Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T01:07:21.414Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

An Experimental Study of the Sheep-Trypanosome (T. melophagium Flu, 1908), and its Transmission by the Sheep-Ked (Melophagus ovinus L.)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2009

Cecil A. Hoare
Cecil A. Hoare
Affiliation:
Late Assistant Lecturer in the Military Academy of Medicine, Petrograd. (From the Wellcome Bureau of Scientific Research, London.)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Trypanosoma melophagium Flu, 1908, is a parasite of European domestic sheep (Ovis aries L.), in the blood of which it occurs in very scanty numbers and can be detected by the cultural method. In England it has been found in 80 per cent, of sheep examined.

The infection is of fairly short duration and does not produce an immunity in sheep, since the latter can easily be re-infected. In all probability T. melophagium produces no pathological effect in sheep, and is incapable of infecting laboratory animals.

Morphologically the sheep-trypanosome is closely allied to the cattle-trypanosome, T. theileri.

The intermediate host of T. melophagium is the sheep-ked, Melophagus ovinus L., in the alimentary canal of which it passes through a definite cycle of development ending in the production of infective forms (metacyclic trypanosomes) in the hind-gut of the insect.

The mode of transmission is contammative, the sheep acquiring an infection by ingesting the ked. Infection of sheep did not result from the bite of the ked, through abrasions of the skin, or from inoculation of cultures of the trypanosome.

T. melophagium is easily cultivated at 30° C. Its evolution in cultures is similar to that in the invertebrate host.

Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 15 , Issue 4 , November 1923 , pp. 365 - 424
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1923

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

* Alexeieff, A. (1917). Sur la fonction glycoplastique du kinétoplaste (= kinetonucleus) chez les flagellés. C. R. Soc. Biol. LXXX. 512.Google Scholar
Becker, E. R. (1923). Studies on the relationship between insect flagellates and leishmania. Amer. Journ. Hyg. III. 462.Google Scholar
* Behn, P. (1910). Präflagellate Entwicklungstadien der in deutschen Rindern kulturell nachweisbaren Trypanosomen. Berlin. Tierärztl. Wochenschr. No. 46, 899.Google Scholar
Behn, P. (1911). Trypanosomen beim Schafe. Berlin. Tierärztl. Wochenschr. No. 42, 768.Google Scholar
Behn, P. (1912). Weitere Trypanosomenbefunde beim Schafe. Berlin. Tierärztl. Wochenschr. No. 50, 934.Google Scholar
Bishop, C. F. (1912). Notes on a Trypanosome found in a sheep-tick, and its probable connection with the disease known as Louping-ill. Rep. of the 81st Meeting of the Brit. Assoc., Sect. D, p. 418.Google Scholar
Böning, A. (1920). Untersuchungen über das Vorkommen von Trypanosomen bei heimischen gesunden Schafen und in Schaflausfliegen (Melophagus ovinus). Vet.-Med. Inaug.-Dissert. (Hannover.)Google Scholar
* Bouet, G. (1906). Culture du trypanosome de la grenouille (Trypanosoma rotatorium). Ann. Inst. Pasteur, XX. 564.Google Scholar
* Bruce, D. (1915). The Croonian lectures on Trypanosomes causing disease in man and domestic animals in Central Africa. Lancet, July 3, p. 1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brumpt, E. (1913). A propos de l'Haemocystozoon brasiliense de Franchini. Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. VI. 6, 377.Google Scholar
Brumpt, E. (1913 a). Précis de Parasitologie. 2 ed. (Paris.)Google Scholar
* Brumpt, E. (1913 b). Evolution de Trypanosoma Lewisi, Duttoni, Nabiasi, Blanchardi chez les puces et les punaises. Transmission par les déjections. Comparaison avec T. cruzi. Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. VI. 3, 167.Google Scholar
Brumpt, E. (1922). Précis de Parasitologie. 3 éd. (Paris.)Google Scholar
Buchner, (1922). Sind die Crithidien der Schaflaus für Mäuse pathogen? Zeitschr. f. Hyg. 95 Bd., 1 Heft., 115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cauchemez, L. (1912). Recherches sur la transmission héréditaire de Crithidia melophagia Flu. C. R. Soc. Biol. LXXII. 1062.Google Scholar
* Chagas, C. (1909). Über eine neue Trypanosomiasis des Menschen. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, I. 159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chatton, E., and Delanoë, P. (1912). Observations sur l'evolution et la propagation de Crithidia melophagi Flu. C. R. Soc. Biol. LXXII. 942.Google Scholar
* Crawley, H. (1912). Trypanosoma americanum, a common blood parasite of American cattle. U.S. Dept. Agric., Bur. Anim. Industry, Bull. 145.Google Scholar
* Delanoë, P. (1911). Sur l'existence des formes trypanosomes dans les cultures de T. lewisi. C. R. Soc. Biol. LXX. 764.Google Scholar
* Delanoë, P. (1911 a). Présence de trypanosomes chez les Bovidés en France. Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. IV. 112.Google Scholar
* Doflein, F. (1910). Studien zur Naturgeschichte der Protozoen: IV. Experimentelle Studien über die Trypanosomen des Frosches. Arch. f. Protist. XIX. 207.Google Scholar
Doflein, F. (1916). Lehrbuch der Protozoenkunde. 4 ed. (Jena.)Google Scholar
Douwes, J. B. (1920). Trypanosomen bij het schaap (Trypamosoma Melophagum Flu). Tijdschr. Diergeneesk. XLVII. 408.Google Scholar
* Dufour, L. (1845). Éludes anatomiques et physiologiques sur les Pupipares. Ann. Sci. Natur. III.Google Scholar
Dunkerley, J. S. (1913). Flagellata and Ciliata in Clare Island Survey. Proc. R. Irish Acad. Sci. XXXI. 1.Google Scholar
Fantham, H. B. (1919). Some parasitic Protozoa found in South Africa, II. S. African Journ. of Sci. XVI. 185.Google Scholar
*Ferris, G. F., and Cole, F. R. (1922). A contribution to the knowledge of the Hippoboscidae (Diptera Pupipara). Parasitology, XIV. 178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flu, P. C. (1908). Über die Flagellaten im Darm von Melophagus ovinus. Arch. f. Protist. XII. 147.Google Scholar
Georgéwitch, J. (1910). Note sur le développement in vitro de Crithidia melophagia. C. R. Soc. Biol. LXVIII.Google Scholar
*Herms, W. B. (1915). Medical and Veterinary Entomology. (New York.)Google Scholar
Hoare, C. A. (1921). Some observations and experiments on insect flagellates, with special reference to artificial infection of vertebrates. Parasitology, XIII. 67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoare, C. A. (1921 a). [Trypanosomiasis in British Sheep.] Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. and Hyg. XV. 6.Google Scholar
Hoare, C. A. (1922). Trypanosomiasis in British Sheep. (Preliminary communication.) Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. and Hyg. XVI. 188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoare, C. A. (1923). On a Trypanosome occurring in British sheep, and its transmission by the Sheep-ked. Veterin. Journ. LXXIX. 271.Google Scholar
Hutyra, F., and Marek, J. (1917). Special pathology and therapeutics of the diseases of domestic animals. Vol. II. (Transl. from 4th German edition.) (Chicago.)Google Scholar
Jungmann, P. (1918). Untersuchungen über Schaflausrickettsien. Deutsch. Med. Wochenschr. No. 49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jungmann, P. (1919). Das wolhynische Fieber. (Berlin.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kleine, F. K. (1919). Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Trypanosoma melophagium Flu. Deutsch. Tierärztl. Wochenschr. XXVII. 408.Google Scholar
Laveran, A., and Franchini, G. (1914). Infection de la souris au moyen des flagellés de la puce du rat par la voie digestive. C. R. Acad. Sci. CLVIII. 770.Google Scholar
Laveran, A., and Franchini, G. (1919). Sur les flagellés parasites de quelques insectes et sur les infections qu'ils peuvent produire chez les souris. Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. XII. 665.Google Scholar
Laveran, A., and Franchini, G. (1919 a). Sur quelques flagellés d'insectes obtenus en culture pur et en particulier sur Crithidia melophagi. C. R. Acad. Sci. CLIX. 153.Google Scholar
* Léger, L. (1902). Sur un flagellé parasite de l'Anopheles maculipennis. C. R. Soc. Biol. LIV. 354.Google Scholar
* Léger, L. (1904). Les affinités de l'Herpetomonas subulata et la phylogénie des trypanosomes. C. R. Soc. Biol. LVII. 615.Google Scholar
* Manceaux, L., Yakimoff, W. L., and Kohl-Yakimoff, N. (1911). Recherches sur les trypanosomes du genre Theileri des bovid´s en Tunisie. (Deuxième Note.) Culture et morphologic des trypanosomes normaux des bovidés tunisiens. Arch. Inst. Pasteur de Tunis, Fasc. 4, 258.Google Scholar
Mesnil, F. (1909). [Review of work by Roubaud (1909).] Bull. Inst. Pasteur, VII, 758.Google Scholar
* Minchin, E. A. (1908). Investigations on the development of trypanosomes in Tsetse-flies and other Diptera. Quart. Journ. Micro. Sci. LII. 159.Google Scholar
Minchin, E. A. (1912). An introduction to the study of the Protozoa. (London.)Google Scholar
* Minchin, E. A., and Thomson, J. D. (1915). The rat-trypanosome, T. lewisi, in its relation to the rat-flea, Ceratophyllus fasciatus. Quart. Journ. Micro. Sci. LX. 464.Google Scholar
* Nieschulz, O. (1922). Zur Kenntnis einiger Vogeltrypanosomen. Arch. f. Protist. XLV. 241.Google Scholar
Nöller, W. (1913). Die blutsaugenden Insekten als Krankheitsüberträger. Monatshefte f. prakt. Tierheilk. XXV. 68.Google Scholar
* Nöller, W. (1916). Die Übertragung des Trypanosoma theileri Laveran 1902. Berlin. Tierärztl. Wochenschr. XXXIX.Google Scholar
Nöller, W. (1917). Blut-und Insektenflagellatenzüchtung auf Platten. Arch.f. Schiffs- u. Trop.-Hyg. XXI. 53.Google Scholar
Nöller, W. (1919). Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Schaftrypanosomas. Arch.f. Schiffs- u. Trop.-Hyg. XXIII. 99.Google Scholar
Nöller, W. (1919 a). Zur Verbreitung des Schaftrypanosomas bei heimischen Schafen. Deutsch. Tierärztl. Wochenschr. No. 32.Google Scholar
Nöller, W. (1920). Neuere Forschungen auf dem Gebiete der Trypanosomenzüchtung. Arch. f. Schiffs- u. Trop.-Hyg. XXIV. 168.Google Scholar
Nöller, W. (1923). Die Züchtung der tierischen Parasiten und Krankheitserreger auf künstlichen Nährboden. I. Die Züchtung der parasitischen Protozoen. In Kraus u. Uhlenhuth's Handbuch d. mikrobiol. Technik. (Berlin and Vienna.)Google Scholar
* Novy, F. G., and MacNeal, W. J. (1905). On the trypanosomes of birds. Journ. Inf. Dis. II. 256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patton, W. S., and Cragg, F. W. (1913). A text-book of medical entomology. (London.)Google Scholar
Pfeiffer, E. (1905). Über trypanosomenähnliche Flagellaten im Darm von Melophagus ovinus. Zeitschr. f. Hyg. u. Infektionskr. L. 324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
* Place, F. E., Jackson, H., and Williams, T. H. (1914). The sheep tick. Journ. of Agric. of S. Australia.Google Scholar
* Ponselle, A. (1917). Déterminisme de la culture du trypanosome de la grenouille, Trypanosoma rotatorium Mayer, 1843. C. R. Soc. Biol. LXXX. 824.Google Scholar
* Ponselle, A. (1923). La culture des trypanosomes et les conditions physico-chimiques qui la déterminent. Ann. de Parasitol. I. 181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porter, A. (1910). The structure and life-history of Crithidia melophagia (Flu), an endoparasite of the sheep-ked, Melophagus ovinus. Quart. Journ. Micro. Sci. LV. 189.Google Scholar
Porter, A. (1911). Some remarks on the genera Crithidia, Herpetomonas and Trypanosoma. Parasitology, IV. 22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porter, A. (1911 a). Further remarks on the genera Crithidia, Herpetomonas and Trypanosoma, and Dr Woodcock's views thereon. Parasitology IV. 154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
* Robertson, M. (1913). Notes on the life-history of Trypanosoma gambiense, with a brief reference to the cycles of Trypanosoma nanum and Trypanosoma pecorum in Glossina palpalis. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. B, CCIII. 161.Google Scholar
* Rocha-Lima, H. da (1912). Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Blastomykosen. Lymphangitis epizootica und Histoplasmosis. Centralbl. f. Bakter. etc. I Abth., LXVII. 233.Google Scholar
* Rosenbusch, F. (1909). Trypanosomen-Studien. Arch. f. Protist. XV. 263.Google Scholar
Roubaud, E. (1909). Les trypanosomes pathogènes et la Glossina palpalis. In Rapport de la Mission d'Études de la Maladie du Sommeil au Congo Français 1906–1908 (Paris), p. 511.Google Scholar
* Shortt, H. E. (1923). The pathogenicity of insect flagellates to vertebrates, with special reference to Herpetomonas ctenocephali, Fantham. Ind. Journ. Med. Res. X. 908.Google Scholar
Sikora, H. (1918). Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Rickettsien. Arch. f. Schiffs- u. Trop.-Hyg. XXII. 442.Google Scholar
Sluiter, C. P., Swellengrebel, N. H., and Ihle, J. E. W. (1922). De Dierlijke Parasieten van den Mensch en van onze Huisdieren. III ed. (Amsterdam.)Google Scholar
* Speiser, P. (1908). Die geographische Verbreitung der Diptera pupipara und ihre Phylogenie. Zeitschr. f. wiss. Insektenbiol. IV. Nos. 7–12.Google Scholar
Sprehn, C. (1923). Über die Häufigkeit der Rüsselinfektion mit Trypanbsomen bei Schaflausfliegen unter natürlichen Verhaltnisse'n. Dissertation: Tierärztl. Hochschule (Berlin).Google Scholar
* Swellengrebel, N. H. (1911). Présence de trypanosomes chez les bovidés en Hollande. Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. IV. 536.Google Scholar
Swingle, L. D. (1908). Similarity between blood-platelets and certain haematozoa. Journ. Inf. Dis. V. 46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swingle, L. D. (1909). A study on the lífe-history of a flagellate (Crithidia melophagi n.sp.) in the alimentary tract of the sheep-tick (Melophagus ovìnus). Journ. Inf. Dis. VI. 98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swingle, L. D. (1911). The relation of Crithidia melophagia to the sheep's blood, with remarks upon the controversy between Dr Porter and Dr Woodcock. Trans. Amer. Micro. Soc. XXX. 275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swingle, L. D. (1911 a). The relation of the sheep-tick flagellate (Crithidia melophagia) to the sheep's blood. Wyoming Experim. Station, Bull. No. 91, p. 3.Google Scholar
* Swingle, L. D. (1913). The life history of the sheep-tick, Melophagus ovinus. Univ. of Wyoming Agric. Experim. Station, Bull. No. 99.Google Scholar
* Thiroux, (1905). Recherches morphologiques et expérimentales sur Trypanosoma paddae (Laveran et Mesnil). Ann. Inst. Pasteur, XIX. 65.Google Scholar
Wenyon, C. M. (1913). Cultivation of the organism causing South American Leishmaniasis. Rep. of the Advisory Committee for the Trop. Dis. Res. Fund for 1912. (London.)Google Scholar
* Wenyon, C. M. (1921). Observations on the intestinal Protozoa of three Egyptian lizards, with a note on a cell-invading fungus. Parasitology, XII. 350.Google Scholar
Wenyon, C. M. (1921 a). [A demonstration of a culture medium for the cultivation of leptospira and protozoa.] Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. and Hyg. XV. 153.Google Scholar
Witzky, H. (1922). Spielt die Rüsselinfektion der Schaflausfliege bei der Uebertragung des Schaftrypanosomas eine wesentliche Rolle? Dissertation: Tierärztl. Hochschule (Berlin).Google Scholar
Woodcock, H. M. (1909). The Haemoflagellates and allied forms. In Lankester's Treatise on Zoology, Pt I, fasc. 1, p. 193.Google Scholar
Woodcock, H. M. (1909 a). In Zoological Record for 1909 (Protozoa), p. 60.Google Scholar
Woodcock, H. M. (1910). On certain parasites of the Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs) and the Redpoll (Linota rufescens). Quart. Journ. Micro. Sci. LV. 641. [On sheep-trypanosome— footnote on p. 713.]Google Scholar
Woodcock, H. M. (1911). A reply to Miss Porter's note entitled “Some remarks on the genera Crithidia, Herpetomonas and Trypanosoma”. Parasitology, IV. 150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodcock, H. M. (1923). “Rickettsia”-Bodies as a result of cell-digestion or lysis. Journ. Roy. Army Med. Corps, February, April.Google Scholar