Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T10:15:11.490Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A clinical review of human disease due to Paragonimus kellicotti in North America

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 July 2021

Brianna Coogle ,
Samuel Sosland  and
Nathan C. Bahr Open the ORCID record for Nathan C. Bahr [Opens in a new window]
Brianna Coogle
Affiliation:
Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
Samuel Sosland
Affiliation:
School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
Nathan C. Bahr*
Affiliation:
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
*
Author for correspondence: Nathan C. Bahr, E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Human autochthonous infections with the trematode Paragonimus kellicotti are increasingly being reported in North America, but the true prevalence and geographic distribution are unknown. Ingestion of raw crayfish is reported in most human cases, typically in the context of alcohol intoxication. Risk of infection varies depending on what part of the crayfish is ingested as metacercariae of P. kellicotti (>50% mature to adults) localize to the heart and pericardium of the crayfish. Reported human cases have manifested primarily in otherwise healthy young adults presenting with severe eosinophilic pneumonia, pleuritis, systemic symptoms, dermatologic lesions and cerebral involvement. However, it is likely that many infections go unreported due to lack of awareness, mild illness or the absence of rapid commercially available diagnostic tests. Promising advances have been made related to novel diagnostic targets. Conservation of these antigen targets among at least four Paragonimus species could make these antigens viable for diagnostic testing of P. kellicotti specifically as well as other Paragonimus species, but additional studies and funding investments are required. Public and physician awareness may have improved due to targeted education campaigns, but ongoing activities to raise awareness are needed, particularly in areas where cases have not been frequently reported to date.

Keywords

Eosinophiliaeosinophilic meningitisParagonimus kellicottipneumoniazoonosis
Type
Review Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 149 , Special Issue 10: Foodborne Trematodes – time to rise from neglected status , September 2022 , pp. 1327 - 1333
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ameel, DJ (1934) Paragonimus, its life history and distribution in North America and its taxonomy (Trematoda: Troglo-trematidae). American Journal of Hygiene 19 (2), 279–319.Google Scholar
Bahr, NC, Trotman, RL, Samman, H, Jung, RS, Rosterman, LR, Weil, GJ and Hinthorn, DR (2017) Eosinophilic meningitis due to infection with Paragonimus kellicotti. Clinical Infectious Diseases 64, 1271–1274.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Basch, PF (1959) Two new molluscan intermediate hosts for Paragonimus kellicotti. Journal of Parasitology 45(3), 273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bech-Nielsen, S, Fulton, RW, Cox, HU, Hoskins, JD, Malone, JB Jr and Mcgrath, RK (1980) Feline respiratory tract disease in Louisiana. American Journal of Veterinary Research 41, 1293–1298.Google ScholarPubMed
Béland, JE, Boone, J, Donevan, RE and Mankiewicz, E (1969) Paragonimiasis (The Lung Fluke). American Review of Respiratory Disease 99, 261–271.Google ScholarPubMed
Bemrick, WJ and Schlotthauer, JC (1971) Paragonimus kellicotti (Ward, 1908) in a Minnesota skunk (Melphitis mephitis). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 7, 36.Google Scholar
Blair, D (2019) Paragonimiasis. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1154, 105–138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boé, DM and Schwarz, MI (2007) A 31-year-old man with chronic cough and hemoptysis. Chest 132, 721–726.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Castilla, EA, Jessen, R, Sheck, DN and Procop, GW (2003) Cavitary mass lesion and recurrent pneumothoraces due to Paragonimus kellicotti infection: North American paragonimiasis. American Journal of Surgical Pathology 27, 1157–1160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2010) Human paragonimiasis after eating raw or undercooked crayfish – Missouri, July 2006–September 2010. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 59, 1573–1576.Google Scholar
Chai, JY (2013) Paragonimiasis. Handbook of Clinical Neurology 114, 283–296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cole, RA and Shoop, WL (1987) Helminths of the raccoon (Procyon lotor) in western Kentucky. The Journal of Parasitology 73, 762–768.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cox, E (2019) NDA 208711; NDA Approval. Retrieved from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/appletter/2019/208711Orig1s000ltr.pdf.Google Scholar
Curtis, KC, Fischer, K, Choi, YJ, Mitreva, M, Weil, GJ and Fischer, PU (2021) Characterization and localization of antigens for serodiagnosis of human paragonimiasis. Parasitology Research 120, 535–545.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Defrain, M and Hooker, R (2002) North American paragonimiasis: case report of a severe clinical infection. Chest 121, 1368–1372.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diaz, JH (2013) Paragonimiasis acquired in the United States: native and nonnative species. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 26, 493–504.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fischer, PU and Weil, GJ (2015) North American paragonimiasis: epidemiology and diagnostic strategies. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy 13, 779–786.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fischer, PU, Curtis, KC, Marcos, LA and Weil, GJ (2011) Molecular characterization of the North American lung fluke Paragonimus kellicotti in Missouri and its development in Mongolian gerbils. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 84, 1005–1011.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fischer, PU, Curtis, KC, Folk, SM, Wilkins, PP, Marcos, LA and Weil, GJ (2013) Serological diagnosis of North American Paragonimiasis by Western blot using Paragonimus kellicotti adult worm antigen. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 88, 1035.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fürst, T, Keiser, J and Utzinger, J (2012) Global burden of human food-borne trematodiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 12, 210–221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrus, S, Nyska, A, Colorni, A and Markovics, A (1997) Sudden death due to Paragonimus kellicotti infection in a dog. Veterinary Parasitology 71, 59–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hiestand, SJ, Nielsen, CK and Jiménez, FA (2014) Epizootic and zoonotic helminths of the bobcat (Lynx rufus) in Illinois and a comparison of its helminth component communities across the American Midwest. Parasite 21, 4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horn, CB, Patel, NR, Hawasli, JA and Edwards, MA (2016) Paragonimus kellicotti presenting with hemoptysis and a left upper lobe mass. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 102, e393–e395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johannesen, E and Nguyen, V (2016) Paragonimus kellicotti: a lung infection in our own backyard. Case Reports in Pathology 2016, 2107372.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, KE, Kazacos, KR, Blevins, WE and Cantwell, HD (1981) Albendazole for treatment of Paragonimus kellicotti infection in two cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 178, 483–485.Google ScholarPubMed
Keiser, J, Engels, D, Büscher, G and Utzinger, J (2005) Triclabendazole for the treatment of fascioliasis and paragonimiasis. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 14, 1513–1526.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kimura, H, Kikui, M, Tsuyuguchi, I and Kishimoto, S (1993) A case of spontaneous remission of Paragonimiasis miyazakii. Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi 31, 1151–1156.Google ScholarPubMed
Kirkpatrick, CE and Shelly, EA (1985) Paragonimiasis in a dog: treatment with praziquantel. Journal of the American Veterinary Medicine Association 187, 75–76.Google Scholar
Lane, MA, Barsanti, MC, Santos, CA, Yeung, M, Lubner, SJ and Weil, GJ (2009) Human paragonimiasis in North America following ingestion of raw crayfish. Clinical Infectious Diseases 49, e55–e61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lane, MA, Marcos, LA, Onen, NF, Demertzis, LM, Hayes, EV, Davila, SZ, Nurutdinova, DR, Bailey, TC and Weil, GJ (2012) Paragonimus kellicotti flukes in Missouri, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases 18, 1263–1267.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, SH, Li, SD, Li, HJ, Li, JY, Xu, JJ, Chang, GJ, Yang, LJ, Wang, WQ, Zhang, YL, Ma, ZQ, He, SM, Wang, WL and Huang, HL (2020) Differentially expressed homologous genes reveal interspecies differences of Paragonimus proliferus based on transcriptome analysis. Helminthologia 57, 196–210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Madariaga, MG, Ruma, T and Theis, JH (2007) Autochthonous human paragonimiasis in North America. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 18, 203–205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mariano, EG, Borja, SR and Vruno, MJ (1986) A human infection with Paragonimus kellicotti (lung fluke) in the United States. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 86, 685–687.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mcnulty, SN, Fischer, PU, Townsend, RR, Curtis, KC, Weil, GJ and Mitreva, M (2014) Systems biology studies of adult paragonimus lung flukes facilitate the identification of immunodominant parasite antigens. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 8, e3242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pachucki, CT, Levandowski, RA, Brown, VA, Sonnenkalb, BH and Vruno, MJ (1984) American paragonimiasis treated with praziquantel. New England Journal of Medicine 311, 582–583.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Procop, GW (2009) North American paragonimiasis (caused by Paragonimus kellicotti) in the context of global paragonimiasis. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 22, 415–446.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Procop, GW, Marty, AM, Scheck, DN, Mease, DR and Maw, GM (2000) North American paragonimiasis. A case report. Acta Cytologica 44, 75–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramsden, RO and Presidente, PJ (1975) Paragonimus kellicotti infection in wild carnivores in southwestern Ontario: I. Prevalence and gross pathologic features. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 11, 136–141.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ravin, KA and Loy, M (2016) The eosinophil in infection. Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology 50, 214–227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosa, BA, Choi, Y-J, Mcnulty, SN, Jung, H, Martin, J, Agatsuma, T, Sugiyama, H, Le, TH, Doanh, PN and Maleewong, W (2020) Comparative genomics and transcriptomics of 4 Paragonimus species provide insights into lung fluke parasitism and pathogenesis. GigaScience 9, giaa073.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shoenfeld, Y, Gurewich, Y, Gallant, LA and Pinkhas, J (1981) Prednisone-induced leukocytosis. Influence of dosage, method and duration of administration on the degree of leukocytosis. The American Journal of Medicine 71, 773–778.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Small Business Innovation Research (2019) The first commercial rapid diagnostic test to detect Paragonimus infections [Online]. Available at https://www.sbir.gov/sbirsearch/detail/1684483 (Accessed 27 June 2021).Google Scholar
Snyder, DE, Hamir, AN, Nettles, VF and Rupprecht, CE (1991) Lesions associated with pulmonary parasites in bobcats (Felis rufus) from Arkansas. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 27, 170–174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uchiyama, F (1998) Efficacy of chemotherapy on paragonimiasis in southern Kyushu, Japan. Proceedings of the 5th Asian-pacific Congress of Parasitic Zoonoses, 35–41.Google Scholar
Ward, HB (1908) Data for the determination of human Entozoa. II. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 28, 177–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, TG, Nettles, VF and Davidson, WR (1981) Endoparasites and selected infectious agents in bobcats (Felis rufus) from West Virginia and Georgia. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 17, 547–554.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xia, Y, Chen, J and Chen, LY (2019) Intraorbital paragonimus infection. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 67, 1736.Google ScholarPubMed
Zhang, HL, Mnzava, KW, Mitchell, ST, Melubo, ML, Kibona, TJ, Cleaveland, S, Kazwala, RR, Crump, JA, Sharp, JP and Halliday, JE (2016) Mixed methods survey of zoonotic disease awareness and practice among animal and human healthcare providers in Moshi, Tanzania. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 10, e0004476.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed