C., Gabor, M. and Apt, P. (1995). Treatment of human chronic fascioliasis with triclabendazole: drug efficacy and serologic response. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 52, 532535.Google Scholar
Arafa, M. S., Abaza, S. M., El-Shewy, K. A., Mohareb, E. W. and El-Moamly, A. A. (1999). Detection of Fasciola-specific excretory/secretory (E/S) protein fraction band (49·5 kDa) and its utilization in diagnosis of early fascioliasis using different diagnostic techniques. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 29, 911926.Google Scholar
Arjona, R., Riancho, J. A., Aguado, J. M., Salesa, R. and Gonzalez-Macias, J. (1995). Fascioliasis in developed countries: a review of classic and aberrant forms of the disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 74, 1323.Google Scholar
Ash, L. R. and Orihel, T. C. (1987). Parasites: a Guide to Laboratory Procedures and Identification. American Society of Clinical Pathologists Press, Chicago, IL, USA.Google Scholar
Ash, L. R., Orihel, T. C. and Savioli, L. (1994). Bench Aids for the Diagnosis of Intestinal Parasites. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
Ashrafi, K., Valero, M. A., Massoud, J., Sobhani, A. R., Solaymani-Mohammadi, S., Conde, P., Khoubbane, M., Bargues, M. D. and Mas-Coma, S. (2006 a). Plant-borne human contamination by fascioliasis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 75, 295302.Google Scholar
Ashrafi, K., Valero, M. A., Panova, M., Periago, M. V., Massoud, J. and Mas-Coma, S. (2006 b). Phenotypic analysis of adults of Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica and intermediate forms from the endemic region of Gilan, Iran. Parasitology International 55, 249260.Google Scholar
Attallah, A. M., Bughdadi, F. A., El-Shazly, A. M. and Ismail, H. (2013). Immunodetection of Fasciola gigantica circulating antigen in sera of infected individuals for laboratory diagnosis of human fascioliasis. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 20, 15691577.Google Scholar
Auer, H., Kristoferitsch, W., Picher, O. and Wessely, P. (1982). Fasciola hepatica-infektion bei neurologischer symptomatik. Mitteilungsblatt der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie 4, 9193.Google Scholar
Barda, B., Zepherine, H., Rinaldi, L., Cringoli, G., Burioni, R., Clementi, M. and Albonico, M. (2013). Mini-FLOTAC and Kato-Katz: helminth eggs watching on the shore of lake Victoria. Parasites and Vectors 6, 220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bargues, M. D., Artigas, P., Khoubbane, M., Flores, R., Glöer, P., Rojas-Garcia, R., Ashrafi, K., Falkner, G. and Mas-Coma, S. (2011). Lymnaea schirazensis, an overlooked snail distorting fascioliasis data: genotype, phenotype, ecology, worldwide spread, susceptibility, applicability. PLOS ONE 6, e24567.Google Scholar
Beal, C. B., Veins, P., Grant, R. G. L. and Hughes, H. M. (1970). A new technique for sampling duodenal contents. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 19, 349352.Google Scholar
Ben-Ismail, R., Carme, B. and Gentilini, M. (1978). Activité anti-P1 anormale au cours de la distomatose hépatique (fasciolase). Nouvelle Presse Médicale 7, 4300.Google Scholar
Ben-Ismail, R., Rouger, P., Carme, B., Gentilini, M. and Salmon, C. (1980). Comparative automated assay of anti-P antibodies in acute hepatic distomiasis (fascioliasis) and in hydatidosis. Vox Sanguinis 38, 165168.Google Scholar
Ben-Ismail, R., Carme, B., Mogahed, A., Niel, G. and Gentilini, M. (1982). Antigen sharing between Fasciola hepatica and human erythrocytes. Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie 33, 1114.Google Scholar
Bennett, C. E., Joshua, G. W. and Hughes, D. L. (1982). Demonstration of juvenile-specific antigens of Fasciola hepatica. Journal of Parasitology 68, 791795.Google Scholar
Bjorland, J., Bryan, R. T., Strauss, W., Hillyer, G. V. and McAuley, J. B. (1995). An outbreak of acute fascioliasis among Aymara Indians in the Bolivian Altiplano. Clinical Infectious Diseases 21, 12281233.Google Scholar
Blagg, W., Schloegel, E. L., Mansour, N. S. and Khalaf, G. I. (1955). A new concentration technic for the demonstration of protozoa and helminth eggs in feces. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 4, 2328.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brady, M. T., O'Neill, S. M., Dalton, J. P. and Mills, K. H. (1999). Fasciola hepatica suppresses a protective Th1 response against Bordetella pertussis. Infection and Immunity 67, 53725378.Google Scholar
Caban-Hernandez, K. and Espino, A. M. (2013). Differential expression and localization of saposin-like protein 2 of Fasciola hepatica. Acta Tropica 128, 591597.Google Scholar
Cadel, S., Barbier, D., Duhamel, C. and Georges, P. (1996). A propos de 18 cas de fasciolose humaine recensés en Basse-Normandie. Années 1994–1995. Bulletin de la Société Française de Parasitologie 14, 3943.Google Scholar
Campo, J. M., Marcen, J. J., Gonzalez, A., Milazzo, A., Pascual, J. L. and Ponce, L. (1980). Distomatosis por Fasciola hepatica (nueva parasitosis riojana). Revista Española de las Enfermedades del Aparato Digestivo 57, 301310.Google Scholar
Capron, A., Wattre, P., Capron, M. and Lefebure, M. N. (1973). Diagnostic immunologique des parasitoses. Gazette Médicale de France 80, 273279.Google Scholar
Carme, B., Niel, ., Danis, M. and Gentilini, M. (1978). Recrudescense de la fasciolose (distomatose hépatique); conséquence d'un été pluvieux? Nouvelle Presse Médicale 7, 1959.Google Scholar
Carnevale, S., Rodríguez, M. I., Santillán, G., Labbé, J. H., Cabrera, M. G., Bellegarde, E. J., Velásquez, J. N., Trgovcic, J. E. and Guarnera, E. A. (2001). Immunodiagnosis of human fasciolosis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Micro-ELISA. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 8, 174177.Google Scholar
Carnevale, S., Cabrera, M. G., Cucher, M. A., di Risio, C. A., Malandrini, J. B., Kamenetzky, L., Alazraqui, M., Etchart, C. B., Pantano, M. L. and Velasquez, J. N. (2013). Direct, immunological and molecular techniques for a fasciolosis survey in a rural area of San Luis, Argentina. Journal of Parasitic Diseases 37, 251259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castillo Contreras, O. B. and Frisancho Velarde, O. (2013). Pseudotumor hepático in fascioliasis aguda. Acta Gastroenterológica Latinoamericana 43, 5358.Google Scholar
Chaithirayanon, K., Wanichanon, C., Vichasri-Grams, S., Ardseungneon, P., Grams, R., Viyanant, V., Upatham, E. S. and Sobhon, P. (2002). Production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody against 28·5 kDa tegument antigen of Fasciola gigantica. Acta Tropica 84, 18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chand, M. A., Herman, J. S., Partridge, D. G., Hewitt, K. and Chiodini, P. L. (2009). Imported human fascioliasis, United Kingdom. Emerging Infectious Diseases 15, 18761877.Google Scholar
Channabasappa, S., Vettiankal, G., Riles, W. and Attar, B. M. (2006). An unusual case of biliary colic … It's not always a stone! American Journal of Gastroenterology 101 (S2), 319.Google Scholar
Charlier, J., Vercruysse, J., Morgan, E., van Dijk, J. and Williams, D. J. L. (2013). Recent advances in the diagnosis, impact on production and prediction of Fasciola hepatica in cattle. Parasitology 7, 110.Google Scholar
Chen, M. G. and Mott, K. E. (1990). Progress in assessment of morbidity due to Fasciola hepatica infection: a review of recent literature. Tropical Diseases Bulletin 87, R1R38.Google Scholar
Cheung, J., Enns, R., Romney, M., Reynolds, S. and Amar, J. (2005). Biliary fascioliasis. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 61, 596597.Google Scholar
Cornelissen, J. B., Gaasenbeek, C. P., Boersma, W., Borgsteede, F. H. and van Milligen, F. J. (1999). Use of a pre-selected epitope of cathepsin-L1 in a highly specific peptide-based immunoassay for the diagnosis of Fasciola hepatica infections in cattle. International Journal for Parasitology 29, 685696.Google Scholar
Cornelissen, J. B., Gaasenbeek, C. P., Borgsteede, F. H., Holland, W. G., Harmsen, M. M. and Boersma, W. J. (2001). Early immunodiagnosis of fasciolosis in ruminants using recombinant Fasciola hepatica cathepsin L-like protease. International Journal for Parasitology 31, 728737.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Correa, A. J., Ruggieri, F. and Martinez, E. (1969). Fasciola hepatica de localización intracraneal. Revista Médica de Santa Fé 3, 3841.Google Scholar
Corstjens, P. L., van Lieshout, L., Zuiderwijk, M., Kornelis, D., Tanke, H. J., Deelder, A. M. and van Dam, G. J. (2008). Up-converting phosphor technology-based lateral flow assay for detection of Schistosoma circulating anodic antigen in serum. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 46, 171176.Google Scholar
Cosme, A., Ojeda, E., Cilla, G., Torrado, J., Alzate, L., Beristain, X., Orive, V. and Arenas, J. I. (2001). Fascioliasis hepatobiliar. Estudio de una serie de 37 pacientes. Gastroenterology and Hepatology 24, 375380.Google Scholar
Cringoli, G., Rinaldi, L., Veneziano, V., Capelli, G. and Scala, A. (2004). The influence of flotation solution, sample dilution and the choice of McMaster slide area (volume) on the reliability of the McMaster technique in estimating the faecal egg counts of gastrointestinal strongyles and Dicrocoelium dendriticum in sheep. Veterinary Parasitology 123, 121131.Google Scholar
Cringoli, G., Rinaldi, L., Maurelli, M. P. and Utzinger, J. (2010). FLOTAC: new multivalent techniques for qualitative and quantitative copromicroscopic diagnosis of parasites in animals and humans. Nature Protocols 5, 503515.Google Scholar
Curtale, F., Hammoud, E. S., El Wakeel, A., Mas-Coma, S. and Savioli, L. (2000). Human fascioliasis, an emerging public health problem in the Nile Delta, Egypt. Research and Reviews in Parasitology 60, 129134.Google Scholar
Curtale, F., Mas-Coma, S., Hassanein, Y. A. E. W., Barduagni, P., Pezzotti, P. and Savioli, L. (2003 a). Clinical signs and household characteristics associated with human fascioliasis among rural population in Egypt: a case-control study. Parassitologia 45, 511.Google Scholar
Curtale, F., Hassanein, Y. A. E., El Wakeel, A., Mas-Coma, S. and Montresor, A. (2003 b). Distribution of human fascioliasis by age and gender among rural population in the Nile Delta, Egypt. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 49, 264268.Google Scholar
Curtale, F., Hassanein, Y. A. W., Barduagni, P., Yousef, M. M., El Wakeel, A., Hallaj, Z. and Mas-Coma, S. (2007). Human fascioliasis infection: gender difference within school-age children from endemic areas of the Nile Delta, Egypt. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 101, 155160.Google Scholar
Dalimi, A., Hadighi, R. and Madani, R. (2004). Partially purified fraction (PPF) antigen from adult Fasciola gigantica for the serodiagnosis of human fascioliasis using Dot-ELISA technique. Annals of Saudi Medicine 24, 1820.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dalton, J. P., Robinson, M. W., Mulcahy, G., O'Neill, S. M. and Donnelly, S. (2013). Immunomodulatory molecules of Fasciola hepatica: candidates for both vaccine and immunotherapeutic development. Veterinary Parasitology 195, 272285.Google Scholar
De, N. V., Murrell, K. D., Cong, L. D., Cam, P. D., Chau, L. V., Toan, N. D. and Dalsgaard, A. (2003). The food-borne trematode zoonoses of Vietnam. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 34, 1234.Google Scholar
De, N. V., Nguyen, V. C., Dang, T. C. T., Nguyen, D. H., Le, K. T. and Trieu, N. T. (2005). Therapeutic efficacy of triclabendazole in treatment of human fascioliasis in Vietnam. Journal of Malaria and Parasitic Disease Control 6, 5462.Google Scholar
Demerdash, Z. A., Diab, T. M., Aly, I. R., Mohamed, S. H., Mahmoud, F. S., Zoheiny, M. K., Mansour, W. A., Attia, M. E. and El Bassiouny, A. E. (2011). Diagnostic efficacy of monoclonal antibody based sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of Fasciola gigantica excretory/secretory antigens in both serum and stool. Parasites and Vectors 4, 176.Google Scholar
Demir, S., Ellidokuz, E., Degirmenci, B., Yücel, A. and Gökçe, Ç. (2005). An asymptomatic Fasciola hepatica infestation resembling a hepatic mass lesion in ultrasonography: Case report. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences 25, 121124.Google Scholar
Deveau, C. and Ambroise-Thomas, P. (1982). Sérodiagnostic de la fasciolase humaine par micro-ELISA face à des antigènes homologues somatiques ou excrétés-sécrétés. Comparaison à l'immuno-fluorescence indirecte. Biomedicine 36, 9094.Google Scholar
Deveci, U., Oztürk, T. and Ustün, C. (2011). [A case of radiologically diagnosed pediatric Fasciola hepatica]. Turkiye Parazitolojii Dergisi 35, 117119. [In Turkish]Google Scholar
Dumenigo, B. E., Espino, A. M., Finlay, C. M. and Mezo, M. (2000). Kinetics of antibody-based antigen detection in serum and faeces of sheep experimentally infectedwith Fasciola hepatica. Veterinary Parasitology 89, 153161.Google Scholar
Duthaler, U., Rinaldi, L., Maurelli, M. P., Vargas, M., Utzinger, J., Cringoli, G. and Keiser, J. (2010). Fasciola hepatica: comparison of the sedimentation and FLOTAC techniques for the detection and quantification of faecal egg counts in rats. Experimental Parasitology 126, 161166.Google Scholar
El-Ahl, S. A., El Shazly, A. M., El Shafei, A. A., Hegazi, M. A. and El-Dardiry, M. A. (2007). Risk factors contributing to fascioliasis endemicity in a focus in Dakahlia Governorate 1-human host. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 37, 10751090.Google Scholar
El-Bassiouny, A., Mohamed, S., Salah, F., Zoheiry, M., Mansour, W., Diab, T., Rabia, I., Safwat, W. and Demerdash, Z. (2008). Detection of Fasciola-specific coproantigens by sandwich ELISA using monoclonal antibodies. New Egyptian Journal of Medicine 36, 115120.Google Scholar
El-Morshedy, H., Shehab, A. Y., Zaki, A. and Farag, H. F. (2002). Intra-specimen and day-to-day variations of Fasciola egg counts in human stools. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 8, 619625.Google Scholar
El-Shazly, A. M., Handousa, A. E., Gabr, A., Morsy, A. T., Ramadan, N. I. and Morsy, T. A. (2002). Evaluation of two serological tests in diagnosis of human cases of biliary and ectopic fascioliasis. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 32, 7990.Google Scholar
Elsibaei, M. M., Ali, N. M., Ibrahim, A. N. and Mohammed, B. O. (2013). Evaluation of the diagnostic efficacy of Fasciola adult worm vomit for serodiagnosis of human fasciolosis. Parasitology Research 112, 18491855.Google Scholar
Espino, A. M. and Dumenigo, B. E. (2003). Fasciola hepatica. In International Handbook of Foodborne Pathogens (ed. Miliotis, M. D. and Bier, J. W.), pp. 539562. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, USA.Google Scholar
Espino, A. M. and Finlay, C. M. (1994). Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of excretory secretory antigens in humans with fascioliasis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 32, 190193.Google Scholar
Espino, A. M. and Hillyer, G. V. (2003). Molecular cloning of a member of the Fasciola hepatica saposin-like protein family. Journal of Parasitology 89, 545552.Google Scholar
Espino, A. M., Dumenigo, B. E., Marcet, R., Reyes, K. and Finlay, C. M. (1993). Detección de infección por Fasciola hepatica en humanos empleando el kit diagnóstico FasciDIG. In Libro de Resúmenes, XI Congreso Latinoamericano de Parasitología y I Congreso Peruano de Parasitología, FLAP, Sociedad Peruana de Parasitología, Lima, pp. 51.Google Scholar
Espino, A. M., Padron, L., Dumenigo, B. and Laferte, J. (1997). Ultramicro ELISA indirecto para la detección de anticuerpos IgG en pacientes con fasciolosis. Revista Cubana de Medicina Tropical 49, 167173.Google Scholar
Espino, A., Diaz, A., Perez, A. and Finlay, C. (1998). Dynamics of antigenemia and coproantigens during a human Fasciola hepatica outbreak. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, 27232726.Google Scholar
Espinoza, J. R., Timoteo, O. and Herrera-Velit, P. (2005). Fas2-ELISA in the detection of human infection by Fasciola hepatica. Journal of Helminthology 79, 235240.Google Scholar
Espinoza, J. R., Maco, V., Marcos, L., Saez, S., Neyra, V., Terashima, A., Samalvides, F., Gotuzzo, E., Chavarry, E., Huaman, M. C., Bargues, M. D., Valero, M. A. and Mas-Coma, S. (2007). Evaluation of Fas2-ELISA for the serological detection of Fasciola hepatica infection in humans. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 76, 977982.Google Scholar
Esteban, J. G., Flores, A., Aguirre, C., Strauss, W., Angles, R. and Mas-Coma, S. (1997 a). Presence of very high prevalence and intensity of infection with Fasciola hepatica among Aymara children from the Northern Bolivian Altiplano. Acta Tropica 66, 114.Google Scholar
Esteban, J. G., Flores, A., Angles, R., Strauss, W., Aguirre, C. and Mas-Coma, S. (1997 b). A population-based coprological study of human fascioliasis in a hyperendemic area of the Bolivian Altiplano. Tropical Medicine and International Health 2, 695699.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esteban, J. G., Bargues, M. D. and Mas-Coma, S. (1998). Geographical distribution, diagnosis and treatment of human fascioliasis: a review. Research and Reviews in Parasitology 58, 1342.Google Scholar
Esteban, J. G., Flores, A., Angles, R. and Mas-Coma, S. (1999). High endemicity of human fascioliasis between Lake Titicaca and La Paz valley, Bolivia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 93, 151156.Google Scholar
Esteban, J. G., Gonzalez, C., Bargues, M. D., Sanchez, C., Naquira, C. and Mas-Coma, S. (2002). High fascioliasis infection in children linked to a man-made irrigation zone in Peru. Tropical Medicine and International Health 7, 339348.Google Scholar
Esteban, J. G., Gonzalez, C., Curtale, F., Muñoz-Antoli, C., Valero, M. A., Bargues, M. D., El-Sayed, M., El Wakeel, A., Abdel-Wahab, Y., Montresor, A., Engels, D., Savioli, L. and Mas-Coma, S. (2003). Hyperendemic fascioliasis associated with schistosomiasis in villages in the Nile Delta of Egypt. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 69, 429437.Google Scholar
Estuningsih, E., Widjayanti, S., Adiwinata, G. and Piedrafita, D. (2004). Detection of coproantigens by sandwich ELISA in sheep experimentally infected with Fasciola gigantica. Tropical Biomedicine 21(Suppl. 2), 5156.Google Scholar
Estuningsih, E., Spithill, T., Raadsma, H., Law, R., Adiwinata, G., Meeusen, E. and Piedrafita, D. (2009). Development and application of a fecal antigen diagnostic sandwich ELISA for estimating prevalence of Fasciola gigantica in cattle in central Java, Indonesia. Journal of Parasitology 95, 450455.Google Scholar
Fagbemi, B. O., Aderibigbe, O. A. and Guobadia, E. E. (1997). The use of monoclonal antibody for the immunodiagnosis of Fasciola gigantica infection in cattle. Veterinary Parasitology 69, 231240.Google Scholar
Feldmeier, H. and Poggensee, G. (1993). Diagnostic techniques in schistosomiasis control. A review. Acta Tropica 52, 205220.Google Scholar
Figueroa-Santiago, O., Delgado, B. and Espino, A. M. (2011). Fasciola hepatica saposin-like protein-2-based ELISA for the serodiagnosis of chronic human fascioliasis. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 70, 355361.Google Scholar
Fuentes, M. V., Valero, M. A., Bargues, M. D., Esteban, J. G., Angles, R. and Mas-Coma, S. (1999). Analysis of climatic data and forecast indices for human fascioliasis at very high altitude. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 93, 835850.Google Scholar
Fuentes, M. V., Malone, J. B. and Mas-Coma, S. (2001). Validation of a mapping and predicting model for human fasciolosis transmission in Andean very high altitude endemic areas using remote sensing data. Acta Tropica 79, 8795.Google Scholar
Fullerton, J. K., Vitale, M. and Vitale, G. C. (2006). Therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for the treatment of Fasciola hepatica presenting as biliary obstruction. Surgical Innovation 13, 179182.Google Scholar
Gabrielli, A., Montresor, A., Engels, D. and Savioli, L. (2011). Preventive chemotherapy in human helminthiasis: theoretical and operational aspects. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 105, 683693.Google Scholar
Girones, N., Valero, M. A., Garcia-Bodelon, M. A., Chico-Calero, M. I., Punzon, C., Fresno, M. and Mas-Coma, S. (2007). Immune suppression in advanced chronic fascioliasis: an experimental study in a rat model. Journal of Infectious Diseases 195, 15041512.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gökçe, M., Sahiner, U., Unal, S., Parlakay, A., Oncel, I., Saçkesen, C., Kara, A. and Gümrük, F. (2011). An unexpected parasitic cause of hypereosinophilia: fascioliasis. Turkish Journal of Pediatrics 53, 111113.Google Scholar
Gonzales Santana, B., Dalton, J. P., Vasquez Camargo, F., Parkinson, M. and Ndao, M. (2013). The diagnosis of human fascioliasis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using recombinant cathepsin L protease. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 7, e2414.Google Scholar
Gonzalez, L. C., Esteban, J. G., Bargues, M. D., Valero, M. A., Ortiz, P., Naquira, C. and Mas-Coma, S. (2011). Hyperendemic human fascioliasis in Andean valleys: an altitudinal transect analysis in children of Cajamarca province, Peru. Acta Tropica 120, 119129.Google Scholar
Graham, C. S., Brodie, S. B. and Weller, P. F. (2001). Imported Fasciola hepatica infection in the United States and treatment with triclabendazole. Clinical Infectious Diseases 33, 16.Google Scholar
Hammami, H., Ayadi, A., Camus, D. and Dutoit, E. (1997). Intérêt diagnostique de la mise en évidence d'antigènes spécifiques de Fasciola hepatica par la technique de Western Blot. Parasite 4, 291295.Google Scholar
Hammami, H., Hamed, N. and Ayadi, A. (2007). Epidemiological studies on Fasciola hepatica in Gafsa oases (South West of Tunisia). Parasite 14, 261264.Google Scholar
Hanna, R. E. and Trudgett, A. G. (1983). Fasciola hepatica: development of monoclonal anti-bodies and their use to characterize a glycocalyx antigen in migrating flukes. Parasite Immunology 5, 409425.Google Scholar
Hanna, R. E., Trudgett, A. G. and Anderson, A. (1988). Fasciola hepatica: development of monoclonal antibodies against somatic antigens and their characterization by ultrastructural localization of antibody binding. Journal of Helminthology 62, 1528.Google Scholar
Haseeb, A. N., El-Shazly, A. M., Arafa, M. A. and Morsy, A. T. (2003 a). Clinical laboratory and ultrasonography features of proven human fascioliasis. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 33, 397412.Google Scholar
Haseeb, A. N., El-Shazly, A. M., Arafa, M. A. and Morsy, A. T. (2003 b). Evaluation of excretory/secretory Fasciola (Fhes) antigen in diagnosis of human fascioliasis. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 33, 123138.Google Scholar
Hassan, M. M., Matar, M. A., Mowafy, N., Saleh, A., El-Badrawy, E. S., Awad, A. and Ramadan, N. I. (2002). Dot ELISA for measuring anti-Fasciola IgG isotypes among patients with fascioliasis. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 32, 571578.Google Scholar
Hien, T. T., Truong, N. T., Minh, N. H., Dat, H. D., Dung, N. T., Hue, N. T., Dung, T. K., Tuan, P. Q., Campbell, J. I., Farrar, J. J. and Day, J. N. (2008). A randomized controlled pilot study of artesunate versus triclabendazole for human fascioliasis in central Vietnam. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 78, 388392.Google Scholar
Hillyer, G. V. (1993). Serological diagnosis of Fasciola hepatica. Parasitología al Día 17, 130136.Google Scholar
Hillyer, G. V. (1999). Immunodiagnosis of human and animal fasciolosis. In Fasciolosis (ed. Dalton, J. P.), pp. 435447. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.Google Scholar
Hillyer, G. V. and Serrano, A. E. (1983). The antigens of Paragonimus westermani, Schistosoma mansoni, and Fasciola hepatica adult worms. Evidence for the presence of cross-reactive antigens and for crossprotection to Schistosoma mansoni infection using antigens of Paragonimus westermani. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 32, 350358.Google Scholar
Hillyer, G. V. and Soler De Galanes, M. (1988). Identification of a 17-kilodalton Fasciola hepatica immunodiagnostic antigen by the enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot technique. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 26, 20482053.Google Scholar
Hillyer, G. V. and Soler de Galanes, M. (1991). Initial feasibility studies of the FAST-ELISA for the immunodiagnosis of fascioliasis. Journal of Parasitology 77, 362365.Google Scholar
Hillyer, G. V. and Soler de Galanes, M. (1998). Identification of a 17-kilodalton Fasciola hepatica immunodiagnostic antigen by the enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot technique. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 26, 20482053.Google Scholar
Hillyer, G. V., Soler de Galanes, M., Rodriguez-Perez, J., Bjorland, J., Silva de Lagrava, M., Guzman, S. R. and Bryan, R. T. (1992). Use of the Falcon™ assay screening test-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (FAST-ELISA) and the enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB) to determine the prevalence of human fascioliasis in the Bolivian altiplano. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 46, 603609.Google Scholar
Houin, R., Moquet, C., Czeher, C. and Vallois, J. P. (2004). Myocastor coypus, an imported rodent, changes the fundamentals of transmission of Fasciola hepatica. In IX European Multicolloquium of Parasitology (ed. Mas-Coma, S., Bargues, M. D., Esteban, J. G. and Valero, M. A.), pp. 265266. J. Aguilar S.L., Valencia, Spain.Google Scholar
Inoue, K., Kanemasa, H., Inoue, K., Matsumoto, M., Kajita, Y., Mitsufuji, S., Kataoka, K., Okanoue, K., Yamada, M., Uchikawa, R., Tegoshi, T. and Arizono, N. (2007). A case of human fasciolosis: discrepancy between egg size and genotype of Fasciola sp. Parasitology Research 100, 665667.Google Scholar
Intapan, P. M., Maleewong, W., Nateeworanart, S., Wongkham, C., Pipitgool, V., Sukolapong, V. and Sangmaneedet, S. (2003). Immunodiagnosis of human fascioliasis using an antigen of Fasciola gigantica adult worm with the molecular mass of 27 kDa by a Dot-Elisa. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 34, 713717.Google Scholar
Intapan, P. M., Tantrawatpan, C., Maleewong, W., Wongkham, S., Wongkham, C. and Nakashima, K. (2005). Potent epitopes derived from Fasciola gigantica cathepsin L1 in peptide-based immunoassay for the serodiagnosis of human fascioliasis. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 53, 125129.Google Scholar
Itoh, M. and Sato, S. (1990). Multi-dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serodiagnosis of trematodiasis. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 21, 471474.Google Scholar
Karadağ-Öncel, E., Ozsürekçi, Y., Ozkaya-Parlakay, A., Celik, M., Cengiz, A. B., Haliloğlu, M., Ceyhan, M. and Kara, A. (2012). Fasciola hepatica infection: clinical and radiological findings in pediatric patients. Turkish Journal of Pediatrics 54, 362367.Google Scholar
Karahocagil, M. K., Akdeniz, H., Sunnetcioglu, M., Cicek, M., Mete, R., Akman, N., Ceylan, E., Karsen, H. and Yapici, K. (2011). A familial outbreak of fascioliasis in Eastern Anatolia: a report with review of literature. Acta Tropica 118, 177183.Google Scholar
Kato, K. and Miura, M. (1954). Comparative examinations. Japanese Journal of Parasitology 3, 35.Google Scholar
Katz, N., Chaves, A. and Pelegrino, J. (1972). A simple device for quantitative stool thick-smear technique in Schistosomiasis mansoni. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo 14, 397400.Google Scholar
Kaya, M., Beştaş, R. and Cetin, S. (2011). Clinical presentation and management of Fasciola hepatica infection: single-center experience. World Journal of Gastroenterology 17, 48994904.Google Scholar
Keiser, J., Sayed, H., El-Ghanam, M., Sabry, H., Anani, S., El-Wakeel, A., Hatz, C., Utzinger, J., El-Din, S. S., El-Maadawy, W. and Botros, S. (2011). Efficacy and safety of artemether in the treatment of chronic fascioliasis in Egypt: exploratory phase-2 trials. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 5, e1285.Google Scholar
Kim, J. B., Kim, D. J., Huh, S. and Cho, S. Y. (1995). A human case of invasive fascioliasis associated with liver abscess. Korean Journal of Parasitology 33, 395398.Google Scholar
Kim, T. Y., Lee, Y. S., Yun, J. H., Kim, J. J., Choi, W. H., Oh, I. H., Song, H. O. and Chu, J. P. (2010). A case of probable mixed-infection with Clonorchis sinensis and Fasciola sp.: CT and parasitological findings. Korean Journal of Parasitology 48, 157160.Google Scholar
Knobloch, J., Delgado, A., Alvarez, A. G., Reymann, U. and Bialek, R. (1985). Human fascioliasis in Cajamarca/Peru. I. Diagnostic methods and treatment with praziquantel. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 36, 8890.Google Scholar
Knopp, S., Rinaldi, L., Khamis, I. S., Stothard, J. R., Rollinson, D., Maurelli, M. P., Steinmann, P., Marti, H., Cringoli, G. and Utzinger, J. (2009). A single FLOTAC is more sensitive than triplicate Kato-Katz for the diagnosis of low-intensity soil-transmitted helminth infections. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 103, 347354.Google Scholar
Krailas, D., Panomsuk, S., Janecharat, T. and Ukong, S. (2002). Production of monoclonal antibodies against partially purified surface tegument antigens of Fasciola gigantica. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 33, 9296.Google Scholar
Kristoferitsch, W., Wessely, P., Auer, H. and Picher, O. (1982). Neurologische und kardiale Symptomatik bei einer Infektion mit Fasciola hepatica. Nervenarzt 53, 710713.Google Scholar
Kueakhai, P., Changklungmoa, N., Riengrojpitak, S., Chaichanasak, P., Meemon, K., Chaithirayan, K., Chantree, P., Sansri, V., Itagaki, T. and Sobhon, P. (2013 a). Vaccine potential of recombinant saposin-like protein 2 against Fasciolosis gigantica in mice. Vaccine 31, 55185523.Google Scholar
Kueakhai, P., Changklungmoa, N., Chaithirayanon, K., Songkoomkrong, S., Riengro-Jpitak, S. and Sobhon, P. (2013 b). Production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody against recombinant saposin-like protein 2 of Fasciola gigantica. Acta Tropica 125, 157162.Google Scholar
La Pook, J. D., Magun, A. M., Nickerson, K. G. and Meltzer, J. I. (2000). Sheep, watercress, and the internet. Lancet 356, 218.Google Scholar
Langley, R. J. and Hillyer, G. V. (1989 a). Detection of circulating immune complexes by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in sera from cattle infected with Fasciola hepatica. Journal of Parasitology 75, 690695.Google Scholar
Langley, R. J. and Hillyer, G. V. (1989 b). Detection of circulating parasite antigen in murine fascioliasis by two-site enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 41, 472478.Google Scholar
Levecke, B., Behnke, J. M., Ajjampur, S. S., Albonico, M., Ame, S. M., Charlier, J., Geiger, S. M., Hoa, N. T., Kamwa Ngassam, R. I., Kotze, A. C., McCarthy, J. S., Montresor, A., Periago, M. V., Roy, S., Tchuem Tchuenté, L. A., Thach, D. T. and Vercruysse, J. (2011). A comparison of the sensitivity and fecal egg counts of the McMaster egg counting and Kato-Katz thick smear methods for soil-transmitted helminths. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 5, e1201.Google Scholar
Lopez, M., White, A. C. Jr., and Cabada, M. M. (2012). Burden of Fasciola hepatica infection among children from Paucartambo in Cusco, Peru. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 86, 481485.Google Scholar
Lumbreras, H., Cantella, R. and Burga, R. (1962). Acerca de un procedimiento de sedimentación rápida para investigar huevos de Fasciola hepatica en las heces, su evaluación y uso en el campo. Revista Médica Peruana 31, 167174.Google Scholar
Mac Lean, J. D., Varghese, J. and Graeme-Cook, F. M. (2002). Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. New England Journal of Medicine 346, 12321239.Google Scholar
Maco-Flores, V., Marcos-Raymundo, L., Terashima-Iwashita, A., Samalvides-Cuba, F., Miranda-Sanchez, E., Espinoza-Babilon, J. and Gotuzzo-Herencia, E. (2002). Fas-2 ELISA and the rapid sedimentation technique modified by Lumbreras for Fasciola hepatica infection diagnosis. Revista Medica Herediana 13, 4957.Google Scholar
Maeda, T., Yamada, H., Akao, N., Iga, M., Endo, T., Koibuchi, T., Nakamura, T., Odawara, T., Iwamoto, A. and Fujii, T. (2008). Unusual radiological findings of Fasciola hepatica infection with huge cystic and multilocular lesions. Internal Medicine 47, 449452.Google Scholar
Maher, K., El Ridi, R., Elhoda, A. N., El-Ghannam, M., Shaheen, H., Shaker, Z. and Hassanein, H. I. (1999). Parasite-specific antibody profile in human fascioliasis: application for immunodiagnosis of infection. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 61, 738742.Google Scholar
Mailles, A., Vaillant, V., Schepens, C., Ajana, F., Capek, I., Ilef, D., Fillebeen, C., Lefort, M., Therouanne, M., Volant, P., Flavigny, M. C. and De Valk, H. (2003). Epidémie de fasciolose dans la Région Nord-Pas-de-Calais, printemps 2002. BEH, Institut de Veille Sanitaire, Ministère de la Santé, de la Famille et des Personnes Handicapées 9, 4950.Google Scholar
Mailles, A., Capek, I., Ajana, F., Schepens, C., Ilef, D. and Vaillant, V. (2006). Commercial watercress as an emerging source of fascioliasis in Northern France in 2002: results from an outbreak investigation. Epidemiology and Infection 134, 942945.Google Scholar
Marcet Sánchez, R., Figueredo Pino, M., Núñez Fernández, C. F., Rojas Rivero, C. L. and Sarracent Pérez, C. J. (2012). Incremento de la sensibilidad analítica del sistema FasciDIG para el diagnosis de Fasciola hepatica. Revista Cubana de Medicina Tropical 64, 335341.Google Scholar
Marcos, L. A., Tagle, M., Terashima, A., Bussalleu, A., Ramirez, C., Carrasco, C., Valdez, L., Huerta-Mercado, J., Freedman, D. O., Vinetz, J. M. and Gotuzzo, E. (2008). Natural history, clinicoradiologic correlates, and response to triclabendazole in acute massive fascioliasis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 78, 222227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martinez-Sernandez, V., Muiño, L., Perteguer, M. J., Garate, T., Mezo, M., Gonzalez-Warleta, M., Muro, A., Correia da Costa, J. M., Romaris, F. and Ubeira, F. M. (2011). Development and evaluation of a new lateral flow immunoassay for serodiagnosis of human fasciolosis. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 5, e1376.Google Scholar
Mas-Coma, S. (2004). Human fascioliasis. In World Health Organization (WHO), Waterborne Zoonoses: Identification, Causes and Control (ed. Cotruvo, J. A., Dufour, A., Rees, G., Bartram, J., Carr, R., Cliver, D. O., Craun, G. F., Fayer, R. and Gannon, V. P. J.), pp. 305322. IWA Publishing, London, UK.Google Scholar
Mas-Coma, S. (2005). Epidemiology of fascioliasis in human endemic areas. Journal of Helminthology 79, 207216.Google Scholar
Mas-Coma, S. and Bargues, M. D. (1997). Human liver flukes: a review. Research and Reviews in Parasitology 57, 145218.Google Scholar
Mas-Coma, S., Angles, R., Esteban, J. G., Oviedo, J. A. and Buchón, P. (1995). Human fasciolasis in Bolivia: a general analysis and a critical review of existing data. Research and Reviews in Parasitology 55, 7393.Google Scholar
Mas-Coma, S., Bargues, M. D. and Esteban, J. G. (1999 a). Human fasciolosis. In Fasciolosis (ed. Dalton, J. P.), pp. 411434. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.Google Scholar
Mas-Coma, S., Esteban, J. G. and Bargues, M. D. (1999 b). Epidemiology of human fascioliasis: a review and proposed new classification. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 77, 340346.Google Scholar
Mas-Coma, S., Angles, R., Esteban, J. G., Bargues, M. D., Buchon, P., Franken, M. and Strauss, W. (1999 c). The Northern Bolivian Altiplano: a region highly endemic for human fascioliasis. Tropical Medicine and International Health 4, 454467.Google Scholar
Mas-Coma, S., Bargues, M. D. and Valero, M. A. (2005). Fascioliasis and other plant-borne trematode zoonoses. International Journal for Parasitology 35, 12551278.Google Scholar
Mas-Coma, S., Valero, M. A. and Bargues, M. D. (2008). Effects of climate change on animal and zoonotic helminthiases. Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'Office Internationale des Epizooties 27, 443457.Google Scholar
Mas-Coma, S., Valero, M. A. and Bargues, M. D. (2009 a). Fasciola, lymnaeids and human fascioliasis, with a global overview on disease transmission, epidemiology, evolutionary genetics, molecular epidemiology and control. Advances in Parasitology 69, 41146.Google Scholar
Mas-Coma, S., Valero, M. A. and Bargues, M. D. (2009 b). Climate change effects on trematodiases, with emphasis on zoonotic fascioliasis and schistosomiasis. Veterinary Parasitology 163, 264280.Google Scholar
Mas-Coma, S., Agramunt, V. H. and Valero, M. A. (2014). Neurological and ocular fascioliasis in humans. Advances in Parasitology 84, 27149.Google Scholar
Mera y Sierra, R., Agramunt, V. H., Cuervo, P. and Mas-Coma, S. (2011). Human fascioliasis in Argentina: retrospective overview, critical analysis and baseline for future research. Parasites and Vectors 4, 104.Google Scholar
Mezo, M., Gonzalez-Warleta, M., Carro, C. and Ubeira, F. M. (2004). An ultrasensitive capture ELISA for detection of Fasciola hepatica coproantigens in sheep and cattle using a new monoclonal antibody (MM3). Journal of Parasitology 90, 845852.Google Scholar
Mezo, M., Gonzalez-Warleta, M. and Ubeira, F. M. (2007). The use of MM3 monoclonal antibodies for the early immunodiagnosis of ovine fascioliasis. Journal of Parasitology 93, 6572.Google Scholar
Mezo, M., Gonzalez-Warleta, M., Castro-Hermida, J. A., Muiño, L. and Ubeira, F. M. (2010). Field evaluation of the MM3-SERO ELISA for detection of anti-Fasciola IgG antibodies in milk samples from individual cows and bulk milk tanks. Parasitology International 59, 610615.Google Scholar
Mezo, M., Gonzalez-Warleta, M., Castro-Hermida, J. A., Manga-Gonzalez, M. Y., Peixoto, R., Mas-Coma, S. and Valero, M. A. (2013). The wild boar (Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758) as secondary reservoir of Fasciola hepatica in Galicia (NW Spain). Veterinary Parasitology 198, 274283.Google Scholar
Morales, A. and Espino, A. M. (2012). Evaluation and characterization of Fasciola hepatica tegument protein extract for serodiagnosis of human fascioliasis. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 19, 18701878.Google Scholar
Morse, A., McLean, K. and Bedi, A. (2006). Hepatic fascioliasis complicated by hepatic cyst in communication with the biliary tree and secondary sclerosing cholangitis. American Journal of Gastroenterology 101(Suppl. S222–S396), 378.Google Scholar
Muiño, L., Perteguer, M. J., Garate, T., Martinez-Sernandez, V., Beltran, A., Romaris, F., Mezo, M., Gonzalez-Warleta, M. and Ubeira, F. M. (2011). Molecular and immunological characterization of Fasciola antigens recognized by the MM3 monoclonal antibody. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 179, 8090.Google Scholar
Muñoz, N., Neira, P., Neira, G., Villalon, L. and Subercaseaux, B. (1987). Modificaciones al método de sedimentación por gravedad en el diagnóstico coprológico de la fascioliasis humana. Parasitología al Día 11, 167171.Google Scholar
Novo-Veleiro, I., Martín-Sánchez, A. M., Elcuaz-Romano, R., Muro, A., Afonso-Rodríguez, O., García-Bardeci, D., Bordes-Benítez, A., Carranza-Rodríguez, C., Hernández-Cabrera, M., Alvela-Suárez, L. and Pérez-Arellano, J. L. (2012). Parasitosis en Gran Canaria (España). Estudio prospectivo multicéntrico durante un año. Revista Ibero-Latinoamericana de Parasitología 71, 3441.Google Scholar
Noyer, C. M., Coyle, C. M., Werner, C., Dupouy-Camet, J., Tanowitz, H. B. and Wittner, M. (2002). Hypereosinophilia and liver mass in an immigrant. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 66, 774776.Google Scholar
O'Neill, S. M., Parkinson, M., Strauss, W., Angles, R. and Dalton, J. P. (1998). Immunodiagnosis of Fasciola hepatica infection (fascioliasis) in a human population in the Bolivian Altiplano using purified cathepsin L cysteine proteinase. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 58, 417423.Google Scholar
O'Neill, S. M., Parkinson, M., Dowd, A. J., Strauss, W., Angles, R. and Dalton, J. P. (1999). Short report: Immunodiagnosis of human fascioliasis using recombinant Fasciola hepatica cathepsin L1 cysteine proteinase. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 60, 749751.Google Scholar
Ozturhan, H., Emekdaş, G., Sezgin, O., Korkmaz, M. and Altintaş, E. (2009) Seroepidemiology of Fasciola hepatica in Mersin province and surrounding towns and the role of family history of the fascioliasis in the transmission of the parasite. Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology 20, 198203.Google Scholar
Pailler, S., Puygauthier-Toubas, D., Bonnin, A., Marx-Chemla, C., Camerlynck, P., Thoannes, H. and Pinon, J. M. (1990). Caractérisation isotypique des anticorps specifiques dans la distomatose humaine à Fasciola hepatica. Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses 20, 177181.Google Scholar
Palmer, D. G., Lyon, J., Palmer, M. and Forshaw, D. (2013). Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of a F. hepatica copro-antigen ELISA and its use for maintaining freedom of liver fluke infection in Western Australia. In 24th International Conference of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP, 25–29 August 2013), Australian Society for Parasitology Inc., Perth, Australia. Abstracts Book, No. 821 (Poster No. 92).Google Scholar
Pappas, M. G. (1988). Recent applications of the Dot-ELISA in immunoparasitology. Veterinary Parasitology 29, 105129.Google Scholar
Paz-Silva, A., Pedreira, J., Sanchez-Andrade, R., Suarez, J. L., Diaz, P., Panadero, R., Diez-Baños, P. and Morrondo, P. (2002). Time-course analysis of coproantigens in rats infected and challenged with Fasciola hepatica. Parasitology Research 88, 568573.Google Scholar
Pelayo, L., Espino, A. M., Dumenigo, B. E. and Finlay, C. M. (1998). Detección de anticuerpos, antígenos y complejos inmunes circulantes en las fascioliasis aguda y crónica. Resultados preliminares. Revista Cubana de Medicina Tropical 50, 209214.Google Scholar
Pelletier, S., Chosidow, O., Rogeaux, O., Lenoir, S., Piette, J. C., Frances, C. and Herson, S. (1995). Probable syndrome des anti-phospholipides secondaire à une distomatose. Annales de Medicine Interne (Paris) 146, 276278.Google Scholar
Perez Rodríguez, A., Casero Valladares, T., Martinez Rodriguez, R. and Perez Martin, O. (1986). Aspectos epidemiológicos sobre fascioliasis hepática. Revista Cubana de Medicina Tropical 38, 263269.Google Scholar
Periago, M. V., Valero, M. A., El Sayed, M., Ashrafi, K., El Wakeel, A., Mohamed, M. Y., Desquesnes, M., Curtale, F. and Mas-Coma, S. (2008). First phenotypic description of Fasciola hepatica/Fasciola gigantica intermediate forms from the human endemic area of the Nile Delta, Egypt. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 8, 5158.Google Scholar
Piacenza, L., Acosta, D., Basmadjian, I., Dalton, J. P. and Carmona, C. (1999). Vaccination with cathepsin L proteinases and with leucine aminopeptidase induces high levels of protection against fascioliasis in sheep. Infection and Immunity 67, 19541961.Google Scholar
Ragab, M. and Farag, H. F. (1978). On human fascioliasis in Egypt. Journal of the Egyptian Medical Association 61, 773780.Google Scholar
Rahimi, M. T., Ashrafi, K., Koosha, S., Abdi, J. and Rokni, M. B. (2011). Evaluation of Fast-ELISA versus standard-ELISA to diagnose human fasciolosis. Archives of Iranian Medicine 14, 1821.Google Scholar
Ripert, C., Tribouley, J., Luong Dinh Giap, G., Combe, A. and Laborde, M. (1987). Epidémiologie de la fasciolose humaine dans le sud ouest de la France. Bulletin de la Société Française de Parasitologie 5, 227230.Google Scholar
Rodriguez-Perez, J. and Hillyer, G. V. (1995). Detection of excretory-secretory circulating antigens in sheep infected with Fasciola hepatica and with Schistosoma mansoni and F. hepatica. Veterinary Parasitology 56, 5766.Google Scholar
Rokni, M. B., Massoud, J., O'Neill, S. M., Parkinson, M. and Dalton, J. P. (2002). Diagnosis of human fasciolosis in the Gilan province of Northern Iran: application of cathepsin L-ELISA. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 44, 175179.Google Scholar
Rondelaud, D., Amat-Frut, E. and Pestre-Alexandre, M. (1982). La distomatose humaine à Fasciola hepatica. Etude épidémiologique de 121 cas survenus sur une période de 25 ans. Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique 75, 291300.Google Scholar
Rondelaud, D., Dreyfuss, G. and Vignoles, P. (2006). Clinical and biological abnormalities in patients after fasciolosis treatment. Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses 36, 466468.Google Scholar
Ruggieri, F., Correa, A. J. E. and Martínez, E. (1967). Cerebral distomiasis. Case report. Journal of Neurosurgery 27, 268271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sabry, H. and Mohamed, S. (2007). Diagnosis efficacy of anti-cysteine protease for detection of Fasciola antigen in serum and stool samples. New Egyptian Journal of Medicine 36, 163169.Google Scholar
Sabry, M. A. and Taher, E. S. (2008). Saliva as an easy specimen for diagnosis of human and animal fascioliosis. Egyptian Journal of Immunology 15, 4351.Google Scholar
Sakru, N., Korkmaz, M., Demirci, M., Kuman, A. and Ok, U. Z. (2011). Fasciola hepatica infection in echinococcosis suspected cases. Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi 35, 7780.Google Scholar
Salimi-Bejestani, M. R., McGarry, J. W., Felstead, S., Ortiz, P., Akca, A. and Williams, D. J. (2005). Development of an antibody-detection ELISA for Fasciola hepatica and its evaluation against a commercially available test. Research in Veterinary Science 78, 177181.Google Scholar
Sampaio-Silva, M. L., Santoro, F. and Capron, A. (1981). Circulating immune complexes in human fascioliasis. Relationship with Fasciola hepatica egg output. Acta Tropica 38, 3944.Google Scholar
Sampaio-Silva, M. L., Vindimian, M., Wattre, P. and Capron, A. (1985). Etude des anticorps IgE dans la distomatose humaine à Fasciola hepatica. Pathologie et Biologie (Paris) 33, 746750.Google Scholar
Sampaio-Silva, M. L., Da Costa, J. M., Da Costa, A. M., Pires, M. A., Lopes, S. A., Castro, A. M. and Monjour, L. (1996). Antigenic components of excretory-secretory products of adult Fasciola hepatica recognized in human infection. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 54, 146148.Google Scholar
Sanchez-Andrade, R., Paz-Silva, A., Suarez, J. L., Panadero, R., Díez-Baños, P. and Morrondo, P. (2000). Use of a sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (SEA) for the diagnosis of natural Fasciola hepatica infection in cattle from Galicia (NW Spain). Veterinary Parasitology 93, 3946.Google Scholar
Sanchez-Andrade, R., Paz-Silva, A., Suarez, J. L., Panadero, R., Pedreira, J., Diez-Baños, P. and Morrondo, P. (2001). Effect of fasciolicides on the antigenaemia in sheep naturally infected with Fasciola hepatica. Parasitology Research 87, 609614.Google Scholar
Santiago, N. and Hillyer, G. V. (1986). Isolation of potential serodiagnostic Fasciola hepatica antigen by electroelution from polyacrylamide gels. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 35, 12101217.Google Scholar
Sapero, J. J. and Lawless, D. (1953). The ‘MIF’ stain-preservation technique for the identification of intestinal protozoa. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2, 613619.Google Scholar
Shaheen, H. I., Kamal, K. A., Farid, Z., Mansour, N., Boctor, F. N. and Woody, J. N. (1989). Dot-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Dot-ELISA) for the rapid diagnosis of human fascioliasis. Journal of Parasitology 75, 549552.Google Scholar
Shaheen, H., Al Khafif, M., Farag, R. M. and Kamal, K. A. (1994). Serodifferentiation of human fascioliasis from schistosomiasis. Tropical and Geographical Medicine 46, 326327.Google Scholar
Shaker, Z. A., Demerdash, Z. A., Mansour, W. A., Hassanein, H. I., El-Baz, H. G. and El-Gindy, H. I. (1994). Evaluation of specific Fasciola antigen in the immunodiagnosis of human fascioliasis in Egypt. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 24, 463470.Google Scholar
Silva, M., Urarte, E., Mercado, R. and Gorman, T. (1993). Aplicación de inmunoelectrotransferencia empleando antígenos de excreción-secreción en el diagnóstico de fasciolasis humana. Parasitología al Día 17, 144146.Google Scholar
Silva, L. M. R., Vila-Viçosa, M. J. M., Maurelli, M. E., Morgogoglione, M. E., Cortes, H. C. E., Cringoli, G. and Rinaldi, L. (2013). Mini-FLOTAC for the diagnosis of Eimeria infection in goats: an alternative to McMaster. Small Ruminant Research 114, 280283.Google Scholar
Sirisriro, A., Grams, R., Vichasri-Grams, S., Ardseungneon, P., Pankao, V., Meepool, A., Chaithirayanon, K., Viyanant, V., Tan-Ariya, P., Upatham, E. S. and Sobhon, P. (2002). Production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody against recombinant fatty acid binding protein of Fasciola gigantica. Veterinary Parasitology 105, 119129.Google Scholar
Speich, B., Knopp, S., Mohammed, K. A., Khamis, I. S., Rinaldi, L., Cringoli, G., Rollinson, D. and Utzinger, J. (2010). Comparative cost assessment of the Kato-Katz and FLOTAC techniques for soil-transmitted helminth diagnosis in epidemiological surveys. Parasites and Vectors 3, 71.Google Scholar
Stork, M. G., Venables, G. S., Jennings, S. M. F., Beesley, J. R., Bendezu, P. and Capron, A. (1973). An investigation of endemic fasciolasis in Peruvian village children. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 76, 231235.Google Scholar
Strauss, W., Angles, R., Esteban, J. G. and Mas-Coma, S. (1997). Human fascioliasis in Bolivia: serological surveys in los Andes province of the department of La Paz. Research and Reviews in Parasitology 57, 109113.Google Scholar
Strauss, W., O'Neill, S. M., Parkinson, M., Angles, R. and Dalton, J. P. (1999). Short report: diagnosis of human fascioliasis: detection of anti-cathepsin L antibodies in blood samples collected on filter paper. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 60, 746748.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tanir, G., Karaman, A., Tüfekçi, S. B., Erdogan, D., Tuygan, N. and Ozkan, A. T. (2011). A case of ectopic intraabdominal fascioliasis presented with acute abdomen. Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology 22, 347350.Google Scholar
Tantrawatpan, C., Maleewong, W., Wongkham, C., Wongkham, S., Intapan, P. M. and Nakashima, K. (2005). Serodiagnosis of human fascioliasis by a cystatin capture enzyme-liked immunosorbent assay with recombinant Fasciola gigantica cathepsin L antigen. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 72, 8286.Google Scholar
Tantrawatpan, C., Maleewong, W., Wongkham, C., Wongkham, S., Intapan, P. M. and Nakashima, K. (2007). Evaluation of immunoglobulin G4 subclass antibody in a peptide based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the serodiagnosis of human fascioliasis. Parasitology 134, 20212026.Google Scholar
Tawfeer, G. M. and Hussein, D. A. (2000). IgM and IgG cystatin capture enzyme linked immunosorbent assays: a tool for serodiagnosis and assessment of cure of acute fascioliasis after triclabendazole (TCZ; Fasinex) therapy. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 30, 679697.Google Scholar
Teesdale, C. H., Fahringer, K. and Chitsulo, L. (1985). Egg count variability and sensitivity of a thin smear technique for the diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 79, 369373.Google Scholar
Tello, R., Terashima, A., Marcos, L. A., Machicado, J., Canales, M. and Gotuzzo, E. (2012). Highly effective and inexpensive parasitological technique for diagnosis of intestinal parasites in developing countries: spontaneous sedimentation technique in tube. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 16, e414e416.Google Scholar
Terashima, A., Marcos, L., Maco, V., Canales, M., Samalvides, F. and Tello, R. (2009). Técnica de sedimentación en tubo de alta sensibilidad para el diagnóstico de parásitos intestinales. Revista de Gastroenterología del Peru 29, 305310.Google Scholar
Thi, K. D. T. (2004). Serological tests for fascioliasis. Medical Journal of the Ho Chi Minh City 8, 5967.Google Scholar
Tinar, R. (1984). Recherches sur l'identification selon les dimensions des oeufs de Fasciola hepatica et Fasciola gigantica. Veterinary Fakulty Ankara University 31, 207229. [In Turklish]Google Scholar
Trifina, E., Spenger, J., Zandieh, S., Haller, J., Auer, H., Österreicher, C., Klaushofer, K. and Mikosch, P. (2011). Multiple Leberherde und Eosinophilie – ein Fallbericht einer Fasciola hepatica-Infektion. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 161, 448454.Google Scholar
Turrientes, M. C., Saenz de Sta. Maria, A., Ceballos, E., Diaz, M., Bareno, M., Muro, A., Pardo, J. and Lopez-Velez, R. (2004). Fasciolosis importada y autóctona. Enfermedades Emergentes 6, 188.Google Scholar
Ubeira, F. M., Muiño, L., Valero, M. A., Periago, M. V., Perez-Crespo, I., Mezo, M., Gonzalez-Warleta, M., Romaris, F., Paniagua, E., Cortizo, S., Llovo, J. and Mas-Coma, S. (2009). MM3-ELISA detection of Fasciola hepatica coproantigens in preserved human stool samples. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 81, 156162.Google Scholar
Vadlejch, J., Petrtyl, M., Zaichenko, I., Cadkova, Z., Jankovska, I., Langrova, I. and Moravec, M. (2011). Which McMaster egg counting technique is the most reliable? Parasitology Research 109, 13871394.Google Scholar
Valero, M. A., Darce, N. A., Panova, M. and Mas-Coma, S. (2001). Relationships between host species and morphometric patterns in Fasciola hepatica adults and eggs from the Northern Bolivian Altiplano hyperendemic region. Veterinary Parasitology 102, 85100.Google Scholar
Valero, M. A., Panova, M., Comes, A. M., Fons, R. and Mas-Coma, S. (2002). Patterns in size and shedding of Fasciola hepatica eggs by naturally and experimentally infected murid rodents. Journal of Parasitology 88, 308313.Google Scholar
Valero, M. A., Santana, M., Morales, M., Hernandez, J. L. and Mas-Coma, S. (2003). Risk of gallstone disease in advanced chronic phase of fascioliasis: an experimental study in a rat model. Journal of Infectious Diseases 188, 787793.Google Scholar
Valero, M. A., Panova, M. and Mas-Coma, S. (2005). Phenotypic analysis of adults and eggs of Fasciola hepatica by computer image analysis system. Journal of Helminthology 79, 217225.Google Scholar
Valero, M. A., Navarro, M., Garcia-Bodelon, M. A., Marcilla, A., Morales, M., Garcia, J. E., Hernandez, J. L. and Mas-Coma, S. (2006 a). High risk of bacterobilia in advanced experimental chronic fasciolosis. Acta Tropica 100, 1723.Google Scholar
Valero, M. A., De Renzi, M., Panova, M., Garcia-Bodelon, M. A., Periago, M. V., Ordoñez, D. and Mas-Coma, S. (2006 b). Crowding effect on adult growth, pre-patent period and egg shedding of Fasciola hepatica. Parasitology 133, 453463.Google Scholar
Valero, M. A., Girones, N., García-Bodelon, M. A., Periago, M. V., Chico-Calero, I., Khoubbane, M., Fresno, M. and Mas-Coma, S. (2008). Anaemia in advanced chronic fasciolosis. Acta Tropica 108, 3543.Google Scholar
Valero, M. A., Perez-Crespo, I., Periago, M. V., Khoubbane, M. and Mas-Coma, S. (2009 a). Fluke egg characteristics for the diagnosis of human and animal fascioliasis by Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica. Acta Tropica 111, 150159.Google Scholar
Valero, M. A., Ubeira, F. M., Khoubbane, M., Artigas, P., Muiño, L., Mezo, M., Perez-Crespo, I., Periago, M. V. and Mas-Coma, S. (2009 b). MM3-ELISA evaluation of coproantigen release and serum antibody production in sheep experimentally infected with Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica. Veterinary Parasitology 159, 7781.Google Scholar
Valero, M. A., Panova, M., Perez-Crespo, I., Khoubbane, M. and Mas-Coma, S. (2011). Correlation between egg-shedding and uterus development in Fasciola hepatica human and animal isolates: Applied implications. Veterinary Parasitology 183, 7986.Google Scholar
Valero, M. A., Periago, M. V., Perez-Crespo, I., Angles, R., Villegas, F., Aguirre, C., Strauss, W., Espinoza, J. R., Herrera, P., Terashima, A., Tamayo, H., Engels, D., Gabrielli, A. F. and Mas-Coma, S. (2012 a). Field evaluation of a coproantigen detection test for fascioliasis diagnosis and surveillance in human hyperendemic areas of Andean countries. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 6, e1812.Google Scholar
Valero, M. A., Periago, M. V., Perez-Crespo, I., Rodriguez, E., Perteguer, M. J., Garate, T., Gonzalez-Barbera, E. M. and Mas-Coma, S. (2012 b). Assessing the validity of an ELISA test for the serological diagnosis of human fascioliasis in different epidemiological situations. Tropical Medicine and International Health 17, 630636.Google Scholar
Villegas, F., Angles, R., Barrientos, R., Barrios, G., Valero, M. A., Hamed, K., Grueningr, H., Ault, S. K., Montresor, A., Engels, D., Mas-Coma, S. and Gabrielli, A. F. (2012). Administration of triclabendazole is safe and effective in controlling fascioliasis in an endemic community of the Bolivian Altiplano. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 6, e1720.Google Scholar
Wongkham, C., Tantrawatpan, C., Intapan, P. M., Maleewong, W., Wongkham, S. and Nakashima, K. (2005). Evaluation of immunoglobulin G subclass antibodies against recombinant Fasciola gigantica cathepsin L1 in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serodiagnosis of human fasciolosis. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 12, 11521156.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1991). Basic Laboratory Techniques. World Heatlh Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (2007). Report of the WHO Informal Meeting on use of Triclabendazole in Fascioliasis Control. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. WHO/CDS/NTD/PCT/2007.1.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (2008). Fact sheet on fascioliasis. In Action Against Worms. Newsletter 10, 1–8. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
Yalav, O., Yağmur, Ö., Ülkü, A., Akcam, A. T. and Sönmez, H. (2012). A rare cause of obstructive jaundice: Fasciola hepatica mimicking cholangiocarcinoma. Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology 23, 604607.Google Scholar
Zumaquero-Rios, J. L., Sarracent-Perez, J., Rojas-Garcia, R., Rojas-Rivero, L., Martinez-Tovilla, Y., Valero, M. A. and Mas-Coma, S. (2013). Fascioliasis and intestinal parasitoses affecting schoolchildren in Atlixco, Puebla State, Mexico: epidemiology and treatment with nitazoxanide. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 7, e2553.Google Scholar